''Antigonia'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

of marine

ray-finned fish Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fish or actinopterygians, is a class of bony fish that comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. They are so called because of their lightly built fins made of webbings of sk ...

belonging to the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Caproidae Caproidae, or boarfishes, are a small family of marine fishes comprising two genera and 19 species. These fishes are found throughout the world in temperate and tropical seas. Taxonomy Caproidae was first proposed as a family in 1835 by the F ...

, the boarfishes. This genus is found in the warmer oceans around the world and is the only extant genus in the

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zo ...

Antigoniinae Antigoniinae is a subfamily of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Caproidae, the boarfishes. These fishes are found in the warmer oceans throughout the world. Taxonomy Antigoniinae was first named as a taxonomic grouping in 1898 by ...

Taxonomy

''Antigonia'' was first proposed as a

monospecific genus In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispe ...

in 1843 by the English

zoologist Zoology ( , ) is the scientific study of animals. Its studies include the structure, embryology, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. Zoology is one ...

Richard Thomas Lowe Richard Thomas Lowe (1802–1874) was an English botanist, ichthyologist, malacologist, and clergyman. In 1825 he graduated from Christ's College, Cambridge, and in the same year he took holy orders. In 1832 he became a clergyman in the Madeira ...

when he described ''Antigonia capros'' as a new species. When Lowe described ''A. capros'' he gave its type locality as

Madeira Madeira ( ; ), officially the Autonomous Region of Madeira (), is an autonomous Regions of Portugal, autonomous region of Portugal. It is an archipelago situated in the North Atlantic Ocean, in the region of Macaronesia, just under north of ...

. The 5th edition of ''

Fishes of the World ''Fishes of the World'' is a standard reference for the systematics of fishes. It was first written in 1976 by the American ichthyologist Joseph S. Nelson (1937–2011). Now in its fifth edition (2016), the work is a comprehensive overview of t ...

'' classifies this genus in the Antigoniinae, a subfamily of the Caproidae, within the

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood ...

Caproiformes Caproidae, or boarfishes, are a small family of marine fishes comprising two genera and 19 species. These fishes are found throughout the world in temperate and tropical seas. Taxonomy Caproidae was first proposed as a family in 1835 by the F ...

, as do other authorities. However, other authorities classify this taxon as a family, the Antigoniidae, and classify and the Caproidae in the order

Acanthuriformes Acanthuriformes is a large, diverse order of mostly marine ray-finned fishes, part of the Percomorpha clade. In the past, members of this clade were placed in the suborders Acanthuroidea and Percoidea of the order Perciformes, but this treatment ...

Etymology

''Antigonia'', the genus name, was not explained by Lowe but it is probably a combination of ''anti'', meaning "against", and ''goneos'', which means "ancestor". This may be reference to how ''A. capros'' is so distinctive yet seems to elucidate the ancestry of relayed forms which Lowe felt were randomly classified before he described ''A. capros''.

Species

Antigonia contains the following recognised species: * ''

Antigonia aurorosea Antigonia may refer to: Places * Antigonia (Chaonia), near Saraqinisht, southern Albania ** Archaeological National park of Antigonea * Antigonia (Paeonia), in Paeonia, Macedon * Antigonia Psaphara, in Crucis, Chalcidice, Greece * Antigonia (Syria ...

'' Parin & Borodulina, 1986 * ''

Antigonia capros The deepbody boarfish (''Antigonia capros''), or robust deepsea boarfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Caproidae, the boarfishes. This fish is found in the warmer waters of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. ...

'' R. T. Lowe, 1843 (deepbody boarfish) * ''

Antigonia combatia Antigonia may refer to: Places * Antigonia (Chaonia), near Saraqinisht, southern Albania ** Archaeological National park of Antigonea * Antigonia (Paeonia), in Paeonia, Macedon * Antigonia Psaphara, in Crucis, Chalcidice, Greece * Antigonia (Syria ...

Berry A berry is a small, pulpy, and often edible fruit. Typically, berries are juicy, rounded, brightly colored, sweet, sour or tart, and do not have a stone or pit although many pips or seeds may be present. Common examples of berries in the cul ...

& Rathjen, 1959 (shortspine boarfish) * ''

Antigonia emanuela Antigonia may refer to: Places * Antigonia (Chaonia), near Saraqinisht, southern Albania ** Archaeological National park of Antigonea * Antigonia (Paeonia), in Paeonia, Macedon * Antigonia Psaphara, in Crucis, Chalcidice, Greece * Antigonia (Syria ...

Prokofiev Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev; alternative transliterations of his name include ''Sergey'' or ''Serge'', and ''Prokofief'', ''Prokofieff'', or ''Prokofyev''. , group=n ( – 5 March 1953) was a Russian composer, pianist, and conductor who l ...

, Psomadakis & Gon, 2020 (Emanuela's boarfish) * '' Antigonia eos'' C. H. Gilbert, 1905 * '' Antigonia hulleyi'' Parin & Borodulina, 2005 * '' Antigonia indica'' Parin & Borodulina, 1986 * '' Antigonia kenyae'' Parin & Borodulina, 2005 * '' Antigonia malayana'' M. C. W. Weber, 1913 (Malayan deepsea boarfish) * '' Antigonia ovalis'' Parin & Borodulina, 2006 * '' Antigonia quiproqua'' Parin & Borodulina, 2006 * '' Antigonia rhomboidea'' McCulloch, 1915 (rhomboidal boarfish) * '' Antigonia rubescens'' ( Günther, 1860) (Indo-Pacific boarfish) * '' Antigonia rubicunda'' J. D. Ogilby, 1910 (rosy deepsea boarfish) * '' Antigonia saya'' Parin & Borodulina, 1986 * '' Antigonia socotrae'' Parin & Borodulina, 2006 * '' Antigonia undulata'' Parin & Borodulina, 2005 * '' Antigonia xenolepis'' Parin & Borodulina, 1986

Characteristics

''Antigonia'' boarfishes have highly compressed, rhomboid shaped bodies with convex dorsal and ventral profiles. The small head bears bony ridges that radiate, has a concave dorsal profile and a clear crest along the nape. The eyes are large and the mouth is small, upward pointing, opens at the front and has protrusible jaws. The continuous

dorsal fin A dorsal fin is a fin on the back of most marine and freshwater vertebrates. Dorsal fins have evolved independently several times through convergent evolution adapting to marine environments, so the fins are not all homologous. They are found ...

has 8 or 9 spines, the third spine being the longest. The

anal fin Fins are moving appendages protruding from the body of fish that interact with water to generate thrust and help the fish swim. Apart from the tail or caudal fin, fish fins have no direct connection with the back bone and are supported o ...

has 2 or 3 spines with the first spine being the longest. The anal spines are separated from the anal fin rays. The long bases of the soft rayed dorsal and anal fins have scaly sheaths. The roundly pointed pectoral fins have a single spine and 12 or 13 fin rays. The largest species is the deepbody boarfish (''A. capros'') with a maximum published

total length Fish measurement is the measuring of individual fish and various parts of their anatomies, for data used in many areas of ichthyology, including taxonomy and fishery biology. Overall length Standard length (SL) is the length of a fish measured f ...

of while the smallest is ''A. kenyae'' at .

Distribution

''Antigonia'' boarfishes are found in the tropical and temperate Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.

References

{{Authority control Caproidae Ray-finned fish genera