Ariophantidae is a taxonomic

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

of air-breathing

land snail A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have gastropod shell, shel ...

s and semi-

slug Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less Terrestrial mollusc, terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word ''slug'' is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced ...

s, terrestrial

pulmonate Pulmonata or pulmonates is an informal group (previously an order, and before that, a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group inclu ...

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusk Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum after Arthropoda. The ...

s in the superfamily Helicarionoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

Distribution

The distribution of the family Ariophantidae includes

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

and south-eastern Asia.

Anatomy

Snails within this family make and use

love darts A love dart (also known as a gypsobelum, shooting darts, or just as darts) is a sharp, calcium carbonate, calcareous or chitinous Dart (missile), dart which some hermaphroditic land snails and slugs create. Love darts are both formed and stor ...

made of

chitin Chitin (carbon, C8hydrogen, H13oxygen, O5nitrogen, N)n ( ) is a long-chain polymer of N-Acetylglucosamine, ''N''-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose. Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature (behind only cell ...

. In this family, the number of

haploid Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell (biology), cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for Autosome, autosomal and Pseudoautosomal region, pseudoautosomal genes. Here ''sets of chromosomes'' refers to the num ...

chromosome A chromosome is a package of DNA containing part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes, the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with nucleosome-forming packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the most import ...

s lies between 21 and 25 and also lies between 31 and 35, but other values are also possible (according to the values in this table).Barker G. M. (2001). ''Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology''. in Barker G. M. (ed.):
The biology of terrestrial molluscs
'. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, . 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.

Taxonomy

Subfamilies

The family Ariophantidae consists of 3 subfamilies: * Ariophantinae Godwin-Austen, 1888 - synonyms: Naninidae Pfeffer, 1878 (inv.); Hemiplectinae Gude & B. B. Woodward, 1921 * Macrochlamydinae Godwin-Austen, 1888 - synonyms: Tanychlamydinae H. B. Baker, 1928; Vitrinulini Schileyko, 2003 * Ostracolethinae Simroth, 1901 - synonyms: Parmarioninae Godwin-Austen, 1908; Laocaiini Schileyko, 2002; Microparmarionini Schileyko, 2003; Myotestidae Collinge, 1902

Genera

The following genera are recognised in the family Ariophantidae: ;Ariophantinae * '' Ariophanta'' Des Moulins, 1829 -

type genus In biological taxonomy, the type genus (''genus typica'') is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name. Zoological nomenclature According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearin ...

of the family Ariophantidae * '' Bapuia'' Godwin-Austen, 1918 * '' Cryptogirasia'' Cockerell, 1891 * '' Cryptozona'' Mörch, 1872 * '' Dalingia'' Godwin-Austen, 1907 * '' Dihangia'' Godwin-Austen, 1916 * '' Euplecta'' C. Semper, 1870 * '' Galongia'' Godwin-Austen, 1916 * '' Hemiplecta'' Albers, 1850 * '' Indrella'' Godwin-Austen, 1901 * '' Khasiella'' Godwin-Austen, 1899 * '' Mariaella'' Gray, 1855 * '' Megaustenia'' Cockerell, 1912 * '' Ratnadvipia'' Godwin-Austen, 1899 - endemic to

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, also known historically as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, separated from the Indian subcontinent, ...

Raheem D. & Naggs F. (2006). "The Sri Lankan endemic semi-slug Ratnadvipia (Limacoidea: Ariophantidae) and a new species from southwestern Sri Lanka". ''

Systematics and Biodiversity ''Systematics and Biodiversity'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of whole-organism biology. It is published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of The Natural History Museum. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted ...

'' 4(1): 99-126. . * ''

Ravana According to the Mahakavya, Hindu epic, ''Ramayana'', Ravana was a kingJustin W. Henry, ''Ravana's Kingdom: The Ramayana and Sri Lankan History from Below'', Oxford University Press, p.3 of the island of Lanka, in which he is the chief antag ...

'' Godwin-Austen, 1901 * '' Schwammeria'' Schileyko, 2010 * '' Sitalinopsis'' Thiele, 1931 * '' Taphrospira'' W. T. Blanford, 1904 * '' Xesta'' Albers, 1850 ; Macrochlamydinae * '' Baiaplecta'' Laidlaw, 1956 * '' Himalodiscus'' Kuznetsov, 1996 * '' Macrochlamys'' Gray, 1847 - type genus of the subfamily Macrochlamydinae * '' Microcystina'' Mörch, 1872 * '' Oxytesta'' Zilch, 1956 * '' Parvatella'' W. T. Blanford & Godwin-Austen, 1908 * '' Rahula'' Godwin-Austen, 1907 * '' Sakiella'' Godwin-Austen, 1908 * '' Sarika'' Godwin-Austen, 1907 * '' Sesara'' Albers, 1860 * '' Syama'' W. T. Blanford & Godwin-Austen, 1908 * '' Tadunia'' Godwin-Austen, 1918 * '' Taphrenalla'' Pholyotha & Panha, 2021 * '' Varadia'' Bhosale & Raheem, 2021 * '' Vitrinula'' Gray, 1857 ; Ostracolethinae * '' Apoparmarion'' Collinge, 1902 * '' Cambodiparmarion'' Kuznetsov & Kuzminykh, 1999 * '' Cryptosemelus'' Collinge, 1902 * '' Damayantia'' Issel, 1874 * '' Damayantiella'' Zilch, 1959 * '' Isselentia'' Collinge, 1901 * '' Microparmarion'' Simroth, 1893 * '' Minyongia'' Godwin-Austen, 1916 * '' Ostracolethe'' Simroth, 1901 - type genus of the subfamily Ostracolethinae * '' Paraparmarion'' Collinge, 1902 * '' Parmarion'' P. Fischer, 1855 * '' Parmunculus'' Collinge, 1899 * '' Philippinella'' Möllendorff, 1899 * '' Wiegmannia'' Collinge, 1901 ;Subfamily not assigned * '' Falsiplecta'' Schileyko & Semenyuk, 2018

Cladogram

The following

cladogram A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not s ...

shows the phylogenic relationships of this family with other families in the

limacoid clade The Limacoidei is a taxonomic infraorder of air-breathing land snails, semislugs and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the suborder Helicina. Distribution The original ancestral area of limacoid families is thought to be ...

:Hausdorf B. (2000). "Biogeography of the Limacoidea sensu lato (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora): Vicariance Events and Long-Distance Dispersal". '' Journal of Biogeography'' 27(2): 379-390.
JSTOR

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q662705 Gastropod families