The Antioquia bristle tyrant (''Pogonotriccus lanyoni'') is a

Vulnerable species A vulnerable species is a species which has been Conservation status, categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being threatened species, threatened with extinction unless the circumstances that are threatened species, ...

passerine bird A passerine () is any bird of the order Passeriformes (; from Latin 'sparrow' and '-shaped') which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds, passerines generally have an anisodactyl arrangement of their ...

in the family

Tyrannidae The tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae) comprise a Family (biology), family of passerine birds which is found virtually throughout North America, North and South America. It is the world's largest family of birds, with more than 400 species, and is ...

, the tyrant flycatchers. It is

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...

Colombia Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with Insular region of Colombia, insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuel ...

Taxonomy and systematics

The Antioquia bristle tyrant was originally described as ''Phylloscartes lanyoni''. Beginning in 2016 taxonomic systems resurrected ''Pogonotriccus'' for this species and a few others.BirdLife International (2016) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 9. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/BirdLife_Checklist_Version_90.zip xls zipped 1 MBClements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 31 May 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved 1 June 2023 The species' common name comes from

Antioquia Department Antioquia () is one of the 32 departments of Colombia, located in the central northwestern part of Colombia with a narrow section that borders the Caribbean Sea. Most of its territory is mountainous with some valleys, much of which is part o ...

, where the

type specimen In biology, a type is a particular wikt:en:specimen, specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally associated. In other words, a type is an example that serves to ancho ...

was collected. Its

specific epithet In Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin gramm ...

honors Wesley E. Lanyon "in recognition of his research on tyrannid species over the last three decades". The Antioquia bristle tyrant is

monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unisp ...

Description

The Antioquia bristle tyrant is about long. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a gray crown with a greenish cast, grizzled gray and white lores, and an indistinct grayish

eye-ring The eye-ring of a bird is a ring of tiny feathers that surrounds the orbital ring, a ring of bare skin immediately surrounding a bird's eye. The eye-ring is often decorative, and its colour may contrast with adjoining plumage. The ring of feather ...

. Their ear

coverts A covert feather or tectrix on a bird is one of a set of feathers, called coverts (or ''tectrices''), which cover other feathers. The coverts help to smooth airflow over the wings and tail. Ear coverts The ear coverts are small feathers behind t ...

are yellow with pale gray tips. Their back and rump are bright olive green and their uppertail coverts bright olive yellow. Their tail is dark brownish gray. Their wings are dark brownish gray with bright olive green edges on the flight feathers. Their wing coverts are dark brownish gray with bright yellow tips that show as two

wing bar The following is a glossary of common English language terms used in the description of birds—warm-blooded vertebrates of the class Aves and the only living dinosaurs. Birds, who have and the ability to (except for the approximately 60 ext ...

s. Their chin, throat, and underparts are bright yellow that is palest on the chin. Both sexes have a brown iris, a brownish black

maxilla In vertebrates, the maxilla (: maxillae ) is the upper fixed (not fixed in Neopterygii) bone of the jaw formed from the fusion of two maxillary bones. In humans, the upper jaw includes the hard palate in the front of the mouth. The two maxil ...

, a dusky tipped pale

mandible In jawed vertebrates, the mandible (from the Latin ''mandibula'', 'for chewing'), lower jaw, or jawbone is a bone that makes up the lowerand typically more mobilecomponent of the mouth (the upper jaw being known as the maxilla). The jawbone i ...

, and dark brown legs and feet.Schulenberg, T. S. and G. M. Kirwan (2022). Antioquia Bristle-Tyrant (''Pogonotriccus lanyoni''), version 1.1. In Birds of the World (N. D. Sly, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.anbtyr1.01.1 retrieved 5 December 2024

Distribution and habitat

The Antioquia bristle tyrant primarily is found in the lower valleys of the Magdalena and Cauca rivers in central Antioquia, northern Caldas, western Boyacá, and northern Cundinamarca departments. It habitat is not well known but the species is believed to mostly occur in humid

evergreen forest An evergreen forest is a forest made up of evergreen trees. They occur across a wide range of climatic zones, and include trees such as conifers and holly in cold climates, eucalyptus, live oak, acacias, magnolia, and banksia in more temperate zo ...

. In elevation it ranges between .

Behavior

Movement

The Antioquia bristle tyrant is believed to be a year-round resident.

Feeding

The Antioquia bristle tyrant's diet and foraging behavior have not been studied. It is known to feed on insects. It has been observed foraging in the forest's mid-story up into the canopy, making short upward sallies to snatch or hover-glean prey from vegetation and to capture it in mid-air. It is usually seen in pairs or small family groups and is known to join

mixed-species feeding flock A mixed-species feeding flock, also termed a mixed-species foraging flock, mixed hunting party or informally bird wave, is a flock of usually insectivorous birds of different species that join each other and move together while foraging. These ar ...

Breeding

The Antioquia bristle tyrant's nesting season appears to include March to June. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology.

Vocalization

The Antioquia bristle tyrant's song is "a short stutter, introduced with a chip and ending with several wheezy notes".

Status

The

IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. Founded in 1948, IUCN has become the global authority on the status ...

originally in 1994 assessed the Antioquia bristle tyrant as Endangered and since February 2004 as Vulnerable. It has a limited range and its estimated population of between 1000 and 2500 mature individuals is believed to be decreasing. "Livestock-farming, arable cultivation, logging, infrastructure development and gold mining have all played a part in the destruction of habitat in its range. Even though the species shows some tolerance of disturbance and is also found in mature secondary habitats, small-scale loss and degradation of forests throughout the range is accelerating and driving population declines." The species is considered uncommon and local. "Much of the lower Cauca and Magdalena Valleys were deforested as long ago as the 19th century, and habitat loss continues in this region."

References

External links

BirdLife Species Factsheet.
{{Taxonbar, from=Q27075167 Antioquia bristle tyrant Birds of the Colombian Andes Endemic birds of Colombia Antioquia bristle tyrant Taxonomy articles created by Polbot