Archidasyphyllum Diacanthoides
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''Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides'', ( syn. ''Dasyphyllum diacanthoides'') is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family
Asteraceae Asteraceae () is a large family (biology), family of flowering plants that consists of over 32,000 known species in over 1,900 genera within the Order (biology), order Asterales. The number of species in Asteraceae is rivaled only by the Orchi ...
native to
Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes, Andes Mountains and the Paci ...
and
Argentina Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourt ...
. In Chile, it occurs from Curico to Chiloe (35 to 42°S) between 200 and 800 m above sea level. It grows in both moist and shaded sites and more open and arid areas. Common names in
Mapudungun Mapuche ( , ; from 'land' and 'people', meaning 'the people of the land') or Mapudungun (from 'land' and 'speak, speech', meaning 'the speech of the land'; also spelled Mapuzugun and Mapudungu) is either a language isolate or member of the s ...
are trevo and tayu and in
Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many countries in the Americas **Spanish cuisine **Spanish history **Spanish culture ...
palo santo ('holy tree') and palo blanco ('white tree').


Description

''Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides'' is an
evergreen In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has Leaf, foliage that remains green and functional throughout the year. This contrasts with deciduous plants, which lose their foliage completely during the winter or dry season. Consisting of many diffe ...
tree or shrub reaching up to 15 m (50 ft) in height with a trunk which can reach a diameter of over 2 m (80 in). The genus ''Archidasyphyllum'', to which the species belongs, is unusual in being one of the few genera of Asteraceae to include species which are trees, rather than
herbs Herbs are a widely distributed and widespread group of plants, excluding vegetables, with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and garnish (food), garnishing food, for medicinal purposes, or for fragrances. Culinary use typi ...
or
shrubs A shrub or bush is a small to medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees by their multiple ...
. The soft, thin, brown bark is deeply fissured with longitudinal cracks. The glossy, leathery, leaves, dark green above and paler on the underside and borne alternately, are elliptical in shape with entire margins, and acute apices bearing a single, terminal
spine Spine or spinal may refer to: Science Biology * Spinal column, also known as the backbone * Dendritic spine, a small membranous protrusion from a neuron's dendrite * Thorns, spines, and prickles, needle-like structures in plants * Spine (zoology), ...
. They are 2–6 cm in length and 1-2.5 cm wide,
glabrous Glabrousness () is the technical term for a lack of hair, down, setae, trichomes, or other such covering. A glabrous surface may be a natural characteristic of all or part of a plant or animal, or be due to loss because of a physical condition, ...
on both surfaces and
pubescent The adjective pubescent may describe: * people or animals undergoing puberty * plants that are hairy, covered in trichomes * insects that are covered in setae In biology, setae (; seta ; ) are any of a number of different bristle- or hair-lik ...
on the margins, the
petiole Petiole may refer to: *Petiole (botany), the stalk of a leaf, attaching the blade to the stem *Petiole (insect anatomy) In entomology, petiole is the technical term for the narrow waist of some hymenopteran insects, especially ants, bees, and ...
s are 1–4 mm in length.Rodríguez, R. O. Matthei & M. Quezada. 1983. Flora Arbórea de Chile. Editorial de la Universidad de Concepción. Concepción, Chile. 408 pp. Provided with two thorns (modified
stipule In botany, a stipule is an outgrowth typically borne on both sides (sometimes on just one side) of the base of a leafstalk (the petiole (botany), petiole). They are primarily found among dicots and rare among monocots. Stipules are considered part ...
s),
deciduous In the fields of horticulture and botany, the term deciduous () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed Leaf, leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, aft ...
at the base of the leaves, the flowers are clustered in
inflorescence In botany, an inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a plant's Plant stem, stem that is composed of a main branch or a system of branches. An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a mai ...
s (terminal
Flower head A pseudanthium (; : pseudanthia) is an inflorescence that resembles a flower. The word is sometimes used for other structures that are neither a true flower nor a true inflorescence. Examples of pseudanthia include flower heads, composite flowers ...
s) resembling the hard, scaly flower heads of the familiar, European wildflowers the knapweeds (also members of the Asteraceae). The flowers are white and
hermaphrodite A hermaphrodite () is a sexually reproducing organism that produces both male and female gametes. Animal species in which individuals are either male or female are gonochoric, which is the opposite of hermaphroditic. The individuals of many ...
, 5
stamen The stamen (: stamina or stamens) is a part consisting of the male reproductive organs of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filament ...
s with the
anther The stamen (: stamina or stamens) is a part consisting of the male reproductive organs of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filament ...
s attached. The fruit is a cylindrical
achene An achene (; ), also sometimes called akene and occasionally achenium or achenocarp, is a type of simple fruit, simple dry fruits, dry fruit produced by many species of flowering plants. Achenes are monocarpellate (formed from one carpel) and Dehi ...
about 3-3.5 mm long and 1 mm wide, pubescent, reddish
pappi In Asteraceae, the pappus is the modified calyx_(botany), calyx, the part of an individual floret, that surrounds the base of the petal, corolla tube in flower. It functions as a dispersal mechanism for the achenes that contain the seeds. In ...
5 mm long.


