Aphaenogaster Cristata on:
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''Aphaenogaster'' is a
In Australia, they often build dense, conspicuous nests.Richards, P.J. (2009) ''Aphaenogaster'' ants as bioturbators: impacts on soil and slope processes. Earth-Science Reviews 96: 92-106. Nest entrances are generally funnel-shaped with diameters up to 4 cm, which resulted in the common name funnel ants. These nests can be a serious problem for
*'' A. aktaci'' Kiran & Tezcan, 2008
*†'' A. amphioceanica'' De Andrade, 1995
*'' A. angulata'' Viehmeyer, 1922
*'' A. annandalei'' Mukerjee, 1930
*†'' A. antiqua'' Dlussky & Perkovsky, 2002
*'' A. araneoides'' Emery, 1890
*†'' A. archaica'' (Meunier, 1915)
*'' A. ashmeadi'' (Emery, 1895)
*'' A. atlantis'' Santschi, 1929
*†'' A. avita'' Fujiyama, 1970
*'' A. balcanica'' (Emery, 1898)
*'' A. balcanicoides'' Boer, 2013
*'' A. baogong'' Terayama, 2009
*'' A. barbara'' Shattuck, 2008
*'' A. barbigula'' Wheeler, 1916
*'' A. baronii'' Cagniant, 1988
*'' A. beccarii'' Emery, 1887
*'' A. beesoni'' Donisthorpe, 1933
*'' A. boulderensis'' Smith, 1941
*'' A. burri'' (Donisthorpe, 1950)
*'' A. caeciliae'' Viehmeyer, 1922
*'' A. campana'' Emery, 1878
*'' A. cardenai'' Espadaler, 1981
*'' A. carolinensis'' Wheeler, 1915
*'' A. cavernicola'' Donisthorpe, 1938
*'' A. cecconii'' Emery, 1894
*'' A. concolor'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
*'' A. cristata'' (Forel, 1902)
*'' A. crocea'' André, 1881
*'' A. curiosa'' Santschi, 1933
*'' A. dejeani'' Cagniant, 1982
*'' A. depilis'' Santschi, 1911
*'' A. depressa'' Bolton, 1995
*†'' A. dlusskyana'' Radchenko & Perkovsky, 2016
*'' A. dlusskyi'' Radchenko & Arakelian, 1991
*'' A. donann'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
*†'' A. donisthorpei'' Carpenter, 1930
*'' A. dromedaria'' (Emery, 1900)
*'' A. dulciniae'' Emery, 1924
*†'' A. dumetora'' (Lin, 1982)
*'' A. edentula'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
*'' A. epirotes'' (Emery, 1895)
*'' A. erabu'' Nishizono & Yamane, 1990
*'' A. espadaleri'' Cagniant, 1984
*'' A. exasperata'' Wheeler, 1921
*'' A. fabulosa'' Arnol'di, 1968
*'' A. fallax'' Cagniant, 1992
*'' A. famelica'' (Smith, 1874)
*'' A. faureli'' Cagniant, 1969
*'' A. feae'' Emery, 1889
*'' A. fengbo'' Terayama, 2009
*'' A. festae'' Emery, 1915
*'' A. finzii'' Müller, 1921
*'' A. flemingi'' Smith, 1928
*'' A. floridana'' Smith, 1941
*'' A. foreli'' Cagniant, 1996
*'' A. friederichsi'' Forel, 1918
*'' A. fulva'' Roger, 1863
*'' A. geei'' Wheeler, 1921
*'' A. gemella'' (Roger, 1862)
*'' A. georgica'' Arnol'di, 1968
*'' A. gibbosa'' (Latreille, 1798)
*'' A. gonacantha'' (Emery, 1899)
*'' A. gracillima'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
*'' A. graeca'' Schulz, 1994
*'' A. haarlovi'' Collingwood, 1961
*'' A. hesperia'' Santschi, 1911
*'' A. holtzi'' (Emery, 1898)
*'' A. honduriana'' Mann, 1922
*'' A. huachucana'' Creighton, 1934
*'' A. hunanensis'' Wu & Wang, 1992
