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''Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides'', (
syn. The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently. * In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linna ...
''Dasyphyllum diacanthoides'') is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family
Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae ...
native to
Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the eas ...
and
Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...
. In Chile, it occurs from Curico to Chiloe (35 to 42°S) between 200 and 800 m above sea level. It grows in both moist and shaded sites and more open and arid areas. Common names in
Mapudungun Mapuche (, Mapuche & Spanish: , or Mapudungun; from ' 'land' and ' 'speak, speech') is an Araucanian language related to Huilliche spoken in south-central Chile and west-central Argentina by the Mapuche people (from ''mapu'' 'land' and ''che ...
are trevo and tayu and in
Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: ** Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Ca ...
palo santo ('holy tree') and palo blanco ('white tree').


Description

''Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides'' is an
evergreen In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has foliage that remains green and functional through more than one growing season. This also pertains to plants that retain their foliage only in warm climates, and contrasts with deciduous plants, which ...
tree or shrub reaching up to 15 m (50 ft) in height with a trunk which can reach a diameter of over 2 m (80 in). The genus ''Archidasyphyllum'', to which the species belongs, is unusual in being one of the few genera of Asteraceae to include species which are trees, rather than
herbs In general use, herbs are a widely distributed and widespread group of plants, excluding vegetables and other plants consumed for macronutrients, with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and garnishing food, for medicina ...
or
shrubs A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...
. The soft, thin, brown bark is deeply fissured with longitudinal cracks. The glossy, leathery, leaves, dark green above and paler on the underside and borne alternately, are elliptical in shape with entire margins, and acute apices bearing a single, terminal
spine Spine or spinal may refer to: Science Biology * Vertebral column, also known as the backbone * Dendritic spine, a small membranous protrusion from a neuron's dendrite * Thorns, spines, and prickles, needle-like structures in plants * Spine (zoolo ...
. They are 2–6 cm in length and 1-2.5 cm wide,
glabrous Glabrousness (from the Latin '' glaber'' meaning "bald", "hairless", "shaved", "smooth") is the technical term for a lack of hair, down, setae, trichomes or other such covering. A glabrous surface may be a natural characteristic of all or part o ...
on both surfaces and
pubescent The adjective pubescent may describe: * people or animals undergoing puberty * plants that are hairy, covered in trichomes * insects that are covered in setae In biology, setae (singular seta ; from the Latin word for "bristle") are any of a ...
on the margins, the petioles are 1–4 mm in length.Rodríguez, R. O. Matthei & M. Quezada. 1983. Flora Arbórea de Chile. Editorial de la Universidad de Concepción. Concepción, Chile. 408 pp. Provided with two thorns (modified
stipule In botany, a stipule is an outgrowth typically borne on both sides (sometimes on just one side) of the base of a leafstalk (the petiole). Stipules are considered part of the anatomy of the leaf of a typical flowering plant, although in many speci ...
s),
deciduous In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, a ...
at the base of the leaves, the flowers are clustered in
inflorescence An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed ...
s (terminal
Flower head A pseudanthium (Greek for "false flower"; ) is an inflorescence that resembles a flower. The word is sometimes used for other structures that are neither a true flower nor a true inflorescence. Examples of pseudanthia include flower heads, compos ...
s) resembling the hard, scaly flower heads of the familiar, European wildflowers the knapweeds (also members of the Asteraceae). The flowers are white and
hermaphrodite In reproductive biology, a hermaphrodite () is an organism that has both kinds of reproductive organs and can produce both gametes associated with male and female sexes. Many taxonomic groups of animals (mostly invertebrates) do not have ...
, 5
stamen The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filam ...
s with the anthers attached. The fruit is a cylindrical
achene An achene (; ), also sometimes called akene and occasionally achenium or achenocarp, is a type of simple dry fruit produced by many species of flowering plants. Achenes are monocarpellate (formed from one carpel) and indehiscent (they do not op ...
about 3-3.5 mm long and 1 mm wide, pubescent, reddish
pappi In Asteraceae, the pappus is the modified calyx, the part of an individual floret, that surrounds the base of the corolla tube in flower. It functions as a wind-dispersal mechanism for the seeds. The term is sometimes used for similar s ...
5 mm long.


