Antoine Darlan

Antoine Théophile Darlan (1915 – 10 April 1974) was a Central African politician and trade unionist, known for being the local chief of the Rassemblement démocratique africain (RDA) party in Ubangi-Shari prior to independence.

Biography

One of the most prominent politicians of Ubangi-Shari

Antoine Darlan was born in 1915 in Kouango (Ouaka) to Elizabeth Mandalo, an Aboriginal, and Joseph DarlanJacques Serre, ''Biographie de David Dacko: premier président de la République centrafricaine, 1930-2003'', Paris, Éditions L'Harmattan, 2007, p.296 a European of Portuguese origin.Abel Goumba, ''Les Mémoires et les Réflexions politiques du Resistant anti-colonial, démocrate et militant panafricaniste'', v. 1, Paris, Ccinia, 2007, p.55 Although his official date of birth according to the Kouango birth registry was 8 June, it is impossible to know his true date of birth with certainty. His father never recognized him, and Darlan did not become a French citizen until 11 September 1937.

As a Méti, Antoine Darlan had easy access to education and joined the colonial administration as a bookkeeper. The political climate in the French colonial empire in the late 1930s was peculiar in that the colonized people had no civic rights. Antoine Darlan became a political activist in a meeting of Oubanguian indigenous cadres, the Association of Métis.John A. Ballard, ''The Development of Political Parties in French Equatorial Africa'', Fletcher School, 1964, p.148 In 1941 as a French citizen, he was drafted in the Free French forces. He received a Colonial Medal for his wartime service.

The end of the Second World War led to liberalization of colonial society. On 15 December 1946, for the first time an election for a representative council was organized in the colony. Darlan ran on the Action économique et sociale ticket and was elected, like his younger brother Georges Darlan.Juan Fandos-Rius, « Conseil Représentatif de l'Oubangui-Chari » In ''Parliament of the Central African Republic'', 14 November 2007
His peers choose him on 19 October 1947
/ref> to represent Ubangi-Shari in the French West Africa Federal Council in Brazzaville and in France at Versailles where the assembly seat of the French Union. According to historian Pierre Kalck, Antoine Darlan got to know the aboriginal member of the Ubangi-Shari Barthélemy Boganda.Pierre Kalck, ''Barthélemy Boganda'', Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, Éditions Sépia, 1995, p.74

By the end of 1947, Antoine Darlan was elected to the vice presidency of the Grand Council of French Equatorial Africa. Antoine Darlan was deemed intelligent and level-headed by Georges Darlan,Abel Goumba, ''op. cit.'', v.1, p.58 who he impressed with his moderate approach to Socialists.Virginia McLean Thompson, et Richard Adloff, ''The emerging states of French Equatorial Africa'', Stanford University Press, 1960, p.389 On 19 December 1947, he proposed at the podium of the Grand Council to substitute the term "French Equatorial Africa" with "Equatorial France",Pierre Kalck, ''op. cit.'', p.81 a measure that was adopted unanimously by the great advisers. The French government did not follow it though. Antoine Darlan began to disagree with the Socialists on colonial policy to follow, he joined in 1948 the Rassemblement démocratique africain (RDA),Jean-Dominique Pénel, ''Barthélémy Boganda. Écrits et Discours. 1946-1951 : la lutte décisive'', Paris, L’Harmattan, 1995, p. 206 an inter-African movement equated to the Communists.

The chief of the RDA in the colony

On 23 December 1948, he formed in Bangui an Ubanguian section of the GDR which he chaired.Jean-Dominique Pénel, ''op. cit.'', p. 263 In this capacity, he participated in the Second International Congress of the RDAJean-Dominique Pénel, ''op. cit.'', p. 50 organized in January 1949 in Abidjan. Darlan's faction became a relative success. His influence on the Second Quorum advisers was significant. But his anticolonial opinions earned him the enmity of the colonial administration and elected representatives of the European College. His African colleagues led by his brother George Darlan,Jean-Dominique Pénel, ''op. cit.'', p. 189 joined in 1949 the latter to reject his demands for propaganda purposes.Virginia McLean Thompson, et Richard Adloff, ''op. cit.'', p.391 His faction began receiving a large amount of defections in June. Losing influence among elites, Darlan Antoine turned to the working class.Jean-Dominique Pénel, ''op. cit.'', p. 288 He hardened his speech and directed his action towards unionism.Jean-Dominique Pénel, ''op. cit.'', p. 289 From then on he was very close to the General Confederation of Labor.Jean-Dominique Pénel, ''op. cit.'', p. 291 In 1950, while the RDA broke with the French Communist Party, Darlan still promoted far-left politics.

Ironically, despite their opposing stances, his parliamentary actions were relatively similar with that of the Christian Democrat MP and anti-Communist Barthélemy Boganda. Both strongly denounced colonial abuses.Jean-Dominique Pénel, ''op. cit.'', p. 43 He adopted in his articles published in the local organ of the GDR, ''AEF Nova'', the strong positions similar to those of Boganda:Jean-Dominique Pénel, ''op. cit.'', p. 44 on. 6 February 1949 Darlan wrote: "Our people are subjected to an odious exploitation. In this Ubangui with riches so varied and plentiful, the European element is considered as belonging to the superior race, the master race. The reactionary administration in the service of the colonial trusts has subjected the country to a reign of terror."Jean-Dominique Pénel, ''op. cit.'', p. 193

In early 1952, a chief quarrel between them emerged.Virginia McLean Thompson, et Richard Adloff, ''op. cit.'', p.47 The popularity and electoral success of Boganda increased quickly because of Darlan. At the local elections of 30 March 1952, he became territorial adviser of the Ouaka region for the Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa (MESAN). That same year, he left the Ubanguian section of the GDR to join MESAN.