*'' A. iberica'' Emery, 1908
*'' A. incurviclypea'' Wang & Zheng, 1997
*'' A. inermita'' Bolton, 1995
*'' A. iranica'' Kiran & Alipanah, 2013
*'' A. irrigua'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
*'' A. isekram'' Bernard, 1977
*'' A. italica'' Bondroit, 1918
*'' A. januschevi'' Arnol'di, 1976
*'' A. japonica'' Forel, 1911
*'' A. karpathica'' Boer, 2013
*'' A. kervillei'' Forel, 1910
*'' A. kimberleyensis'' Shattuck, 2008
*'' A. koniari'' Cagniant & Galkowski, 2013
*'' A. kumejimana'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
*'' A. kurdica'' Ruzsky, 1905
*'' A. laevior'' Emery, 1887
*'' A. lamellidens'' Mayr, 1886
*†'' A. lapidescens'' Zhang, 1989
*'' A. ledouxi'' Tohmé, 1969
*'' A. lepida'' Wheeler, 1930
*'' A. lesbica'' Forel, 1913
*'' A. leveillei'' Emery, 1881
* †'' A.? longaeva'' (Scudder, 1877)
*'' A. longiceps'' (Smith, 1858)
*'' A. loriai'' (Emery, 1897)
*'' A. lustrans'' Smith, 1961
*'' A. luteipes'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
*†'' A. maculata'' Théobald, 1937
*'' A. maculifrons'' Kiran & Tezcan, 2008
*†'' A. maculipes'' Théobald, 1937
*'' A. mariae'' Forel, 1886
*'' A. mauritanica'' Dalla Torre, 1893
*†'' A. mayri'' Carpenter, 1930
*'' A. mediterrae'' Shattuck, 2008
*'' A. megommata'' Smith, 1963
*'' A. melitensis'' Santschi, 1933
*†'' A. mersa'' Wheeler, 1915
*'' A. messoroides'' Dlussky, Soyunov & Zabelin, 1990
*'' A. mexicana'' (Pergande, 1896)
*'' A. miamiana'' Wheeler, 1932
*'' A. miniata'' Cagniant, 1990
*'' A. minutula'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
*'' A. muelleriana'' Wolf, 1915
*'' A. mutica'' Pergande, 1896
*'' A. nadigi'' Santschi, 1923
*'' A. obsidiana'' (Mayr, 1861)
*'' A. occidentalis'' (Emery, 1895)
*†'' A. oligocenica'' Wheeler, 1915
*'' A. opposita'' (Say, 1836)
*'' A. osimensis'' Teranishi, 1940
*'' A. ovaticeps'' (Emery, 1898)
*'' A. pallescens'' Walker, 1871
*'' A. pallida'' (Nylander, 1849)
*†'' A. paludosa'' Zhang, 1989
*†'' A. pannonica'' Bachmayer, 1960
*'' A. patruelis'' Forel, 1886
*'' A. perplexa'' Smith, 1961
*'' A. phalangium'' Emery, 1890
*'' A. phillipsi'' Wheeler & Mann, 1916
*'' A. picea'' (Wheeler, 1908)
*'' A. picena'' Baroni Urbani, 1971
*'' A. polyodonta'' Zhou, 2001
*'' A. poultoni'' Crawley, 1922
*'' A. praedo'' Emery, 1908
*'' A. praenoda'' Santschi, 1933
*†'' A. praerelicta'' De Andrade, 1995
*'' A. projectens'' Donisthorpe, 1947
*'' A. pumilopuncta'' Zhou, 2001
*'' A. punctaticeps'' MacKay, 1989
*'' A. pythia'' Forel, 1915
*'' A. quadrispina'' Emery, 1911
*'' A. radchenkoi'' Kiran & Tezcan, 2008
*'' A. reichelae'' Shattuck, 2008
*'' A. relicta'' Wheeler & Mann, 1914
*'' A. rhaphidiiceps'' (Mayr, 1877)
*'' A. rifensis'' Cagniant, 1994
*'' A. rothneyi'' (Forel, 1902)
*'' A. rudis'' Enzmann, 1947
*'' A. rugosoferruginea'' Forel, 1889
*'' A. rugulosa'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
*'' A. rupestris'' Forel, 1909
*'' A. sagei'' (Forel, 1902)
*'' A. saharensis'' Bernard, 1953
*'' A. sangiorgii'' (Emery, 1901)