Etymology

The synonymous genus name, ''
Dasyphyllum ''Dasyphyllum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. It is distributed in South America, with several species in southeastern Brazil.Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
elements δασύς ( ''dasus'' ) 'hairy' and φύλλον ( ''phyllon'' ) 'leaf', while the specific name ''diacanthoides'' means 'resembling (
Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
suffix -ό-εἶδος (''o-eidos'') ) plants of the genus ''Diacantha'' ', the name of which is a compound of the Greek elements δύο ( ''duo'' ) 'two' and ἄκανθα ( ''acantha'' ) 'thorn' / 'spine'. The scientific name in its entirety thus means 'the hairy-leaved plant resembling the plant bearing spines in pairs'. ote: ''Diacantha'' is a synonym of the genus ''Barnadesia'' - to which the genus ''Dasyphyllum'' is closely related.">Barnadesia">ote: ''Diacantha'' is a synonym of the genus ''
street tree Urban forestry is the care and management of single trees and tree populations in urban settings for the purpose of improving the urban environment. Urban forestry involves both planning and management, including the programming of care and ...
in urban areas of Argentina, because of its dense crown of evergreen foliage.


Medicinal use and danger of confusion with ''Latua''

The
bark Bark may refer to: * Bark (botany), an outer layer of a woody plant such as a tree or stick * Bark (sound), a vocalization of some animals (which is commonly the dog) Places * Bark, Germany * Bark, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland Arts, en ...
of ''Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides'' is used in its native Chile as a folk remedy (both
topical A topical medication is a medication that is applied to a particular place on or in the body. Most often topical medication means application to body surfaces such as the skin or mucous membranes to treat ailments via a large range of class ...
and Oral administration">oral The word oral may refer to: Relating to the mouth * Relating to the mouth, the first portion of the alimentary canal that primarily receives food and liquid **Oral administration of medicines ** Oral examination (also known as an oral exam or ora ...
) for blunt trauma:1897 Enrique Espinoza ''Plantas Medicinales de Chile'', Fragmento de la Cuarta Edicion de la ''Jeografia Descriptiva de la Republica de Chile'' Estudio estractado de diversos autores, como Gay, Vasquez, Murillo i Gajardo. , Santiago de Chile, Imprenta i Encuadernacion Barcelona. Moneda, entre Estado i San Antonio. p.10 (as Flotowia diacanthoides)
Palo santo or Palo blanco (Flotowia diacanthoides) .— It grows from Ñuble to
Valdivia Valdivia (; Mapuche: Ainil) is a city and commune in southern Chile, administered by the Municipality of Valdivia. The city is named after its founder Pedro de Valdivia and is located at the confluence of the Calle-Calle, Valdivia, and Cau-Cau ...
. The bark is used against bruises and blows, either by taking it as an infusion or applying it as external use. It also dissolves warts.
When not in flower, however, the plant is easily confused with the highly toxic
Solanaceous The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and orna ...
species ''
Latua pubiflora ''Latua pubiflora'' (Griseb.) Baillon, (common name in Spanish: ''árbol de los brujos'', ''tree of the sorcerers'') is the single species of the monotypic genus ''Latua'' Phil., endemic to the coastal mountains of southern Chile. A shrub or sm ...
'' and this ease of confusion has been responsible for many cases of
anticholinergic Anticholinergics (anticholinergic agents) are substances that block the action of the neurotransmitter called acetylcholine (ACh) at synapses in the central and peripheral nervous system. These agents inhibit the parasympathetic nervous syste ...
,
tropane alkaloid Tropane alkaloids are a class of bicyclic .2.1alkaloids and secondary metabolites that contain a tropane ring in their chemical structure. Tropane alkaloids occur naturally in many members of the plant family Solanaceae. Certain tropane alkaloid ...
poisoning by ''Latua'' in the
Los Lagos Region Los Lagos Region ( es, Región de Los Lagos , ''Region of the Lakes'') is one of Chile's 16 regions, which are first order administrative divisions, and comprises four provinces: Chiloé, Llanquihue, Osorno and Palena. The region contains ...
of southern Chile to which both plants are native.
One of his
Philippi Philippi (; grc-gre, Φίλιπποι, ''Philippoi'') was a major Greek city northwest of the nearby island, Thasos. Its original name was Crenides ( grc-gre, Κρηνῖδες, ''Krenides'' "Fountains") after its establishment by Thasian col ...
's informant Señor Juan Renous's ] woodcutters had suffered a strong blow with the blunt end of his axe and went into the forest to get some bark of ''tayu'' for it. He took instead ''latúe'' [''Latua''] and drank a concoction of this poison. He became
insane Insanity, madness, lunacy, and craziness are behaviors performed by certain abnormal mental or behavioral patterns. Insanity can be manifest as violations of societal norms, including a person or persons becoming a danger to themselves or to ...
almost immediately and wandered into the mountains. He was found three days later in an
unconscious Unconscious may refer to: Physiology * Unconsciousness, the lack of consciousness or responsiveness to people and other environmental stimuli Psychology * Unconscious mind, the mind operating well outside the attention of the conscious mind a ...
state. Several days were required for his recovery, although he suffered severe
headache Headache is the symptom of pain in the face, head, or neck. It can occur as a migraine, tension-type headache, or cluster headache. There is an increased risk of depression in those with severe headaches. Headaches can occur as a resul ...
s for several months.


