Ariadne

In Greek mythology, Ariadne (; ; ) was a Cretan princess, the daughter of King Minos of Crete. There are variations of Ariadne's myth, but she is known for helping Theseus escape from the Minotaur and being abandoned by him on the island of Naxos. There, Dionysus saw Ariadne sleeping, fell in love with her, and later married her. Many versions of the myth recount Dionysus throwing Ariadne's jeweled crown into the sky to create a constellation, the Corona Borealis.

Ariadne is associated with mazes and labyrinths because of her involvement in the myths of Theseus and the Minotaur.

There are also festivals held in Cyprus and Naxos in Ariadne's honor.

Etymology

Greek lexicographers in the Hellenistic period claimed that ''Ariadne'' is derived from the ancient Cretan dialectical elements ''ari'' (ἀρι-) "most" (which is an intensive prefix) and ''adnós'' (ἀδνός) "holy". Conversely, Stylianos Alexiou has argued that despite the belief being that Ariadne's name is of Indo-European origin, it is actually pre-Greek.

Linguist Robert S. P. Beekes has also supported Ariadne having a pre-Greek origin; specifically being Minoan from Crete because her name includes the sequence ''dn'' (δν), rare in Indo-European languages and an indication that it is a Minoan loanword.

Family

Ariadne was the daughter of Minos, the King of Crete and son of Zeus, and of Pasiphaë, Minos' queen and daughter of Helios. Others denominated her mother Crete, daughter of Asterius, the king of Crete and husband of Europa.

Ariadne was the sister of Acacallis, Androgeus, Deucalion, Phaedra, Glaucus, Xenodice, and Catreus. Through her mother, Pasiphaë, she was also the half-sister of the Minotaur (who was known in Crete as Asterion).

Ariadne married Dionysus and became the mother of Oenopion, the personification of wine, Staphylus, who was associated with grapes, as well as Thoas, Peparethus, Eurymedon, Phliasus, Ceramus, Maron, Euanthes, Latramys, and Tauropolis.

Mythology

Minos put Ariadne in charge of the labyrinth where sacrifices were made as part of reparations either to Poseidon or Athena, depending on the version of the myth; later, she helped Theseus conquer the Minotaur and save the children from sacrifice. In other narrations she was the bride of Dionysus, her status as mortal or divine varying in those accounts.

Minos and Theseus

Because ancient Greek myths were orally transmitted, like other myths, that of Ariadne has many variations. According to an Athenian version, Minos attacked Athens after his son, Androgeus, was killed there. The Athenians asked for terms and were required to sacrifice 7 young men and 7 maidens to the Minotaur every 1, 7 or 9 years (depending on the source). One year, the sacrificial party included Theseus, the son of King Aegeus, who volunteered in order to kill the Minotaur. At first sight, Ariadne fell in love with him and provided him a sword and ball of thread (ο Μίτος της Αριάδνης, "Ariadne's string") so that he could retrace his way out of the labyrinth of the Minotaur.

Ariadne betrayed her father and her country for her lover Theseus. She eloped with Theseus after he killed the Minotaur, yet according to Homer in the ''Odyssey'' "he had no joy of her, for ere that, Artemis slew her in seagirt Dia because of the witness of Dionysus". The phrase "seagirt Dia" refers to the uninhabited island of Dia, which lies off the northern coast of the Greek island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea. Dia may have referred to the island of Naxos.

Most accounts claim that Theseus abandoned Ariadne on Naxos, and in some versions Perseus mortally wounds her. According to some, Dionysus claimed Ariadne as wife, therefore causing Theseus to abandon her. Homer does not elaborate on the nature of Dionysus' accusation, yet the ''Oxford Classical Dictionary'' speculated that she was already married to him when she eloped with Theseus. According to Plutarch, Paion the Amathusian recounted Theseus accidentally abandoned Ariadne only to come back when it was too late.

