Aquilegia Chaplinei

''Aquilegia chaplinei'', also known as Chaplin's columbine, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae native to the arid Guadalupe and Sacramento Mountains of West Texas and southeastern New Mexico in the West South Central United States. A perennial plant with an average height of , ''A. chaplinei'' is characterized as a dwarf version of its close relative '' Aquilegia chrysantha'' and is sometimes considered a variant of this species under the name ''Aquilegia chrysantha'' var. ''chaplinei''.

''A. chaplinei''s leaves are in a basal arrangement (sprouting from base of the shoot) and give the plant a fern-like appearance when not flowering. Its flowers are pale yellow. It is named for William Ridgley Chapline, the first person to collect the plant and who collected the holotype from Sitting Bull Falls in New Mexico in 1916.

The plant has been the subject of conservation protections, including a New Mexican law prohibiting the collection of seeds from wild examples. In 2017, a consortium of state and federal agencies determined the species was "effectively conserved".

Description

''Aquilegia chaplinei'' is a perennial plant with a height from to , averaging tall. This is somewhat shorter than the closely related '' Aquilegia chrysantha'', which can reach up to tall. ''A. chaplinei''s type locality at an altitude of suggests that it is better adapted than ''A. chrysantha'' to arid environments. ''A. chaplinei'' has a slender stem that is glabrous (smooth) with the exception of the inflorescence.

Possessing leaves in a basal arrangement (sprouting from base of the shoot), ''A. chaplinei'' has leaves which extend on slender petioles that are to long. The leaves themselves range from bi- to barely triternately compound. ''A. chaplinei'' has a fern-like appearance when not flowering. The leaves are semi-evergreen.

It has pale yellow flowers. Its spurs range from to and can be slender, straight, or slightly spreading. The short spurs and sepals under 2 centimeters long between and are the primary distinguishing features that separate ''A. chaplinei'' from ''A. chrysantha''. ''A. chaplinei'' has yellow sepals. The flowers bloom between April and November, with greatest reliability in June and July.

Breeding is performed through its unisexual flowers, meaning that individual flowers exclusively possess either stamen or carpels, making it monoecious. Its seeds are nearly long.

Taxonomy

''Aquilegia chaplinei'' is within the ''Aquilegia'' (columbine) genus. The plant, including its holotype, was first collected by William Ridgely Chapline from Sitting Bull Falls in Eddy County, New Mexico, on May 25, 1916. Chapline was a rangeland management scientist who was employed by the United States Department of Agriculture and later served as the chief of forest conservation within the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization.

The plant was formally described by the binomial ''Aquilegia chaplinei'' in 1918 within Edwin Blake Payson's "The North American Species of Aquilegia", published in '' Contributions from the United States National Herbarium''. Payson credited Paul Carpenter Standley with the initial description. The holotype is now in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History.

In 1985, Emily J. Lott proposed reclassifying the plant as ''Aquilegia chrysantha'' var. ''chaplinei'' in the journal ''Phytologia''. Lott's proposal came out of her study of plants in the Chihuahuan Desert, stemming from her 1979 unpublished master's thesis on ''Aquilegia'' in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas. The renaming as a variant of ''A. chrysantha'' proposed by Lott was not broadly accepted outside of Texas but remains in use within that state. The Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center of the University of Texas at Austin utilizes the name proposed by Lott for the plant, while the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) uses ''A. chaplinei''.

Names

The word '' columbine'' derives from the Latin word ''columbinus'', meaning "dove", a reference to the flowers' appearance of a group of doves. The genus name ''Aquilegia'' may come from the Latin word for "eagle", '' aquila'', in reference to the petals' resemblance to eagle talons. ''Aquilegia'' may also derive from , which is Latin for "to collect water", or '' aquilegium'', a Latin word for a container of water.

The species is named for Chapline. Common names for the species include Chaplin's columbine, Chaplin's yellow columbine, Chaplin's golden columbine, Chapline columbine, and Guadalupe Mountain columbine.

Distribution

The species is endemic to the Guadalupe Mountains of West Texas and southeastern New Mexico in the West South Central United States. It is also native to the New Mexican Sacramento Mountains, though this population of yellow columbines is distinct from others in the region In 1984, the Sacramento Mountains population was described as "somewhat intermediary between ''A. chaplinei'' and ''A. chrysantha''" by the New Mexico Native Plant Advisory Committee. The New Mexican range of ''A. chaplinei'' extends across the counties of Eddy and Otero.

The Guadalupe Mountains are an extremely arid environment, and ''A. chaplinei'' is found where the ground is moist such as along streams, canyons, and at the base of rocks. The TPWD identifies the species's preferred habitats as " rennially moist to wet limestone canyon walls; moist leaf litter and humus among boulders in wooded mesic canyons".

The species can be found in Lincoln National Forest in south-central New Mexico. Within the Guadalupe District, the southernmost division of the national forest, ''A. chaplinei'' congregates in seeps at the bottom of limestone cliffs. In McKittrick Canyon, the species blooms between early spring and mid-fall, with particular lushness in September.

Conservation

''A. chaplinei'' is considered a rare plant within its natural range. The ''Flora of North America'' lists the species as of conservation concern. The University of New Mexico's ''Rare New Mexico Plants'' provides an assessment that ''A. chaplinei'' is "effectively conserved" and identifies human water management as a threat to the species. The plant's NatureServe conservation status is S2 in both New Mexico and Texas and G2, meaning both the individual state and global populations of the species are considered "imperiled".

The Bureau of Land Management categorizes the plant as a "sensitive" species. As of 1998, ''A. chaplinei'' was conserved under the New Mexico Endangered Plant Species Act, legally prohibiting unauthorized seed collection. By 2017, the plant was deemed "effectively conserved" by the New Mexico Rare Plant Conservation Strategy, a consortium of the New Mexico Energy, Minerals and Natural Resources Department, Bureau of Land Management, and United States Forest Service. The plant does not have a listed conservation status from the federal or Texas governments but was included in the TPWD's "Species of Greatest Conservation Need" as of 2024.

Cultivation

In 1946, American botanist Philip A. Munz wrote that he was unaware of ''A. chaplinei'' being available for sale. , both seeds and plants were sometimes available, particularly from native plant nurseries in the region of ''A. chaplinei''s native range.

The Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center identified fully shaded or partially shaded locations as good locations for planting to prevent stressing the plant and curling in the leaves. ''A. chaplinei'' requires both moisture and drainage. In particularly hot and arid settings, the plant becomes susceptible to aphids and spider mites. ''Aquilegia'' species hybridize easily, so spacing between different species and varieties is necessary to prevent cross pollination. Plants reach maturity in between two and five years.

Uses

The Apache people considered the plant medicinal. Apaches utilized boiled roots as a remedy for bruises. In order to tone their bodies, they made a tea with the plant. The medicinal qualities of the plant's seed were considered especially significant and were further believed to be an aphrodisiac. Ingestion of the plant may result in stomach irritation.

Notes

References

{{Portalbar, Plants, Biology, Gardening, New Mexico, Texas

chaplinei
Flora of New Mexico
Flora of Texas
Taxa named by Paul Carpenter Standley
Taxa named by Edwin Blake Payson
Plants described in 1918