Chemistry

The unusual Asteraceae subfamily Barnadesioideae, to which the genus ''Archidasyphyllum'' belongs, has yielded
phenolic compounds In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of one or more hydroxyl groups (— O H) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. The simplest is phenol, . Phenolic compounds ...
,
flavonoid Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids; from the Latin word ''flavus'', meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in the diets of humans. Chemically, flavonoids ...
s and
triterpenoid Triterpenes are a class of chemical compounds composed of three terpene units with the molecular formula C30H48; they may also be thought of as consisting of six isoprene units. Animals, plants and fungi all produce triterpenes, including squale ...
s.Ccana-Ccapatinta, Gari & Monge, Marcelo & Ferreira, Paola & Da Costa, Fernando. (2017). Chemistry and medicinal uses of the subfamily Barnadesioideae (Asteraceae). ''Phytochemistry Reviews''. 10.1007/s11101-017-9544-y. Retrieved 10.18am on 21/5/19.


Gallery

File:Nova genera ac species plantarum, quas in regno Chilensi Peruviano et in terra Amazonica (Pl. 032) (8618413269).jpg, Coloured plate (under older name of ''Flotovia diacanthoides'') from botanical work on Chilean plants by Poeppig and Endlicher File:Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides (Less.) P.L.Ferreira, Saavedra & Groppo - hairy shoot.jpg, Young, non-flowering, Autumn shoot showing hairiness of young foliage - as described in Greek-derived genus name File:Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides - undersides of leaves.jpg, Undersides of leathery, mature leaves, showing terminal spines and characteristic venation File:Infructescence (fruiting head) of Dasyphyllum diacanthoides.jpg, Young infructescence, showing withered, brown florets File:Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides - fruits ready for wind-dispersal.jpg, Fruiting shoot: infructescence open to reveal pappus-tufted fruits ready for wind-dispersal File:Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides - pappus-tufted fruits starting to be dispersed by wind.jpg, Pappus-tufted fruits starting to be dispersed by the wind File:Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides empty calyx.jpg, Empty involucre of hairy, brown bracts after wind dispersal of all pappus-tufted fruits File:Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides bursting Spring leaf buds.jpg, Bursting Spring leaf buds of flowering shoots File:Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides, main trunk of young shrub.jpg, Main trunk (circa 1cm diameter) of young (circa 5yrs) cultivated shrub. Note remains of cauliflorous infructescence (top right) File:Dasyphyllum diacanthoides Corteza ( image cropped and brightened ).jpg, Peeling bark of mature trunk of full-grown arborescent specimen, (circa 9m)
Curacautín Curacautín, which means "Gathering Stone" in Mapudungun, is a commune and city in the Chilean province of Malleco. Curacautín is located 90 kilometres northeast of Temuco, in a valley near the volcanoes Tolhuaca, Lonquimay and Llaima, all of w ...
, Chile Dasyphyllum diacanthoides arbol (image brightened and cropped ).jpg, Crown of full-grown arborescent specimen growing in Curacautín, Chile


References

* * {{Taxonbar, from1=Q93952847, from2=Q4742002 Barnadesioideae Flora of the Chilean Matorral Endemic flora of Chile Trees of Chile Trees of Mediterranean climate Drought-tolerant trees Trees of mild maritime climate Medicinal plants