Naxos

In Hesiod and in most other versions, Theseus abandoned Ariadne sleeping on Naxos, and Dionysus rediscovered and wedded her. In a few versions of the myth, Dionysus appeared to Theseus as they sailed from Crete, saying that he had chosen Ariadne as his wife and demanding that Theseus leave her on Naxos for him; this had the effect of absolving the Athenian cultural hero of desertion. The vase painters of Athens often depicted Athena leading Theseus from the sleeping Ariadne to his ship.

Ariadne bore Dionysus famous children, including Oenopion, Staphylus, and Thoas. Dionysus set her wedding diadem in the heavens as the constellation Corona Borealis. Ariadne was faithful to Dionysus. In one version of her myth, Perseus killed her at Argos by turning her to stone with the head of Medusa during Perseus' war with Dionysus. The ''Odyssey'' relates that Theseus took Ariadne away from Crete only for Artemis to kill her in Dia (usually identified with Naxos) on Dionysus' witness. An ancient scholiast wrote that Ariadne and Theseus had sex on a sacred grove, and an angry Dionysus revealed that to Artemis, who proceeded to punish Ariadne with death.

According to Plutarch, one version of the myth tells that Ariadne hanged herself after being abandoned by Theseus. Dionysus then went to Hades, and brought her and his mother Semele to Mount Olympus, where they were deified.

Some scholars have posited, because of Ariadne's associations with thread-spinning and winding, that she was a weaving goddess,
like Arachne, and support this theory with the mytheme of the Hanged Nymph
(see weaving in mythology).

As a goddess

Karl Kerenyi and Robert Graves theorized that Ariadne, whose name they thought derived from Hesychius' enumeration of "Άδνον", a Cretan-Greek form of "''arihagne''" ("utterly pure"), was a Great Goddess of Crete, "the first divine personage of Greek mythology to be immediately recognized in Crete", once archaeological investigation began. Kerenyi observed that her name was merely an epithet and claimed that she was originally the "Mistress of the Labyrinth", both a winding dancing ground and, in the Greek opinion, a prison with the dreaded Minotaur in its centre. Kerenyi explained that a Linear B inscription from Knossos "to all the gods, honey… to the mistress of the labyrinth honey" in equal amounts, implied to him that the Mistress of the Labyrinth was a Great Goddess in her own right. Professor Barry Powell suggested that she was the Snake Goddess of Minoan Crete.

Plutarch, in his Life of Theseus, which treats him as a historical person, reported that in contemporary Naxos was an earthly Ariadne, who was distinct from a divine one:

In a kylix by the painter Aison (), Theseus drags the Minotaur from a temple-like labyrinth, yet the goddess who attends him in this Attic representation is Athena.

An ancient cult of Aphrodite-Ariadne was observed at Amathus, Cyprus, according to the obscure Hellenistic mythographer Paeon of Amathus; his works are lost, but his narrative is among the sources that Plutarch cited in his '' vita'' of Theseus (20.3–5). According to the myth that was current at Amathus, the second most important Cypriot cult centre of Aphrodite, Theseus' ship was swept off course and the pregnant and suffering Ariadne put ashore in the storm. Theseus, attempting to secure the ship, was inadvertently swept out to sea, thus being absolved of abandoning Ariadne. The Cypriot women cared for Ariadne, who died in childbirth and was memorialized in a shrine. Theseus, overcome with grief upon his return, left money for sacrifices to Ariadne and ordered two cult images, one of silver and one of bronze, erected.

At the observation in her honour on the second day of the month Gorpiaeus, a young man lay on the ground and vicariously experienced the throes of labour. The sacred grove in which the shrine was located was denominated the "Grove of Aphrodite-Ariadne". According to Cypriot legend, Ariadne's tomb was located within the ''temenos'' of the sanctuary of Aphrodite-Ariadne. The primitive nature of the cult at Amathus in this narrative appears to be much older than the Athenian sanctioned shrine of Aphrodite, who at Amathus received "Ariadne" (derived from "''hagne''", "sacred") as an epithet.

Libera

The Roman author Hyginus identified Ariadne as the Roman Libera, bride to Liber.