Etymology

The synonymous genus name, ''
Dasyphyllum ''Dasyphyllum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. It is distributed in South America, with several species in southeastern Brazil.Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...
elements δασύς ( ''dasus'' ) 'hairy' and φύλλον ( ''phyllon'' ) 'leaf', while the specific name ''diacanthoides'' means 'resembling (
Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...
suffix -ό-εἶδος (''o-eidos'') ) plants of the genus ''Diacantha'' ', the name of which is a compound of the Greek elements δύο ( ''duo'' ) 'two' and ἄκανθα ( ''acantha'' ) 'thorn' / 'spine'. The scientific name in its entirety thus means 'the hairy-leaved plant resembling the plant bearing spines in pairs'. ote: ''Diacantha'' is a synonym of the genus ''Barnadesia'' - to which the genus ''Dasyphyllum'' is closely related.">Barnadesia">ote: ''Diacantha'' is a synonym of the genus ''
street tree Urban forestry is the care and management of single trees and tree populations in Urban area, urban settings for the purpose of improving the urban environment. Urban forestry involves both planning and management, including the programming of ...
in urban areas of Argentina, because of its dense crown of evergreen foliage.


Medicinal use and danger of confusion with ''Latua''

The
bark Bark may refer to: Common meanings * Bark (botany), an outer layer of a woody plant such as a tree or stick * Bark (sound), a vocalization of some animals (which is commonly the dog) Arts and entertainment * ''Bark'' (Jefferson Airplane album), ...
of ''Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides'' is used in its native Chile as a folk remedy (both
topical A topical medication is a medication that is applied to a particular place on or in the body. Most often topical medication means application to body surfaces such as the skin or mucous membranes to treat ailments via a large range of classes ...
and Oral administration">oral The word oral may refer to: Relating to the mouth * Relating to the mouth, the first portion of the alimentary canal that primarily receives food and liquid **Oral administration of medicines ** Oral examination (also known as an oral exam or ora ...
) for blunt trauma:1897 Enrique Espinoza ''Plantas Medicinales de Chile'', Fragmento de la Cuarta Edicion de la ''Jeografia Descriptiva de la Republica de Chile'' Estudio estractado de diversos autores, como Gay, Vasquez, Murillo i Gajardo. , Santiago de Chile, Imprenta i Encuadernacion Barcelona. Moneda, entre Estado i San Antonio. p.10 (as Flotowia diacanthoides)
Palo santo or Palo blanco (Flotowia diacanthoides) .— It grows from Ñuble to
Valdivia Valdivia (; Mapuche: Ainil) is a city and commune in southern Chile, administered by the Municipality of Valdivia. The city is named after its founder, Pedro de Valdivia, and is located at the confluence of the Calle-Calle, Valdivia, and ...
. The bark is used against bruises and blows, either by taking it as an infusion or applying it as external use. It also dissolves warts.
When not in flower, however, the plant is easily confused with the highly toxic
Solanaceous Solanaceae (), commonly known as the nightshades, is a family of flowering plants in the order Solanales. It contains approximately 2,700 species, several of which are used as agricultural crops, medicinal plants, and ornamental plants. Many mem ...
species ''
Latua pubiflora ''Latua pubiflora'' (common name in Spanish: ''árbol de los brujos'', ''tree of the sorcerers'') is the single species of the monotypic genus ''Latua'', endemic to the coastal mountains of southern Chile. A shrub or small tree to 10 m in he ...
'' and this ease of confusion has been responsible for many cases of
anticholinergic Anticholinergics (anticholinergic agents) are substances that block the action of the acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter at synapses in the central nervous system, central and peripheral nervous system. These agents inhibit the parasympatheti ...
,
tropane alkaloid Tropane alkaloids are a class of bicyclic .2.1alkaloids and secondary metabolites that contain a tropane ring in their chemical structure. Tropane alkaloids occur naturally in many members of the plant family Solanaceae. Certain tropane alkaloi ...
poisoning by ''Latua'' in the
Los Lagos Region Los Lagos Region ( , 'Region of the Lakes') is one of regions of Chile, Chile's 16 regions, which are first order administrative divisions, and comprises four provinces: Chiloé Province, Chiloé, Llanquihue Province, Llanquihue, Osorno Provin ...
of southern Chile to which both plants are native.
One of his
Philippi Philippi (; , ''Phílippoi'') was a major Greek city northwest of the nearby island, Thasos. Its original name was Crenides (, ''Krēnĩdes'' "Fountains") after its establishment by Thasian colonists in 360/359 BC. The city was renamed by Phili ...
's informant Señor Juan Renous's ] woodcutters had suffered a strong blow with the blunt end of his axe and went into the forest to get some bark of ''tayu'' for it. He took instead ''latúe'' [''Latua''] and drank a concoction of this poison. He became
insane Insanity, madness, lunacy, and craziness are behaviors caused by certain abnormal mental or behavioral patterns. Insanity can manifest as violations of societal norms, including a person or persons becoming a danger to themselves or to other ...
almost immediately and wandered into the mountains. He was found three days later in an
unconscious Unconscious may refer to: Physiology * Unconsciousness, the lack of consciousness or responsiveness to people and other environmental stimuli Psychology * Unconscious mind, the mind operating well outside the attention of the conscious mind a ...
state. Several days were required for his recovery, although he suffered severe
headache A headache, also known as cephalalgia, is the symptom of pain in the face, head, or neck. It can occur as a migraine, tension-type headache, or cluster headache. There is an increased risk of Depression (mood), depression in those with severe ...
s for several months.


