''Antillocladius'' is a genus of

midges A midge is any small fly, including species in several families of non-mosquito nematoceran Diptera. Midges are found (seasonally or otherwise) on practically every land area outside permanently arid deserts and the frigid zones. Some midg ...

belonging to the family

Chironomidae Chironomidae , commonly known as non-biting midges or chironomids , are a family of Nematoceran flies with a global distribution. They are closely related to the families Ceratopogonidae, Simuliidae, and Thaumaleidae. Although many chironomid ...

, subfamily Orthocladiinae. The name ''Antillocladius'' means orthoclad (subfamily Orthocladiinae) that occurs in the

Antilles The Antilles is an archipelago bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the south and west, the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest, and the Atlantic Ocean to the north and east. The Antillean islands are divided into two smaller groupings: the Greater An ...

, where it was primarily recorded.

Distribution

The genus ''Antillocladius'' is distributed in the

Nearctic The Nearctic realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting the Earth's land surface. The Nearctic realm covers most of North America, including Greenland, Central Florida, and the highlands of Mexico. The parts of North America ...

Neotropical The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In biogeogra ...

Palaearctic The Palearctic or Palaearctic is a biogeographic realm of the Earth, the largest of eight. Confined almost entirely to the Eastern Hemisphere, it stretches across Europe and Asia, north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. Th ...

(East

Asia Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which ...

) and

Indomalayan realm The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms. It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia. Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers, Indomalaya spreads all over the Ind ...

s. The genus was erected by Sæther (1981) based on ''A. antecalvus'' Sæther, 1981, from the

British West Indies The British West Indies (BWI) were the territories in the West Indies under British Empire, British rule, including Anguilla, the Cayman Islands, the Turks and Caicos Islands, Montserrat, the British Virgin Islands, Bermuda, Antigua and Barb ...

: Saint Vincent and

Saint Lucia Saint Lucia is an island country of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean. Part of the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the island of Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines), Saint Vincent ...

. Subsequently, Sæther (1982) described two new species from the southeastern United States ('' Antillocladius arcuatus'' and '' Antillocladius pluspilalus'') and emended the genus. Wang and Sæther (1993) described two additional new species from Palaearctic and Oriental China. Andersen and Contreras-Ramos (1999) described the first species from Continental

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ...

(

Ecuador Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. It also includes the Galápagos Province which contain ...

). The genus was revised by Mendes, Andersen & Sæther (2004), with the addition of nine species, plus two Japanese species transferred to the genus (Yamamoto, 2004). Recently the genus was revised by Mendes & Andersen (2008) with the addition of 7 new species from Brazil and a new combination of a species from India. The genus thus comprises:

Species

:*'' A. anandae'' Mendes, Andersen & Hagenlund, 2011 - recorded from

Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...

:*'' A. antecalvus'' Sæther, 1981 - recorded from Saint Vincent,

and

Venezuela Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many Federal Dependencies of Venezuela, islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It com ...

:*'' A. arcuatus'' Sæther, 1982 - recorded from United States,

, Mexico and

:*'' A. atalaia'' Mendes & Andersen, 2008 - recorded from

:*'' A. axitiosus'' Mendes & Andersen, 2008 - recorded from

:*'' A. biota'' Mendes, Andersen & Sæther, 2004 - recorded from

:*'' A. brazuca'' Mendes & Andersen, 2008 - recorded from

:*'' A. calakmulensis'' Mendes, Andersen & Sæther, 2004 - recorded from Mexico :*'' A. campususp'' Mendes & Andersen, 2008 - recorded from

:*'' A. folius'' Mendes, Andersen & Sæther, 2004 - recorded from

:*'' A. gephyrus'' Mendes & Andersen, 2008 - recorded from

:*'' A. herradurus'' Mendes, Andersen & Sæther, 2004 - recorded from Mexico :*'' A. itatiaia'' Mendes, Andersen & Hagenlund, 2011 - recorded from

:*'' A. laviejae'' Ospina-Torres, Jaime-Murcia & Mey, 2018 - recorded from

Colombia Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with Insular region of Colombia, insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuel ...

:*'' A. musci'' Mendes, Andersen & Sæther, 2004 - recorded from

:*'' A. plicatus'' Mendes & Andersen, 2008 - recorded from

:*'' A. pluspilalus'' Sæther, 1982 - recorded from United States,

, Mexico and

Nicaragua Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is the geographically largest Sovereign state, country in Central America, comprising . With a population of 7,142,529 as of 2024, it is the third-most populous country in Central America aft ...

:*'' A. scalpellatus'' Wang & Sæther, 1993 - recorded from China and Russia :*'' A. skartveiti'' Andersen & Contreras-Ramos, 1999 - recorded from

:*'' A. sooretama'' Mendes, Andersen & Sæther, 2004 - recorded from

:*'' A. subnubilus'' (Sinharay & Chaudhuri, 1979) - recorded from India :*'' A. tokarameneus'' (Sasa & Suzuki, 1995) - recorded from Japan :*'' A. ubatuba'' Mendes, Andersen & Sæther, 2004 - recorded from

:*'' A. ultimus'' Mendes & Andersen, 2008 - recorded from

:*'' A. venequatoriensis'' Mendes, Andersen & Sæther, 2004 - recorded from

and

:*'' A. yakyijeus'' (Sasa & Suzuki, 2000) - recorded from Japan :*'' A. zempoalensis'' Mendes, Andersen & Sæther, 2004 - recorded from Mexico :*'' A. zhengi'' Wang & Sæther, 1993 - recorded from China and

Thailand Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spa ...