*'' A. sardoa'' Mayr, 1853
*'' A. schmidti'' Karavaiev, 1912
*'' A. schurri'' (Forel, 1902)
*'' A. semipolita'' (Nylander, 1856)
*'' A. senilis'' Mayr, 1853
*†'' A. shanwangensis'' (Hong, 1984)
*'' A. sicardi'' Cagniant, 1990
*'' A. sicula'' Emery, 1908
*'' A. simonellii'' Emery, 1894
*'' A. smythiesii'' (Forel, 1902)
*†'' A. sommerfeldti'' Mayr, 1868
*'' A. spinosa'' Emery, 1878
*'' A. splendida'' (Roger, 1859)
*'' A. sporadis'' Santschi, 1933
*'' A. striativentris'' Forel, 1895
*'' A. strioloides'' Forel, 1890
*'' A. subcostata'' Viehmeyer, 1922
*'' A. subexaperata'' Zhou, 2001
*'' A. subterranea'' (Latreille, 1798)
*'' A. subterraneoides'' Emery, 1881
*'' A. swammerdami'' Forel, 1886
*'' A. syriaca'' Emery, 1908
*'' A. takahashii'' Wheeler, 1930
*'' A. tennesseensis'' (Mayr, 1862)
*'' A. testaceopilosa'' (Lucas, 1849)
*'' A. texana'' Wheeler, 1915
*'' A. theryi'' Santschi, 1923
*'' A. tibetana'' Donisthorpe, 1929
*'' A. tinauti'' Cagniant, 1992
*'' A. tipuna'' Forel, 1913
*'' A. tokarainsulana'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
*'' A. torossiani'' Cagniant, 1988
*'' A. treatae'' Forel, 1886
*'' A. turkestanica'' Arnol'di, 1976
*'' A. uinta'' Wheeler, 1917
*'' A. ujhelyii'' Szabó, 1910
*'' A. umphreyi'' Deyrup & Davis, 1998
*'' A. wangtian'' Terayama, 2009
*'' A. wangye'' Terayama, 2009
*'' A. weigoldi'' Viehmeyer, 1922
*'' A. weulersseae'' Cagniant, 1989
*'' A. wilsoni'' Cagniant, 1988
*'' A. xuatian'' Terayama, 2009
genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of myrmicine ants in the tribe Stenammini
Stenammini is a tribe of Myrmicine ants
Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from vespoid wasp ancestors in the Cretaceous perio ...
. About 200 species have been described, including 18 fossil species. They occur worldwide except in South America south of Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with Insular region of Colombia, insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuel ...
, sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa is the area and regions of the continent of Africa that lie south of the Sahara. These include Central Africa, East Africa, Southern Africa, and West Africa. Geopolitically, in addition to the list of sovereign states and ...
, and Antarctica.
''Aphaenogaster'' colonies have monomorphic workers. They have four-segmented antennal clubs and 12-segmented antennae.Genus ''Aphaenogaster''In Australia, they often build dense, conspicuous nests.Richards, P.J. (2009) ''Aphaenogaster'' ants as bioturbators: impacts on soil and slope processes. Earth-Science Reviews 96: 92-106. Nest entrances are generally funnel-shaped with diameters up to 4 cm, which resulted in the common name funnel ants. These nests can be a serious problem for
golf
Golf is a club-and-ball sport in which players use various Golf club, clubs to hit a Golf ball, ball into a series of holes on a golf course, course in as few strokes as possible.
