Apteryx owenii

The little spotted kiwi or little grey kiwi (''Apteryx owenii'') is a small flightless bird in the kiwi family, Apterygidae. It is the smallest of the five kiwi species, at about , about the size of a bantam. It is endemic to New Zealand, and in pre-European times occurred in both main islands, but is now restricted to a number of small offshore islands, and mainland reserves protected by pest-exclusion fences. The little spotted kiwi was on the brink of extinction when a conservation effort took place 100 years ago. Five individuals were translocated from the South Island of New Zealand to Kapiti Island. Today, the Kapiti Island population has grown, with around 1200 birds.

Taxonomy

The little spotted kiwi is a ratite and belongs to the Apterygiformes order, and the Apterygidae family. The genus name ''Apteryx'' means 'without wings' and the species is named ''owenii'' after Sir Richard Owen. Only the nominate subspecies ''A. o. owenii'' survives. The subspecies '' A. o. iredalei'' from the North Island became extinct in the late 19th century; its status as a subspecies is not universally accepted as valid though.

The little spotted kiwi was first described in 1847 by John Gould from a specimen obtained by Frederick Strange and sent to England. The locality is not recorded but it probably came from Nelson or Marlborough. In 1873, Henry Potts published an account of its habitats, and about this time specimens were collected in South Westland and sent to England.

A specimen described as ''Apteryx occidentalis'' in 1893 is often considered a junior synonym of this species, but a study in 2002 indicated this may be a hybrid between '' Apteryx australis'' and ''Apteryx owenii''.

Description

The little spotted kiwi has a length of and the weight of the male is and the female weighs , making it the smallest species of kiwi. Their feathers are pale-mottled grey, with fine white mottling, and are shaggy looking.BirdLife International (2008a) They lack aftershafts and barbules. They have large vibrissae feathers around the gape. They lack a tail, but have a small pygostyle. Their bill is ivory and long and their legs are pale.

File: Apteryx owenii 0.jpg, Illustration by J. G. Keulemans from a work by G. D. Rowley, 1870s
File:Kiwi burrow entrance.jpg, Burrow entrance, Zealandia
The little spotted kiwi had an obligate louse that parasitized on it, ''Rallicola pilgrimi''. In an example of conservation-induced extinction, all lice were killed while ensuring captive kiwis for survival.

Distribution and habitat

Studies on Kapiti Island show that they prefer flax, seral, and older forest habitats. Lower numbers are found in rough grassland and scrub, indicating that either they prefer other habitats or they simply need a larger territory to support themselves in these areas.

Behaviour

Little spotted kiwis eat grubs and other small insects that are found underground, and occasionally eat berries. Earthworms, cockchafer beetle larvae, caterpillars, cranefly larvae, and spiders are their most common foods. Fruit of the hinau tree is also commonly consumed. Annelids make up the largest percentage of the bird's diet. Using its sharp talons and long beak, it digs into the ground and then shoves its long beak down the softened ground. As they cannot fly to get to insects or food on trees and their eyesight is very poor, they depend on a keen sense of smell, long beak and talons. They are nocturnal. Little spotted kiwi call occasionally each night to advertise territory and to maintain contact with partners. Often pairs will duet. They are very territorial, and fight conspecifics with their sharp claws, resulting in many feathers on the ground.

Reproduction

They nest in an excavated burrow, dug by both birds and sometimes lined with plant material. Eggs are laid from July to January. The clutch size is one to two eggs (15% have 2), which are incubated by the male for 63–76 days. Chicks stay in the nest for 2–3 weeks after hatching and require feeding for 4 weeks. Little spotted kiwi eggs weigh about 23% the weight of the parent bird; the largest ratio among kiwis and birds in general; but exceeded by some sea-living birds; such as the Guadalupe murrelet and storm petrel.

Conservation

At the time it was described, the species was common on the western side of the South Island and in Marlborough. Then a regular trade in skins sprang up and large numbers were collected for European museums. Further, with the advance of European settlement, birds were killed by prospectors and others for food and their attendant dogs and cats took their toll. The species was extinct on the North Island by 1938 when the last four South Island birds were moved from d'Urville Island to the population that had been established on Kapiti Island. After they were released on Kapiti Island, they were also moved to Red Mercury Island, Hen Island, Tiritiri Matangi Island, Chalky Island, and Long Island in the Queen Charlotte Sound. In 2000, about 20 little spotted kiwis were released into Karori Wildlife Sanctuary. This was the first time since the 19th century that little spotted kiwis could be found on the mainland of the North Island. In 2015, 20 kiwis were translocated from Kapiti Island to Anchor Island.

As the smallest species of kiwi, the little spotted kiwi would be very vulnerable to the main kiwi predators like cats, dogs, and stoats, however it is now restricted to several off-shore island reserves (mainly Kapiti Island) which are mostly free of introduced predators. The little spotted kiwi's conservation status is listed as "range restricted" (by 'Save the Kiwi'), with a growing population. Formerly classified as " vulnerable" by the IUCN,BirdLife International (2008b) it was suspected to be more numerous than generally assumed. Following the evaluation of its population size, this was found to be correct, and it was consequently downlisted to "near threatened" status in 2008 as, although not rare, its small range puts it at risk. The lack of predators, apart from weka ('' Gallirallus australis''), is important to its increasing numbers. It has an occurrence range of , and a population of 1600 was estimated in the year 2012.

Citations

General and cited references

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External links

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q244197

little spotted kiwi
little spotted kiwi
Endemic birds of New Zealand
little spotted kiwi