''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

of the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Araliaceae The Araliaceae are a family of flowering plants composed of about 43 genera and around 1500 species consisting of primarily woody plants and some herbaceous plants. The morphology of Araliaceae varies widely, but it is predominantly distinguisha ...

, consisting of 68 accepted

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...

deciduous In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, a ...

evergreen In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has foliage that remains green and functional through more than one growing season. This also pertains to plants that retain their foliage only in warm climates, and contrasts with deciduous plants, which ...

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...

s, shrubs, and

rhizomatous In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (; , ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow h ...

herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition ...

perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...

s. The genus is

native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Native Americans (disambiguation) In arts and enterta ...

to Asia and the Americas, with most species occurring in mountain woodlands. ''Aralia'' plants vary in size, with some herbaceous species only reaching tall, while some are trees growing to tall. ''Aralia'' plants have large bipinnate (doubly compound) leaves clustered at the ends of their stems or branches; in some species the leaves are covered with bristles. The stems of some woody species are quite prickly, as in ''

Aralia spinosa ''Aralia spinosa'', commonly known as devil's walking stick, is a woody species of plant in the genus '' Aralia'', family Araliaceae, native to eastern North America. The various names refer to the viciously sharp, spiny stems, petioles, and eve ...

''. The

flower A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism ...

s are whitish or greenish occurring in terminal

panicle A panicle is a much-branched inflorescence. (softcover ). Some authors distinguish it from a compound spike inflorescence, by requiring that the flowers (and fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is ...

s, and the spherical dark purple berry-like

fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in partic ...

s are popular with

bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweig ...

s. ''Aralia'' species are used as food plants by the

larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. Th ...

e of some Lepidoptera species, including the

common emerald The common emerald (''Hemithea aestivaria'') is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species is found throughout the Nearctic and Palearctic regions and the Near East. It is mostly commonly found in the southern half of the British Isles. It w ...

(''Hemithea aestivaria''). There are many colours of aralia flowers. The main flower is whitish aralia. Some species, notably ''Aralia cordata'', are edible and are cultivated for human consumption.

Taxonomy

The taxonomic circumscription of the

''Aralia'' has varied greatly. Species formerly included in wider views of the genus are now included in such separate genera as '' Fatsia'', ''

Macropanax ''Macropanax'' is a genus of flowering plants of the family Araliaceae, comprising 20 species. They are distributed from Central China to Sikkim, Nepal and Bhutan and to western Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The ...

'', '' Oreopanax'', ''

Panax The ''Panax'' (ginseng) genus belongs to the ''Araliaceae'' (ivy) family. ''Panax'' species are characterized by the presence of ginsenosides and gintonin. ''Panax'' is one of approximately 60 plant genera with a classical disjunct east Asian and ...

'', '' Polyscias'', '' Pseudopanax'', ''

Schefflera ''Schefflera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. With an estimated 600–900 species, the genus represents about half of its family. The plants are trees, shrubs or lianas, growing tall, with woody stems, the absence o ...

'', and '' Tetrapanax''. The genus ''Dimorphanthus'', formerly considered distinct by some, is now included within ''Aralia'' as a section within that genus.

Species

Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It was launched in March 2017 with the ultimate aim being "to enable users to access information on all the world's known seed-bearing plants ...

accepts the following species: *''

Aralia apioides ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most species occ ...

'' Hand.-Mazz. *''

Aralia armata ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most species oc ...

'' (Wall. ex G.Don) Seem. *''

Aralia atropurpurea ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family (biology), family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizome, rhizomatous herbaceous plant, herbaceous perennial plant, perennials. The ge ...

'' Franch. *'' Aralia bahiana'' J.Wen *''

Aralia bicrenata ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most specie ...

'' Wooton & Standl. *''

Aralia bipinnata ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most sp ...

'' Blanco *''

Aralia cachemirica ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family (biology), family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizome, rhizomatous herbaceous plant, herbaceous perennial plant, perennials. The ge ...

'' Decne. *''

Aralia caesia ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most species occ ...

'' Hand.-Mazz. *'' Aralia californica'' S.Watson *'' Aralia castanopsiscola'' (Hayata) J.Wen *''

Aralia chinensis ''Aralia chinensis'' (known as Chinese angelica-tree, synonym (taxonomy), syn. ''Aralia sinensis'' hort.) is a species of the family Araliaceae native to China, Vietnam, and Borneo. References External links ''Aralia chinensis''

'' L. *'' Aralia continentalis'' Kitag. *'' Aralia cordata'' Thunb. *''

Aralia dasyphylla ''Aralia dasyphylla'' is a species in the plant genus ''Aralia'', family Araliaceae. Its native range is western Malesia (Java, Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra). Some sources include ''Aralia dasyphylloides ''Aralia dasyphylloides'' is a speci ...