Festivals

Ariadneia (ἀριάδνεια) festivals honored Ariadne and were held in Naxos and Cyprus. According to Plutarch, some Naxians believed there were two Ariadnes, one of which died on the island of Naxos after being abandoned by Theseus. The Ariadneia festival honors Naxos as the place of her death with sacrifices and mourning. Paeon, as stated by Plutarch, attributes the Ariadneia festival in Cyprus to Theseus, who left money to the island so sacrifices could be made to commemorate Ariadne. Sacrifices were held in the grove of Ariadne Aphrodite, where Ariadne's tomb resided. During these sacrifices, a young man shall lie down and mimic a woman in labour by crying out and gesturing on the second day of the month, Gorpiaeus. One silver and one bronze statuette were also constructed in her honor.

In Etruscan culture

Ariadne, in Etruscan ''Areatha'', is paired with Dionysus, in Etruscan " Fufluns", on Etruscan engraved bronze mirror backs, where the Athenian cultural hero Theseus is absent, and Semele, in Etruscan " Semla", as mother of Dionysus, may accompany the pair, lending an especially Etruscan air of familial authority.

Reference in post-classical culture

Non-musical works

* ''Ariadne: A Tragedy in Five Acts'', a play by Thomas Corneille.
* In Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poem from ''Ideal Likenesses'' (1825), she sees her as "a lesson how inconstancy should be repaid again by like inconstancy". She returned to the subject of Ariadne in 1838 with her : one of her ''Subjects for Pictures''.
* Johann Heinrich von Dannecker's marble sculpture ''Ariadne on the Panther'' (1814), was well known in 19th-century Germany.
* The narrative of Ariadne is a theme throughout the second volume of George Eliot's novel '' Romola''.
* " Ariadne auf Naxos", a poem by Heinrich Wilhelm von Gerstenberg
* "Ariadne", a story by Anton Chekhov
* "Klage der Ariadne", a poem by Friedrich Nietzsche
* Metaphysical painter Giorgio de Chirico painted eight works with a classical statue of Ariadne as a prop.
* '' Ariadne'' (1924), a play by A. A. Milne
* ''Ariadne'' (1932), an epic poem by F. L. Lucas.

Musical works

* Richard Strauss's standard repertory opera '' Ariadne auf Naxos'' of 1912 was preceded by a '' L'Arianna'' each by Claudio Monteverdi in 1608, and Carlo Agostino Badia in 1702; ''Ariadne'' by German composer Johann Georg Conradi in 1691; ''Arianna'' in ca. 1727 by Benedetto Marcello; ''Arianna e Teseo'' (1727) and '' Arianna in Nasso'' (1733) by Nicola Porpora; ''Arianna in Creta'' (1734) by George Frideric Handel; and by non-operatic ''Ariadne auf Naxos'' works including a cantata based on the Heinrich Wilhelm von Gerstenberg poem, Jiri Antonin Benda's 1775 melodrama '' Ariadne auf Naxos'', and Joseph Haydn's 1790 cantata ''Arianna a Naxos''.
* Albert Roussel's 1931 ballet score '' Bacchus and Ariadne''

Notes

References

Bibliography

*
*
*
* Kerenyi, Karl. ''Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life'', part I.iii "The Cretan core of the Dionysos myth" Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.
* Peck, Harry Thurston. ''Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities'' (1898).
* Ruck, Carl A. P. and Danny Staples. ''The World of Classical Myth.'' Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 1994.
* Barthes, Roland, "Camera Lucida". Barthes quotes Nietzsche, "A labyrinthine man never seeks the truth, but only his Ariadne," using Ariadne in reference to his mother, who had recently died.

External links

Theoi Project – Ariadne
Assembles Greek and Latin quotations concerning Ariadne, in translation.

The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Ariadne)

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Cretan women
Greek goddesses
Princesses in Greek mythology
Deeds of Artemis
Mythology of Dionysus
Theseus
Textiles in folklore
Olympian deities
Mythological Cretans
Consorts of Dionysus
Metamorphoses into inanimate objects in Greek mythology
Cypriot mythology
Deaths in childbirth