Armanum (Armänum) was a city-state in the ancient Near East whose location is still not clear, but it is believed to be in the same general area as Mari and

Ebla Ebla (Sumerian language, Sumerian: ''eb₂-la'', , modern: , Tell Mardikh) was one of the earliest kingdoms in Syria. Its remains constitute a Tell (archaeology), tell located about southwest of Aleppo near the village of Mardikh. Ebla was ...

. It is mentioned in the texts from the Akkadian period, specifically by

Naram-Sin of Akkad Naram-Sin, also transcribed Narām-Sîn or Naram-Suen (: '' DNa-ra-am D Sîn'', meaning "Beloved of the Moon God Sîn", the "𒀭" a determinative marking the name of a god; died 2218 BC), was a ruler of the Akkadian Empire, who reigned –22 ...

. But the Akkadians were active in this region even earlier. There is a question of whether or not Armanum should be identified with

Armi (Syria) Armi, was an important Bronze Age city-kingdom during the late third millennium BC located in northern Syria, or in southern Anatolia, Turkey, at the region of Cilicia. There is a question of whether or not Armi should be identified with Armanum ...

, that is also mentioned in many texts of this period. According to Adelheid Otto, it was "... generally accepted that Armanum should be identified with Armi/Armium of the Ebla texts ...", as opposed to the site of Aleppo. Thus, some scholars believe that Armarnum was the 3rd Millenium BC name of Halpa (

Aleppo Aleppo is a city in Syria, which serves as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most populous Governorates of Syria, governorate of Syria. With an estimated population of 2,098,000 residents it is Syria's largest city by urban area, and ...

). Others also proposed that Hamran, Armuti(um) and Armanum are all names for the same city. Other than Aleppo, another proposed site of Armanum is

Tall Bazi Tall Bazi, is an ancient Near East archaeological site in Raqqa Governorate of Syria in the same general area as Mari and Ebla. It is located on the east bank of Euphrates river in upper Syria, about 60 kilometers south of Turkey border. It is c ...

in Syria. Other scholars hold that Armi and Armium were two different towns in Ebla texts. Alfonso Archi disagreed with the identification of the Akkadian Armanum as a town that is known to be closely associated with Ebla, and often mentioned in Ebla texts. Another analysis even supports the view that the Ebla referred to by Naram-Sin is not the same as the north Syrian

, but another Transtigridian Ebla.

Armani (kingdom) Armani was an ancient kingdom mentioned by Sargon of Akkad. Location Syria: ''Armani'' was mentioned alongside ''Ibla'' in the geographical treaties of Sargon. This led some historians to identify ''Ibla'' with Syrian Ebla and ''Armani'' with Syr ...

may be yet another relevant area in this regard. According to Matthiae (2020), the general historical overview of this area is as follows. First, Mari was defeated, still leaving Nagar (modern Tell Brak) as the main town in this area. Then Nagar was defeated by Akkad even before the time of Naram-Sin. After this, only Ebla and Armanum remained as significant centres, with Armanum being the more powerful. Matthiae thinks that Armanum was “almost certainly an alternative name” for Armi, at least during the period in question.

Contemporary Sources

Armanum is mentioned in three contemporary sources: Year Name of Naram-Sin - Rulers of that period named the years of their reign after major events that occurred in them, in this case "The year in which Naram-Sin conquered Armanum and tore d wn itswalls". Royal Tutelary - Afterwards, Naram-Sin added "conqueror of Armanum and Ebla" to his tutelary. The phrase "Smiter of Armanum and Ebla." was found on a polychrome marble lamp and a slate plague found at

Telloh Girsu ( Sumerian ; cuneiform ) was a city of ancient Sumer, situated some northwest of Lagash, at the site of what is now Tell Telloh in Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq. As the religious center of the kingdom of Lagash, it contained significant temple ...

and a copper bowl found in Luristan. Statue Inscription - A Old Babylonian tablet fragment (UET 1 275) was found in Ur which was a copy of an inscription on a statue of Naram-Sin which at that time stood in the Temple of Sin next to a statue of Sin-Eribam, a ruler of Larsa. It described the military campaign during which Armanum was defeated.
Otto, Adelheid, "Archeological Perspectives On The Localization Of Naram-Sin's Armanum", Journal of Cuneiform Studies vol. 58, pp. 1-26, 2006Foster, B. R., "The siege of Armanum.", Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society, vol. 14, no. 1, pp 27-36, 1982 The text begins: It includes a detailed description of Armanum as being on a high hill with three concentric city walls: Tulul al-Baqarat text - In 2009, an Akkadian Period inscription fragment (IM 221139) was found during excavations by Iraqi archaeologists at

Tulul al-Baqarat Tulul al-Baqarat or Tulūl al-Baqarāt, is an ancient Near East archaeological site in Wasit Governorate of Iraq about 180 kilometers southeast of modern Baghdad. It is located seven kilometers to the northeast of Tell al-Wilayah (with which it ...

which also carried part of the Naram-Sin Syrian military campaign and permitted a more complete reconstruction including the capture of 80,508 prisoners. One passage reads

Later Sources

Gula-AN and the Seventeen Kings against Naram-Sin - In the much later literary composition "Gula-AN and the Seventeen Kings against Naram-Sin", among the list of rulers defeated by Naram-Sin is "Madagina, king of the Land of Armanum". The same source refers to a "Ris-Adad" as the king of Apisal while the contemporary historical record lists him as the king of Armanum that Naram-Sin defeated.Westenholz, Joan Goodnick, "Naram-Sin and the Lord of Apišal", Legends of the Kings of Akkade: The Texts, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 173-188, 1997

References

{{Reflist Ancient cities of the Middle East Akkadian cities

Contemporary Sources

Later Sources

See also

References