Golf, unlike most ball games, cannot and does not use a standa ...
ers or on pastures and unsealed airstrips, because the fragile surface easily collapses under pressure. Where it occurs, ''Aphaenogaster'' bioturbation
Bioturbation is defined as the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. It includes burrowing, ingestion, and defecation of sediment grains. Bioturbating activities have a profound effect on the environment and are thought to be a ...
is an important soil and landscape process.
''Aphaenogaster'' ants probably get most of their food from tended aphid
Aphids are small sap-sucking insects in the Taxonomic rank, family Aphididae. Common names include greenfly and blackfly, although individuals within a species can vary widely in color. The group includes the fluffy white Eriosomatinae, woolly ...
s on the roots of plants, which explains that they are rarely seen on the surface. The funnel-shaped openings could play a role in trapping arthropods, which are also eaten.
Species
*'' A. aktaci'' Kiran & Tezcan, 2008
*†'' A. amphioceanica'' De Andrade, 1995
*'' A. angulata'' Viehmeyer, 1922
*'' A. annandalei'' Mukerjee, 1930
*†'' A. antiqua'' Dlussky & Perkovsky, 2002
*'' A. araneoides'' Emery, 1890
*†'' A. archaica'' (Meunier, 1915)
*'' A. ashmeadi'' (Emery, 1895)
*'' A. atlantis'' Santschi, 1929
*†'' A. avita'' Fujiyama, 1970
*'' A. balcanica'' (Emery, 1898)
*'' A. balcanicoides'' Boer, 2013
*'' A. baogong'' Terayama, 2009
*'' A. barbara'' Shattuck, 2008
*'' A. barbigula'' Wheeler, 1916
*'' A. baronii'' Cagniant, 1988
*'' A. beccarii'' Emery, 1887
*'' A. beesoni'' Donisthorpe, 1933
*'' A. boulderensis'' Smith, 1941
*'' A. burri'' (Donisthorpe, 1950)
*'' A. caeciliae'' Viehmeyer, 1922
*'' A. campana'' Emery, 1878
*'' A. cardenai'' Espadaler, 1981
*'' A. carolinensis'' Wheeler, 1915
*'' A. cavernicola'' Donisthorpe, 1938
*'' A. cecconii'' Emery, 1894
*'' A. concolor'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
*'' A. cristata'' (Forel, 1902)
*'' A. crocea'' André, 1881
*'' A. curiosa'' Santschi, 1933
*'' A. dejeani'' Cagniant, 1982
*'' A. depilis'' Santschi, 1911
*'' A. depressa'' Bolton, 1995
*†'' A. dlusskyana'' Radchenko & Perkovsky, 2016
*'' A. dlusskyi'' Radchenko & Arakelian, 1991
*'' A. donann'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
*†'' A. donisthorpei'' Carpenter, 1930
*'' A. dromedaria'' (Emery, 1900)
*'' A. dulciniae'' Emery, 1924
*†'' A. dumetora'' (Lin, 1982)
*'' A. edentula'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
*'' A. epirotes'' (Emery, 1895)
*'' A. erabu'' Nishizono & Yamane, 1990
*'' A. espadaleri'' Cagniant, 1984
*'' A. exasperata'' Wheeler, 1921
*'' A. fabulosa'' Arnol'di, 1968