Characteristics

The species are based on male

genitalia A sex organ, also known as a reproductive organ, is a part of an organism that is involved in sexual reproduction. Sex organs constitute the primary sex characteristics of an organism. Sex organs are responsible for producing and transporting ...

characters and only two females are described, ''A. musci'' and ''A. antecalvus''. The

pupa A pupa (; : pupae) is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in their life cycle, the stages th ...

e are known of only four species, ''A. antecalvus'', ''A. folius'', ''A. musci'' and ''A. pluspilalus''. The

larva A larva (; : larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into their next life stage. Animals with indirect development such as insects, some arachnids, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase ...

e are known of only three species, ''A. folius'', ''A. musci'' and ''A. pluspilalus''. The immatures of the genus are described from terrestrial and semi-terrestrial habitats, sharing the environment with many other genera in the subfamily Orthocladiinae.

Bibliography

*Andersen, T. & Contreras-Ramos, A. (1999) First record of ''Antillocladius'' Sæther from Continental South America (Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). '' Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae'' 45, 149–154. *Coffman, W.P., Cranston, P.S., Oliver, D.R. & Sæther, O.A. (1986) The pupae of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.) Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 2. Pupae. Entomologica scandinavica, Supplement, 28, 147–298. *Cranston, P.S., Oliver, D.R. & Sæther, O.A. (1983) The larvae of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.) Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Entomologica scandinavica, Supplement 19, 149–291. *Cranston, P.S., Oliver, D.R. & Sæther, O.A. (1989) The adult males of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. Part 3. Adult males. Entomologica scandinavica, Supplement 34, 165–352. *Mendes, H.F. & Andersen, T. (2008) A review of ''Antillocladius'' Sæther, 1981 and ''Litocladius'' Mendes, Andersen et Sæther, with the description of two new Neotropical genera (Diptera, Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Zootaxa 1887, 1–75. *Mendes, H.F., Andersen, T. & Hagenlund, L.K. (2011). New species and records of ''Antillocladius'' Sæther and ''Litocladius'' Mendes, Andersen ''et'' Sæther from Brazil and Costa Rica (Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae). Zootaxa 2915, 39-51. *Mendes, H.F., Andersen, T. & Sæther, O.A. (2004) A review of ''Antillocladius'' Sæther, 1981; ''Compterosmittia'' Sæther, 1981 and ''Litocladius'' new genus (Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Zootaxa 594, 1–82. *Sasa, M. & Suzuki, H. (1995) The chironomid species collected on the Tokara Islands, Kagoshima (Diptera). Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 46, 255-288. *Sasa, M. & Suzuki, H. (2000) Studies on the Chironomid Midges Collected on Yakushima Island, Southwestern Japan. Tropical Medicine 42, 53-134. *Sæther, O.A. (1981) Orthocladiinae (Chironomidae: Diptera) from the British West Indies with descriptions of ''Antillocladius'' n. gen., ''Lipurometriocmemus'' n. gen., ''Compterosmittia'' n. gen. and ''Diplosmittia'' n. gen. – Entomologica scandinavica, Supplement,16, 1-46. *Sæther, O.A. (1982) Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from SE U.S.A., with descriptions of ''Plhudsonia'', ''Unniella'' and ''Platysmittia'' n. genera and ''Atelopodella'' n. subgen. Entomologica scandinavica 13, 465–510. *Sæther, O.A. (1984) The immatures of ''Antillocladius'' Sæther, 1981 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects 6, 1–6. *Spies, M. & Reiss, F. (1996) Catalog and bibliography of Neotropical and Mexican Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera). Spixiana, Supplement 22, 61–119. *Tiunova, T.M., Teslenko, V.A., Arefina, T.I., Makarchenko, M.A. & Zorina, O.V. (2003) Fauna of aquatic insects in Barabashevka River basin (Southern Primorye). In: Vladimir Ya. Levanidov's Biennial Memorial Meetings, vol 2. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 61–69. n Russian *Wang, X. (2000) A revised checklist of chironomids from China (Diptera). In: Hoffrichter, O. (Ed.) Late 20th Century Research on Chironomide: An Anthology from the 13th International Symposium on Chironomidae. Freiburg, 5–9 September 1997. Aachen,

Shaker Verlag Shaker Verlag is a German publishing house located in Düren and Maastricht, established in 1986 by Dr. Chaled Shaker. Shaker Verlag is a publisher of scientific literature, especially monographs and dissertations. More than 20,000 booksShaker ...

, 629–652. *Wang, X. & Sæther, O.A. (1993) First Palaearctic and Oriental records of the orthoclad genus ''Antillocladius'' Sæther (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica scandinavica 24, 227–230. *Yamamoto, M. (2004) A catalog of Japanese Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Makunagi/ Acta Dipterologica 21, 1-121.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q4774900 Chironomidae Chironomoidea genera