Alliance with Boganda and disgrace

Despite becoming Boganda's partner, his relations with the head of MESAN remained delicate. Darlan was critical of his working method, considering it too personal and not democratic. Boganda for his part, was wary because of his popularity among the working class and intellectuals.Abel Goumba, ''op. cit.'', v.1, p.56 Not reappointed High Councillor of French Equatorial Africa, Darlan was finally removed from the local political scene. He focused on its metropolitan position of advisor to the Assembly of the French Union in which he was reelected in October 1953Virginia McLean Thompson, et Richard Adloff, ''op. cit.'', p.392 under the GDR ticket.Virginia McLean Thompson, et Richard Adloff, ''op. cit.'', p.37 He had indeed never broken with this party, and continued to attend its big meetings.

Darlan was a man who seemed to adapt to all situations. In 1955, despite his political beliefs, he accepted the co-vice-presidency of the Liberal Intergroup Ubangian (ILO) with Boganda and representatives of business, Rene Naud and Roger Guérillot.Jacques Serre, ''op. cit.'', p.297 On 23 November 1956 he was elected deputy mayor of Bambari as a member of MESAN.Abel Goumba, ''op. cit.'', v.1, p.309 In March 1957, he was re-elected territorial councilor of the Ouaka region, and in May he got back his great council seat of French Equatorial Africa under the MESAN ticket.

On 19 September 1957, Antoine Darlan was dismissed from MESAN. It seems that this decision was made by Roger Guérillot.Pierre Kalck, ''op. cit.'', p.151 Boganda did not find this too hard to accept. He blamed Darlan for not only his membership in the GDR and former communist training, but also his Métis heritage. Sooner or later Boganda believed, Darlan would be conspiring with others to take power, like mulattos during the Haitian Revolution.Abel Goumba, ''op. cit.'', v.1, p.57 This dismissal began the decline of his political career.

Later life

In March 1958, the RDA pushes him to run for president of the Grand Council against the incumbent president Boganda.Ahmed Kotoko, ''Tchad-Cameroun, le destin de Hamaï, ou, Le long chemin vers l'indépendance du Tchad'', Paris, Éditions L'Harmattan, 1989, p.146 After a long hesitation, Darlan withdrew. Five months after the adoption of the French Community, the Assembly of the French Union dissolved and thus its position of Councillor. On 24 and 25 November 1958 he participated in the Brazzaville meeting to decide on the fate of French Equatorial Africa.Abel Goumba, ''op. cit.'', v.1, p.165 On this issue, he fell into the camp of the Federalists with Leopold Senghor and Boganda, opposed to separatist ideas championed by the leader of the GDR, Felix Houphouët-Boigny.

Beginning in June 1958, Antoine Darlan was a new member of the Ubanguian section of the RDA that was reconstituted in 1957 among others by his brother George Darlan.Jean-Pierre Bat, ''La décolonisation de l'AEF selon Foccart : entre stratégies politiques et tactiques sécuritaires (1956-1969)'', t.1, Paris, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne, 2011, p.100 Antoine Darlan quickly took control along with Hilaire Kotalimbora and turned it further left-wing.Jean-Pierre Bat, ''op. cit.'', t.1, p.101 This was unacceptable for the president-founder of the GDR, Ivorian Houphouet-Boigny, who campaigned against him in the April 1959 legislative elections. Antoine Darlan was replaced as head of the GDR by his brother George Darlan.Jean-Pierre Bat, ''op. cit.'', t.1, p.189 The election was a disaster for the GDR, MESAN won all seats, and Antoine Darlan was not elected. The Ubanguian section of the GDR fell into a deep crisis in the spring of 1959. Meanwhile Boganda died and a conflict between his proteges ensued. Darlan agreed with the democratic changes in Central Africa Movement (MEDAC) of Abel Goumba to counter the new strongman of MESAN, David Dacko. But this purely theoretical agreement ended when the MÉDAC dissolved the Council of Ministers at the order of Dacko on December 23, 1960.Abel Goumba, ''op. cit.'', v.2, 2009, p.352 In 1962, it was his turn to see its GDR section dissolved with the institutionalization of the single party.

Withdrawing permanently from political life, he turned instead to public service. Assigned to the Treasury and Finance Department of Foreign Affairs and finally the Plan, Darlan had a stable job where his qualities were appreciated. Transferred to France to be treated, he died in the hospital of Villejuif on 10 April 1974 . He was buried in the cemetery of Ndress in Bangui in the 7th arrondissement. Since 1980, in a decision by the President of the Central African Republic David Dacko, an avenue was named in his honor to pay tribute to his political career. This avenue starts from the central police station and crossing the "200 Villas" and the Avenue of Martyrs to reach Benzvil neighborhoods and Castors.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Darlan, Antoine
1915 births
1974 deaths
People of French Equatorial Africa
People from Ouaka
Rassemblement Démocratique Africain politicians
Central African Republic politicians