*'' A. fallax'' Cagniant, 1992
*'' A. famelica'' (Smith, 1874)
*'' A. faureli'' Cagniant, 1969
*'' A. feae'' Emery, 1889
*'' A. fengbo'' Terayama, 2009
*'' A. festae'' Emery, 1915
*'' A. finzii'' Müller, 1921
*'' A. flemingi'' Smith, 1928
*'' A. floridana'' Smith, 1941
*'' A. foreli'' Cagniant, 1996
*'' A. friederichsi'' Forel, 1918
*'' A. fulva'' Roger, 1863
*'' A. geei'' Wheeler, 1921
*'' A. gemella'' (Roger, 1862)
*'' A. georgica'' Arnol'di, 1968
*'' A. gibbosa'' (Latreille, 1798)
*'' A. gonacantha'' (Emery, 1899)
*'' A. gracillima'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
*'' A. graeca'' Schulz, 1994
*'' A. haarlovi'' Collingwood, 1961
*'' A. hesperia'' Santschi, 1911
*'' A. holtzi'' (Emery, 1898)
*'' A. honduriana'' Mann, 1922
*'' A. huachucana'' Creighton, 1934
*'' A. hunanensis'' Wu & Wang, 1992
*'' A. iberica'' Emery, 1908
*'' A. incurviclypea'' Wang & Zheng, 1997
*'' A. inermita'' Bolton, 1995
*'' A. iranica'' Kiran & Alipanah, 2013
*'' A. irrigua'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
*'' A. isekram'' Bernard, 1977
*'' A. italica'' Bondroit, 1918
*'' A. januschevi'' Arnol'di, 1976
*'' A. japonica'' Forel, 1911
*'' A. karpathica'' Boer, 2013
*'' A. kervillei'' Forel, 1910
*'' A. kimberleyensis'' Shattuck, 2008
*'' A. koniari'' Cagniant & Galkowski, 2013
*'' A. kumejimana'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
*'' A. kurdica'' Ruzsky, 1905
*'' A. laevior'' Emery, 1887
*'' A. lamellidens'' Mayr, 1886
*†'' A. lapidescens'' Zhang, 1989
*'' A. ledouxi'' Tohmé, 1969
*'' A. lepida'' Wheeler, 1930
*'' A. lesbica'' Forel, 1913
*'' A. leveillei'' Emery, 1881
* †'' A.? longaeva'' (Scudder, 1877)
*'' A. longiceps'' (Smith, 1858)
*'' A. loriai'' (Emery, 1897)
*'' A. lustrans'' Smith, 1961
*'' A. luteipes'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
*†'' A. maculata'' Théobald, 1937
*'' A. maculifrons'' Kiran & Tezcan, 2008
*†'' A. maculipes'' Théobald, 1937
*'' A. mariae'' Forel, 1886
*'' A. mauritanica'' Dalla Torre, 1893
*†'' A. mayri'' Carpenter, 1930
*'' A. mediterrae'' Shattuck, 2008
*'' A. megommata'' Smith, 1963
*'' A. melitensis'' Santschi, 1933
*†'' A. mersa'' Wheeler, 1915
*'' A. messoroides'' Dlussky, Soyunov & Zabelin, 1990
*'' A. mexicana'' (Pergande, 1896)
*'' A. miamiana'' Wheeler, 1932
*'' A. miniata'' Cagniant, 1990
*'' A. minutula'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
*'' A. muelleriana'' Wolf, 1915
*'' A. mutica'' Pergande, 1896
*'' A. nadigi'' Santschi, 1923
*'' A. obsidiana'' (Mayr, 1861)
*'' A. occidentalis'' (Emery, 1895)
*†'' A. oligocenica'' Wheeler, 1915
*'' A. opposita'' (Say, 1836)
*'' A. osimensis'' Teranishi, 1940
*'' A. ovaticeps'' (Emery, 1898)