'' Miq. *''

Aralia dasyphylloides ''Aralia dasyphylloides'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Araliaceae, native to south China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a ...

'' (Hand.-Mazz.) J.Wen *''

Aralia debilis ''Aralia elegans'' is a species of plant in the family Araliaceae. It is endemic to China. References * ''Aralia elegans''at The Plant List The Plant List was a list of botanical names of species of plants created by the Royal Botanic Gar ...

'' J.Wen *'' Aralia decaisneana'' Hance *''

Aralia delavayi ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most sp ...

'' J.Wen *''

Aralia devendrae ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most sp ...

'' Pusalkar *''

Aralia duplex ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family (biology), family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizome, rhizomatous herbaceous plant, herbaceous perennial plant, perennials. The ge ...

'' R.Chaves *''

Aralia echinocaulis ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most sp ...

'' Hand.-Mazz. *''

Aralia elata ''Aralia elata'', the Japanese angelica tree, Chinese angelica-tree, or Korean angelica-tree, is a woody plant belonging to the family Araliaceae. It is known as ''tara-no-ki'' (; ) in Japanese, and ''dureup-namu'' () in Korean. Description It i ...

'' (Miq.) Seem. *''

Aralia excelsa ''Aralia excelsa'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Araliaceae. It is native to Mexico, Central America, northern South America and parts of the Caribbean The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; n ...

'' (Griseb.) J.Wen *''

Aralia fargesii ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most species occ ...

'' Franch. *''

Aralia ferox ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most sp ...

'' Miq. *''

Aralia finlaysoniana ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most species occ ...

'' (Wall. ex G.Don) Seem. *''

Aralia foliolosa ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most sp ...

'' Seem. ex C.B.Clarke *''

Aralia frodiniana ''Aralia frodiniana'' is a plant species endemic to the Island of Sulawesi in Indonesia. It is a shrub with prickles on the stems. Leaves are bipinnate with hair and prickles on the petioles. Leaflets are ovate to elliptical, up to 8 cm ...

'' J.Wen *''

Aralia gigantea ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most sp ...

'' J.Wen *'' Aralia gintungensis'' C.Y.Wu ex K.M.Feng *''

Aralia glabra ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most sp ...

'' Matsum. *''

Aralia glabrifoliolata ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most sp ...

'' (C.B.Shang) J.Wen *''

Aralia henryi ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most sp ...

'' Harms *''

Aralia hiepiana ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most species occ ...

'' J.Wen & Lowry *'' Aralia hispida'' Vent. *'' Aralia humilis'' Cav. *''

Aralia hypoglauca ''Aralia hypoglauca'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Araliaceae The Araliaceae are a family of flowering plants composed of about 43 genera and around 1500 species consisting of primarily woody plants and some herbaceous plants ...

'' (C.J.Qi & T.R.Cao) J.Wen & Y.F.Deng *''

Aralia indonesica ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most species occ ...

'' Doweld *''

Aralia kansuensis ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most species occ ...

'' G.Hoo *''

Aralia kingdon-wardii ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most sp ...

'' J.Wen, Lowry & Esser *'' Aralia leschenaultii'' (DC.) J.Wen *''

Aralia malabarica ''Aralia malabarica'' is a species of plant in the family Araliaceae. It is endemic to India India, officially the Republic of India ( Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most po ...

'' Bedd. *''

Aralia melanocarpa ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most sp ...

'' (H.Lév.) Lauener *''

Aralia merrillii ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most species occ ...

'' C.B.Shang *''

Aralia mexicana ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family (biology), family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizome, rhizomatous herbaceous plant, herbaceous perennial plant, perennials. The ge ...

'' (C.B.Shang & X.P.Li) Frodin *''

Aralia montana ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most sp ...

'' Blume *''

Aralia nudicaulis ''Aralia nudicaulis'' (commonly wild sarsaparilla,Dickinson, T.; Metsger, G.; Hull, J.; and Dickinson, R. (2004) The ROM Field Guide to Wildflowers of Ontario. Toronto:Royal Ontario Museum, p. 140. false sarsaparilla, shot bush, small spikenard, ...

'' L. *'' Aralia officinalis'' Z.Z.Wang *'' Aralia parasitica'' (D.Don) Buch.-Ham. ex Otto *''

Aralia plumosa ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most sp ...

'' H.L.Li *'' Aralia racemosa'' L. *''

Aralia regeliana ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most sp ...

'' Marchal *''

Aralia rex ''Aralia rex'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Araliaceae. It has also been treated as ''Megalopanax rex'', the only species in the genus ''Megalopanax''. It is endemic to Cuba Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es ...

'' (Ekman) J.Wen *''

Aralia scaberula ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most sp ...

'' G.Hoo *''

Aralia scopulorum ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most species occ ...

