''Aphelenchoides bicaudatus'' is a

nematode The nematodes ( or ; ; ), roundworms or eelworms constitute the phylum Nematoda. Species in the phylum inhabit a broad range of environments. Most species are free-living, feeding on microorganisms, but many are parasitic. Parasitic worms (h ...

parasite Parasitism is a Symbiosis, close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives (at least some of the time) on or inside another organism, the Host (biology), host, causing it some harm, and is Adaptation, adapted str ...

of '' Elaeidobius kamerunicus'', '' Vigna marina'', and ''

Agaricus bisporus ''Agaricus bisporus'', commonly known as the cultivated mushroom, is a basidiomycete mushroom native to grasslands in Eurasia and North America. It is cultivated in more than 70 countries and is one of the most commonly and widely consumed ...

''.

Distribution

In June 1980 ''E. kamerunicus'' were imported from

Cameroon Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in Central Africa. It shares boundaries with Nigeria to the west and north, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the R ...

Malaysia Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. Featuring the Tanjung Piai, southernmost point of continental Eurasia, it is a federation, federal constitutional monarchy consisting of States and federal territories of Malaysia, 13 states and thre ...

. They were needed to pollinate ''

Elaeis guineensis ''Elaeis guineensis'' is a species of Arecaceae, palm commonly just called oil palm but also sometimes African oil palm or macaw-fat. The first Western world, Western person to describe it and bring back seeds was the French naturalist Michel Ad ...

'', which until then had been inadequately pollinated by whatever native insects were around. The pupae were found to be severely

infested ''Infested'' is a 2023 French horror film conceived, co-written, and directed by Sébastien Vaniček in his feature directorial debut. Its original French title is ''Vermines'', which is literally ''Vermin'' in English. The film stars Théo Chr ...

with ''A. bicaudatus'' and so were treated until nematode-free before being released. It occurs commonly as a

soil organism Soil biology is the study of microbial and faunal activity and ecology in soil. Soil life, soil biota, soil fauna, or edaphon is a collective term that encompasses all organisms that spend a significant portion of their life cycle within a so ...

New South Wales New South Wales (commonly abbreviated as NSW) is a States and territories of Australia, state on the Eastern states of Australia, east coast of :Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria (state), Victoria to the south, and South ...

. ''A. bicaudatus'' is also found in:

Libya Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to Egypt–Libya border, the east, Sudan to Libya–Sudan border, the southeast, Chad to Chad–L ...

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

, and

Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...

Protein expression

''A. bicaudatus'' may be distinguished from other ''

Aphelenchoides ''Aphelenchoides'' is a genus of mycetophagous nematodes. Some species are plant pathogenic foliar nematodes. Taxonomy In 1961 Sanwal listed 33 species and provided a key. The most important species of these are '' Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi' ...

'' and ''

Ditylenchus angustus Ditylenchus angustus (Rice stem nematode) is a plant pathogenic nematode. References External links Tylenchida Agricultural pest nematodes Rice diseases {{agri-stub ...

'' and '' D. myceliophagus'' by some of their α- and β-

esterase In biochemistry, an esterase is a class of enzyme that splits esters into an acid and an alcohol in a chemical reaction with water called hydrolysis (and as such, it is a type of hydrolase). A wide range of different esterases exist that differ ...

banding and protein patterns - while some are common between various pairs of those taxa.

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q50409286 bicaudatus Agricultural pest nematodes Nematodes described in 1931