The arcopallium refers to regions of the
avian brain which partially overlap regions homologous to the
amygdala
The amygdala (; : amygdalae or amygdalas; also '; Latin from Greek language, Greek, , ', 'almond', 'tonsil') is a paired nucleus (neuroanatomy), nuclear complex present in the Cerebral hemisphere, cerebral hemispheres of vertebrates. It is c ...
of
mammals
A mammal () is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia (). Mammals are characterised by the presence of milk-producing mammary glands for feeding their young, a broad neocortex region of the brain, fur or hair, and three middle e ...
. These regions have formerly been referred to as archistriatum, and before this epistriatum or amygdaloid complex, and a recent change of nomenclature has divided the region into the arcopallium and posterior
pallial amygdala
The amygdala (; : amygdalae or amygdalas; also '; Latin from Greek language, Greek, , ', 'almond', 'tonsil') is a paired nucleus (neuroanatomy), nuclear complex present in the Cerebral hemisphere, cerebral hemispheres of vertebrates. It is c ...
.
The new nomenclature, adopted in 2004, reflects a modern understanding that the avian brain is broadly similar to the mammalian brain, containing large regions homologous to the mammalian
neocortex
The neocortex, also called the neopallium, isocortex, or the six-layered cortex, is a set of layers of the mammalian cerebral cortex involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, ...
,
claustrum
The claustrum (Latin, meaning "to close" or "to shut") is a thin sheet of neurons and supporting glial cells in the brain, that connects to the cerebral cortex and subcortical regions including the amygdala, hippocampus and thalamus. It is locate ...
, and pallial amygdala. The outdated nomenclature it replaced perceived the avian brain as consisting almost entirely of enlarged
basal ganglia
The basal ganglia (BG) or basal nuclei are a group of subcortical Nucleus (neuroanatomy), nuclei found in the brains of vertebrates. In humans and other primates, differences exist, primarily in the division of the globus pallidus into externa ...
, to which more complex outer layers had been added during a progress toward mammalian intelligence.
[{{cite journal , vauthors=Reiner A, Perkel DJ, Bruce LL , title=Revised nomenclature for avian telencephalon and some related brainstem nuclei , journal=J. Comp. Neurol. , volume=473 , issue=3 , pages=377–414 , date=May 2004 , pmid=15116397 , doi=10.1002/cne.20118 , pmc=2518311, display-authors=etal]
Reassignments
Specific reassignments of terminology were made with consideration of retaining abbreviations, and include:
* Archistriatum: Arcopallium (A)
* Nucleus archistriatalis anterior: Anterior arcopallium (AA)
* Archistriatum, pars dorsalis: Dorsal arcopallium (AD)
* Upper part of Archistriatum, pars ventralis: Intermediate arcopallium (AI)
* Medial part of Archistriatum, pars ventralis: Medial arcopallium (AM)
* Robust nucleus of archistriatum in male songbirds: Robust nucleus of arcopallium (RA)
* Central nucleus of anterior archistriatum in parrots: Central nucleus of anterior arcopallium (AAC)
* Ventral part of Archistriatum, pars ventralis plus caudal part of Archistriatum: Posterior nucleus of the pallial
amygdala
The amygdala (; : amygdalae or amygdalas; also '; Latin from Greek language, Greek, , ', 'almond', 'tonsil') is a paired nucleus (neuroanatomy), nuclear complex present in the Cerebral hemisphere, cerebral hemispheres of vertebrates. It is c ...
(PoA)
* Nucleus taeniae:
Nucleus taeniae of the amygdala (Tn/TnA)
* Region below paleostriatum primitivum posterior to anterior commissure: Subpallial
amygdaloid area (PA/SpA)
See also
*
Avian pallium
References
External links
Arcopallium in Avian Brain Circuitry Database
Bird neuroanatomy
Animal nervous system