Chemistry

The unusual Asteraceae subfamily
Barnadesioideae Barnadesioideae is a subfamily of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae. It comprises a single tribe, the Barnadesieae. The subfamily is endemic to South America. Molecular evidence suggests it is a basal clade within the family,Timme ...
, to which the genus ''Archidasyphyllum'' belongs, has yielded
phenolic compounds In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of one or more hydroxyl groups (− O H) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. The simplest is phenol, . Phenolic compounds are c ...
,
flavonoid Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids; from the Latin word ''flavus'', meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in the diets of humans. Chemically, flavonoids ...
s and
triterpenoid Triterpenes are a class of terpenes composed of six isoprene units with the molecular formula C30H48; they may also be thought of as consisting of three terpene units. Animals, plants and fungi all produce triterpenes, including squalene, the pre ...
s.Ccana-Ccapatinta, Gari & Monge, Marcelo & Ferreira, Paola & Da Costa, Fernando. (2017). Chemistry and medicinal uses of the subfamily Barnadesioideae (Asteraceae). ''Phytochemistry Reviews''. 10.1007/s11101-017-9544-y. Retrieved 10.18am on 21/5/19.


Gallery

File:Nova genera ac species plantarum, quas in regno Chilensi Peruviano et in terra Amazonica (Pl. 032) (8618413269).jpg, Coloured plate (under older name of ''Flotovia diacanthoides'') from botanical work on Chilean plants by Poeppig and
Endlicher Stephan Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher, also known as Endlicher István László (24 June 1804 – 28 March 1849), was an Austrian botanist, numismatist and Sinologist. He was a director of the Botanical Garden of Vienna. Biography Endlicher ...
File:Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides (Less.) P.L.Ferreira, Saavedra & Groppo - hairy shoot.jpg, Young, non-flowering, Autumn shoot showing hairiness of young foliage - as described in Greek-derived genus name File:Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides - undersides of leaves.jpg, Undersides of leathery, mature leaves, showing terminal spines and characteristic venation File:Infructescence (fruiting head) of Dasyphyllum diacanthoides.jpg, Young infructescence, showing withered, brown florets File:Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides - fruits ready for wind-dispersal.jpg, Fruiting shoot: infructescence open to reveal pappus-tufted fruits ready for wind-dispersal File:Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides - pappus-tufted fruits starting to be dispersed by wind.jpg, Pappus-tufted fruits starting to be dispersed by the wind File:Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides empty calyx.jpg, Empty involucre of hairy, brown bracts after wind dispersal of all pappus-tufted fruits File:Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides bursting Spring leaf buds.jpg, Bursting Spring leaf buds of flowering shoots File:Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides, main trunk of young shrub.jpg, Main trunk (circa 1cm diameter) of young (circa 5yrs) cultivated shrub. Note remains of cauliflorous infructescence (top right) File:Dasyphyllum diacanthoides Corteza ( image cropped and brightened ).jpg, Peeling bark of mature trunk of full-grown arborescent specimen, (circa 9m)
Curacautín Curacautín, which means "Gathering Stone" in Mapudungun, is a Communes of Chile, commune and List of cities in Chile, city in the Chilean province of Malleco Province, Malleco. Curacautín is located 90 kilometres northeast of Temuco, in a valley ...
, Chile Dasyphyllum diacanthoides arbol (image brightened and cropped ).jpg, Crown of full-grown arborescent specimen growing in Curacautín, Chile


References

* * {{Taxonbar, from1=Q93952847, from2=Q4742002 Barnadesioideae Flora of the Chilean Matorral Endemic flora of Chile Trees of Chile Trees of Mediterranean climate Drought-tolerant trees Trees of mild maritime climate Medicinal plants