'' Brandegee *'' Aralia searelliana'' Dunn *''

Aralia soratensis ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most species oc ...

'' Marchal *''

Aralia spinifolia ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family (biology), family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizome, rhizomatous herbaceous plant, herbaceous perennial plant, perennials. The ge ...

'' Merr. *''

'' L. *''

Aralia stellata ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family (biology), family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizome, rhizomatous herbaceous plant, herbaceous perennial plant, perennials. The ge ...

'' (King) J.Wen *''

Aralia stipulata ''Aralia stipulata'' is a plant species native to China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead ...

'' Franch. *''

Aralia subcordata ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most sp ...

'' (Wall. ex G.Don) J.Wen *''

Aralia thomsonii ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most sp ...

'' Seem. ex C.B.Clarke *''

Aralia tibetana ''Aralia tibetana'' is a species of plant in the family Araliaceae. It is endemic to Tibet Tibet (; ''Böd''; ) is a region in East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about . It is the traditional homeland of the T ...

'' G.Hoo *''

Aralia tomentella ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most species occ ...

'' Franch. *''

Aralia undulata ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most sp ...

'' Hand.-Mazz. *'' Aralia urticifolia'' Blume ex Miq. *''

Aralia verticillata ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family (biology), family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizome, rhizomatous herbaceous plant, herbaceous perennial plant, perennials. The ge ...

'' (Dunn) J.Wen *''

Aralia vietnamensis ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas, with most species occ ...

'' Ha *''

Aralia wangshanensis ''Aralia wangshanensis'' is a species of plant in the family Araliaceae. It is endemic to China. Taxonomy The species was first described by Hermann Harms in 1896 as ''Pentapanax henryi''. When it was transferred to the genus '' Aralia'' the ...

'' (W.C.Cheng) Y.F.Deng *''

Aralia warmingiana ''Aralia'' , or spikenard, is a genus of the family (biology), family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizome, rhizomatous herbaceous plant, herbaceous perennial plant, perennials. The ge ...

'' (Marchal) J.Wen *'' Aralia wilsonii'' Harms *'' Aralia yunnanensis'' Franch.

Fossil record

One

fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

endocarp Fruit anatomy is the plant anatomy of the internal structure of fruit. Fruits are the mature ovary or ovaries of one or more flowers. They are found in three main anatomical categories: aggregate fruits, multiple fruits, and simple fruits. A ...

of †''Aralia pusilla'' has been described from a middle Miocene

stratum In geology and related fields, a stratum ( : strata) is a layer of rock or sediment characterized by certain lithologic properties or attributes that distinguish it from adjacent layers from which it is separated by visible surfaces known as e ...

of the Fasterholt area near

Silkeborg Silkeborg () is a Danish town with a population of 49,747 (1 January 2022).Jutland Jutland ( da, Jylland ; german: Jütland ; ang, Ēota land ), known anciently as the Cimbric or Cimbrian Peninsula ( la, Cimbricus Chersonesus; da, den Kimbriske Halvø, links=no or ; german: Kimbrische Halbinsel, links=no), is a peninsula of ...

Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark , establishe ...

. Several

fruits of ''Aralia rugosa'' and †''Aralia tertiaria'' have been extracted from bore hole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin,

West Carpathians The Western Carpathians are a mountain range and geomorphological province that forms the western part of the Carpathian Mountains. The mountain belt stretches from the Low Beskids range of the Eastern Carpathians along the border of Poland w ...

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is divided into Voivodeships of Poland, sixteen voivodeships and is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union (EU), with over 38 mill ...

. Several ''Aralia'' macrofossils have been recovered from the late

Zanclean The Zanclean is the lowest stage or earliest age on the geologic time scale of the Pliocene. It spans the time between 5.332 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago) and 3.6 ± 0.005 Ma. It is preceded by the Messinian Age of the Miocene Epoch, and ...

stage of

Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Pocapaglia Pocapaglia ( pms, Pocapaja) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about southeast of Turin and about northeast of Cuneo. As of 1-1-2017, it had a population of 3,311 and an area of .All d ...

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

.Messian to Zanclean vegetation and climate of Northern and Central Italy by Adele Bertini & Edoardo Martinetto, Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 47 (2), 2008, 105-121. Modena, 11 July 2008.

Notes

References

*Frodin, D. G. and R. Govaerts. 2003. World Checklist and Bibliography of Araliaceae. Kew, UK: The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. *Wen, J. 2004. Systematics and biogeography of ''Aralia'' L. sect. ''Dimorphanthus'' (Miq.) Miq. (Araliaceae). ''Cathaya'' 15-16: 1–187.

External links

''Aralia''
{{Taxonbar, from=Q132636 Apiales genera Flora of North America Flora of Asia