*'' A. pallescens'' Walker, 1871
*'' A. pallida'' (Nylander, 1849)
*†'' A. paludosa'' Zhang, 1989
*†'' A. pannonica'' Bachmayer, 1960
*'' A. patruelis'' Forel, 1886
*'' A. perplexa'' Smith, 1961
*'' A. phalangium'' Emery, 1890
*'' A. phillipsi'' Wheeler & Mann, 1916
*'' A. picea'' (Wheeler, 1908)
*'' A. picena'' Baroni Urbani, 1971
*'' A. polyodonta'' Zhou, 2001
*'' A. poultoni'' Crawley, 1922
*'' A. praedo'' Emery, 1908
*'' A. praenoda'' Santschi, 1933
*†'' A. praerelicta'' De Andrade, 1995
*'' A. projectens'' Donisthorpe, 1947
*'' A. pumilopuncta'' Zhou, 2001
*'' A. punctaticeps'' MacKay, 1989
*'' A. pythia'' Forel, 1915
*'' A. quadrispina'' Emery, 1911
*'' A. radchenkoi'' Kiran & Tezcan, 2008
*'' A. reichelae'' Shattuck, 2008
*'' A. relicta'' Wheeler & Mann, 1914
*'' A. rhaphidiiceps'' (Mayr, 1877)
*'' A. rifensis'' Cagniant, 1994
*'' A. rothneyi'' (Forel, 1902)
*'' A. rudis'' Enzmann, 1947
*'' A. rugosoferruginea'' Forel, 1889
*'' A. rugulosa'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
*'' A. rupestris'' Forel, 1909
*'' A. sagei'' (Forel, 1902)
*'' A. saharensis'' Bernard, 1953
*'' A. sangiorgii'' (Emery, 1901)
*'' A. sardoa'' Mayr, 1853
*'' A. schmidti'' Karavaiev, 1912
*'' A. schurri'' (Forel, 1902)
*'' A. semipolita'' (Nylander, 1856)
*'' A. senilis'' Mayr, 1853
*†'' A. shanwangensis'' (Hong, 1984)
*'' A. sicardi'' Cagniant, 1990
*'' A. sicula'' Emery, 1908
*'' A. simonellii'' Emery, 1894
*'' A. smythiesii'' (Forel, 1902)
*†'' A. sommerfeldti'' Mayr, 1868
*'' A. spinosa'' Emery, 1878
*'' A. splendida'' (Roger, 1859)
*'' A. sporadis'' Santschi, 1933
*'' A. striativentris'' Forel, 1895
*'' A. strioloides'' Forel, 1890
*'' A. subcostata'' Viehmeyer, 1922
*'' A. subexaperata'' Zhou, 2001
*'' A. subterranea'' (Latreille, 1798)
*'' A. subterraneoides'' Emery, 1881
*'' A. swammerdami'' Forel, 1886
*'' A. syriaca'' Emery, 1908
*'' A. takahashii'' Wheeler, 1930
*'' A. tennesseensis'' (Mayr, 1862)
*'' A. testaceopilosa'' (Lucas, 1849)
*'' A. texana'' Wheeler, 1915
*'' A. theryi'' Santschi, 1923
*'' A. tibetana'' Donisthorpe, 1929
*'' A. tinauti'' Cagniant, 1992
*'' A. tipuna'' Forel, 1913
*'' A. tokarainsulana'' Watanabe & Yamane, 1999
*'' A. torossiani'' Cagniant, 1988
*'' A. treatae'' Forel, 1886
*'' A. turkestanica'' Arnol'di, 1976
*'' A. uinta'' Wheeler, 1917
*'' A. ujhelyii'' Szabó, 1910
*'' A. umphreyi'' Deyrup & Davis, 1998
*'' A. wangtian'' Terayama, 2009
*'' A. wangye'' Terayama, 2009
*'' A. weigoldi'' Viehmeyer, 1922
*'' A. weulersseae'' Cagniant, 1989
*'' A. wilsoni'' Cagniant, 1988
*'' A. xuatian'' Terayama, 2009
References
External links
* {{Taxonbar, from=Q1314641 Ant genera Taxa named by Gustav Mayr Taxonomy articles created by Polbot