Anti-Terrorism Act of 1987 originated in the 100th United States Congress as four articles of

anti-terrorism legislation Anti-terrorism legislation are laws aimed at fighting terrorism. They usually, if not always, follow specific bombings or assassinations. Anti-terrorism legislation usually includes specific amendments allowing the state to bypass its own l ...

. The

United States House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives is a chamber of the Bicameralism, bicameral United States Congress; it is the lower house, with the U.S. Senate being the upper house. Together, the House and Senate have the authority under Artic ...

bill was endorsed by eighty cosponsors while the

United States Senate The United States Senate is a chamber of the Bicameralism, bicameral United States Congress; it is the upper house, with the United States House of Representatives, U.S. House of Representatives being the lower house. Together, the Senate and ...

bill was endorsed by forty-nine cosponsors of the 100th United States Congress. The

Act of Congress An act of Congress is a statute enacted by the United States Congress. Acts may apply only to individual entities (called Public and private bills, private laws), or to the general public (Public and private bills, public laws). For a Bill (law) ...

established prohibitions concerning the preoccupation of the

Palestine Liberation Organization The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO; ) is a Palestinian nationalism, Palestinian nationalist coalition that is internationally recognized as the official representative of the Palestinians, Palestinian people in both the occupied Pale ...

as a

terrorist organization Several national governments and two international organizations have created lists of organizations that they designate as terrorist. The following list of designated terrorist groups lists groups designated as terrorist by current and former ...

creating instability and meddling in the

diplomatic relations Diplomacy is the communication by representatives of state, intergovernmental, or non-governmental institutions intended to influence events in the international system.Ronald Peter Barston, ''Modern Diplomacy'', Pearson Education, 2006, p. ...

of the

Arab League The Arab League (, ' ), officially the League of Arab States (, '), is a regional organization in the Arab world. The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945, initially with seven members: Kingdom of Egypt, Egypt, Kingdom of Iraq, ...

and

Middle East The Middle East (term originally coined in English language) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq. The term came into widespread usage by the United Kingdom and western Eur ...

. The Anti-Terrorism Act is an affiliate of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act of 1988 and 1989. The Foreign Relations Authorization Act was codified as Public Law 100-204 bound as statute . The United States House bill was authorized by the 100th United States Congress and enacted into law by

Ronald Reagan Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989. He was a member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party a ...

on December 22, 1987.

History

United States Foreign Policy Statute of 1969

''Foreign Assistance Act of 1969'', (, § 2221}), was a United States federal statute enacted into law by the 37th President of the United States Richard Nixon on December 30, 1969. The Act of Congress was the first United States legislative article to acknowledge the

as a

militant The English word ''militant'' is both an adjective and a noun, and it is generally used to mean vigorously active, combative and/or aggressive, especially in support of a cause, as in "militant reformers". It comes from the 15th century Lat ...

force venerating the tactics of terrorism in the

Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent () is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria, together with northern Kuwait, south-eastern Turkey, and western Iran. Some authors also include ...

and

Levant The Levant ( ) is the subregion that borders the Eastern Mediterranean, Eastern Mediterranean sea to the west, and forms the core of West Asia and the political term, Middle East, ''Middle East''. In its narrowest sense, which is in use toda ...

geographies of the

Eastern Mediterranean The Eastern Mediterranean is a loosely delimited region comprising the easternmost portion of the Mediterranean Sea, and well as the adjoining land—often defined as the countries around the Levantine Sea. It includes the southern half of Turkey ...

or Mediterranean Basin.

22 U.S.C. § 2221 ~ Palestine Refugees; Conditions for Furnishing Assistance

Declaration of the Act

Anti-Terrorism Act of 1987 was penned as five sections establishing reprehensible conditions with regards to Palestine Liberation Organization relations and conducting

anarchist Anarchism is a political philosophy and Political movement, movement that seeks to abolish all institutions that perpetuate authority, coercion, or Social hierarchy, hierarchy, primarily targeting the state (polity), state and capitalism. A ...

activities within the United States. The

public law Public law is the part of law that governs relations and affairs between legal persons and a government, between different institutions within a state, between different branches of governments, as well as relationships between persons that ...

is declared as ''Title X - Anti-Terrorism Act of 1987''. Anti-Terrorism Act of 1987 as short title - ''101 Stat. 1406 § 1001'' Determinations and Findings - ''101 Stat. 1406-1407 § 1002'' * By 1985, sixty percent of Middle East terrorism accounted for total international terrorism ― Patterns of Global Terrorism * Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) assisted activities in the

