Arcadius Rudolph Lang Gurland (1 September 1904,

Moscow Moscow is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city of Russia, standing on the Moskva (river), Moskva River in Central Russia. It has a population estimated at over 13 million residents with ...

- 27 March, 1979,

Darmstadt Darmstadt () is a city in the States of Germany, state of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Frankfurt Rhine Main Area, Rhine-Main-Area (Frankfurt Metropolitan Region). Darmstadt has around 160,000 inhabitants, making it the ...

) was a German

political scientist Political science is the scientific study of politics. It is a social science dealing with systems of governance and Power (social and political), power, and the analysis of political activities, political philosophy, political thought, polit ...

of Russian origin. Born in Moscow in 1904, he lived through the

Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution, social change in Russian Empire, Russia, starting in 1917. This period saw Russia Dissolution of the Russian Empire, abolish its mona ...

as a teenager, developing political sympathies with the

Mensheviks The Mensheviks ('the Minority') were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903. Mensheviks held more moderate and reformist ...

. He travelled into exile with his parents, settling in Germany where he completed his schooling at the Goethe-Gymnasium in Berlin-Wilmersdorf. He joined the Sozialistische Proletarierjugend, a youth movement close to the

Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (, USPD) was a short-lived political party in Germany during the German Empire and the Weimar Republic. The organization was established in 1917 as the result of a split of anti-war members of t ...

(USPD). This party was formed by the left-wing of the

Social Democratic Party of Germany The Social Democratic Party of Germany ( , SPD ) is a social democratic political party in Germany. It is one of the major parties of contemporary Germany. Saskia Esken has been the party's leader since the 2019 leadership election together w ...

, when it broke with

Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany The Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: , MSPD) was the name officially used by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) between April 1917 and September 1922. The name differentiated it from the Independent Social Democratic ...

over their support for German participation in the

First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

. Gurland worked for the

Institute for Social Research Institute for Social Research may refer to: * Norwegian Institute for Social Research, a private research institute in Oslo, Norway * University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research, a research institute in Frankfurt, Germany * University of ...

(IfSR) in

New York New York most commonly refers to: * New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States * New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York New York may also refer to: Places United Kingdom * ...

from 1940 to 1945. By this time he had come to focus his work on the economics of the

Nazi state Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictator ...

. In 1943 he worked with two colleagues from the IfSR, Franz Neumann and Otto Kirchheimer, for a special United States congressional committee established in 1940 to Study Problems of American Small Business.

Selected works

In German: * (1925) ''Der proletarische Klassenkampf in der Gegenwart: Zur taktischen Orientierung der Sozialdemokratie in der Nachkriegsphase des Kapitalismus'' (The proletarian class struggle in the present: On the tactical orientation of social democracy in the post-war phase of capitalism) Leipzig:Leipziger Buchdruckerei * (1930) ''Marxismus und Diktatur'' (Marxism and Dictatorship), Leipzig: Leipziger Buchdruckerei * (1931) ''Das Heute der proletarischen Aktion. Hemmnisse und Wandlungen im Klassenkampf'' Berlin: E. Laub In English: * (1941) "Technological Trends and Economic Structure under National Socialism "
''Studies in Philosophy and Social Science'' Vol. IX
New York: Institute for Social Research * (1943) ''The Fate of Small Business in Nazi Germany'' Washington: United States Senate Special Committee to Study Problems of American Small Business, with Otto Kirchheimer and Franz Neumann Translations: * (1960) ''Motivforschung und Absatzlenkung'', German translation of ''Motivation Research and Marketing Management'', Joseph Newman (1957) Boston: Harvard University, Graduate School of Business Administration, Division of Research * (1960) ''Amerika – Die Revolution des Jahrhunderts'', German translation of ''La République Americaine'', Raymond Bruckberger (1959) Paris: Gallimard * (1961) ''Sigmund Freuds Sendung'', German translation of ''Sigmund Freud's Mission'',

Erich Fromm Erich Seligmann Fromm (; ; March 23, 1900 – March 18, 1980) was a German-American social psychologist, psychoanalyst, sociologist, humanistic philosopher, and democratic socialist. He was a German Jew who fled the Nazi regime and set ...

(1959)

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurland, Arcadius 1904 births 1979 deaths Frankfurt School philosophers Mensheviks 20th-century German political scientists