Achille Lauro hijacking The ''Achille Lauro'' hijacking took place on 7 October 1985, when the Italian ocean liner was hijacked by four men representing the Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) off the coast of Egypt, as she was sailing from Alexandria to Ashdod, Israel. A ...

of October 7, 1985 * Palestine Liberation Organization implicated in the fatality of United States ambassador to Lebanon Francis E. Meloy Jr. * PLO and constituent groups implicated in the fatality of dozens of American citizens abroad *

Palestinian National Covenant The Palestinian National Covenant or Palestinian National Charter (; transliterated: ''al-Mithaq al-Watani al-Filastini'') is the covenant or charter of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). The Covenant is an ideological paper, written ...

issues a governing truth of ''armed struggle to liberate

Palestine Palestine, officially the State of Palestine, is a country in West Asia. Recognized by International recognition of Palestine, 147 of the UN's 193 member states, it encompasses the Israeli-occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and th ...

'' * During April 1987 in

Algiers Algiers is the capital city of Algeria as well as the capital of the Algiers Province; it extends over many Communes of Algeria, communes without having its own separate governing body. With 2,988,145 residents in 2008Census 14 April 2008: Offi ...

Palestinian National Council The Palestinian National Council (PNC; ) is the legislative body - in Arabic, the ''Majlis'' - of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). The PNC is intended to serve as the parliament that represents all Palestinians inside and outside th ...

meeting reaffirmed the ideology of the ''struggle in all its armed forms'' *

United States Attorney General The United States attorney general is the head of the United States Department of Justice and serves as the chief law enforcement officer of the Federal government of the United States, federal government. The attorney general acts as the princi ...

affirms that ''various elements of the Palestine Liberation Organization and its allies and affiliates are in the thick of international terror'' Determinations - ''101 Stat. 1407 § 1002'' :

United States Congress The United States Congress is the legislature, legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. It is a Bicameralism, bicameral legislature, including a Lower house, lower body, the United States House of Representatives, ...

determines the Palestine Liberation Organization and affiliates are a terrorist organization. The anarchist organization poses a peril threat to the interests of the United States, its allies, and

international law International law, also known as public international law and the law of nations, is the set of Rule of law, rules, norms, Customary law, legal customs and standards that State (polity), states and other actors feel an obligation to, and generall ...

. The Palestine Liberation Organization should not benefit from operating in the United States. Prohibitions Regarding the PLO - ''101 Stat. 1407 § 1003'' :For the purpose of the Anti-Terrorism Act of 1987, it is unlawful to further the interests of the Palestine Liberation Organization, any constituent groups, any successor to any of those, and any agents thereof; ::(1) To receive anything of value except informational material from the PLO or any of its constituent groups, any successor thereto, or any agents thereof; ::(2) To expend funds from the PLO or any of its constituent groups, any successor thereto, or any agents thereof; ::(3) Notwithstanding any provision of law to the contrary, to establish or maintain an office, headquarters, premises, or other facilities or establishments within the jurisdiction of the United States at the behest or direction of, or with funds provided by the Palestine Liberation Organization or any of its constituent groups, any successor to any of those, or any agents thereof. Enforcement - ''101 Stat. 1407 § 1004'' :United States Attorney General shall institute the necessary legal action to effectuate the policies and provisions of this title :Any district court of the United States for a district in which a violation of this title occurs shall have authority, upon petition of relief by the United States Attorney General, to grant injunctive and such other equitable relief as it shall deem necessary to enforce the provisions of this title Effective Date - ''101 Stat. 1407 § 1005'' :Provisions of this title shall take effect 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act Termination - ''101 Stat. 1407 § 1005'' :Provisions of this title shall cease to have effect if the President certifies in writing to the' President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House that the Palestine Liberation Organization, its agents, or constituent groups thereof no longer practice or support terrorist actions anywhere in the world

References

External links

Related United States Congressional legislation

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Communiqués of U.S. Department of State

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Statements of Ronald Reagan administration

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Judicial records of United States district courts

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Informational and supplementary resources

* * * * * * * * * * * {{portal bar, Asia, Islam, Lebanon, Palestine, Shia Islam, United States 1987 in American law December 1987 in the United States 100th United States Congress Terrorism laws in the United States United States federal criminal legislation United States federal defense and national security legislation United States foreign relations legislation Presidency of Ronald Reagan