Anthony Maria Zaccaria, CRSP (Italian: Antonio Maria Zaccaria; 1502 – 5 July 1539) was an

Italian Catholic The Italian Catholic Church, or Catholic Church in Italy, is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in communion with the Pope in Rome, under the Conference of Italian Bishops. The pope serves also as Primate of Italy and Bishop of Rome. In add ...

priest and early leader of the

Counter-Reformation The Counter-Reformation (), also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to or from similar insights as, the Protestant Reformations at the time. It w ...

. He was the founder of the

Barnabites The Barnabites (), officially named as the Clerics Regular of Saint Paul (), are a religious order of clerics regular founded in 1530 in the Catholic Church. They are associated with the Angelic Sisters of Saint Paul and the members of the Ba ...

and a promoter of the

Passion of Christ The Passion (from latin language, Latin , "to suffer, bear, endure") is the short final period before the death of Jesus in Christianity, Jesus, described in the four canonical gospels. It is commemorated in Christianity every year during Holy ...

, the

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and the renewal of the religious life among the

laity In religious organizations, the laity () — individually a layperson, layman or laywoman — consists of all Church membership, members who are not part of the clergy, usually including any non-Ordination, ordained members of religious orders, e ...

. He is venerated as a

saint In Christianity, Christian belief, a saint is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of sanctification in Christianity, holiness, imitation of God, likeness, or closeness to God in Christianity, God. However, the use of the ...

in the

Catholic Church The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...

, which celebrates his

feast day The calendar of saints is the traditional Christian method of organizing a liturgical year by associating each day with one or more saints and referring to the day as the feast day or feast of said saint. The word "feast" in this context does n ...

on 5 July.

Life

Anthony Zaccaria was born in the city of

Cremona, Italy Cremona ( , , ; ; ) is a city and (municipality) in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po (river), Po river in the middle of the Po Valley. It is the capital of the province of Cremona and the seat of the local city a ...

,"Saint Anthony Zaccaria", Loyola Press
/ref> in December 1502 to Lazzaro and Antonia Pescaroli Zaccaria. He was

baptized Baptism (from ) is a Christian sacrament of initiation almost invariably with the use of water. It may be performed by sprinkling or pouring water on the head, or by immersing in water either partially or completely, traditionally three ...

the same day in

Cremona Cathedral Cremona Cathedral (, ''Cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta''), dedicated to the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, is a Catholic cathedral in Cremona, Lombardy, northern Italy. It is the seat of the Bishop of Cremona. Its bell tower is the famou ...

, probably by his uncle Don Tommaso Zaccaria,

canon Canon or Canons may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Canon (fiction), the material accepted as officially written by an author or an ascribed author * Literary canon, an accepted body of works considered as high culture ** Western canon, th ...

of the cathedral. When he was two, his father died. His family was of the nobility, and in order to teach him compassion for the poor, his mother made him her

almoner An almoner () is a chaplain or church officer who originally was in charge of distributing money to the deserving poor. The title ''almoner'' has to some extent fallen out of use in English, but its equivalents in other languages are often used f ...

.Kelly, Patrick Henry. "St. Antonio Maria Zaccaria." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 30 Dec. 2013
/ref> After attending the Episcopal School annexed to the cathedral, he studied philosophy at the

University of Pavia The University of Pavia (, UNIPV or ''Università di Pavia''; ) is a university located in Pavia, Lombardy, Italy. There was evidence of teaching as early as 1361, making it one of the List of oldest universities in continuous operation, oldest un ...

, and, from 1520, medicine at the

University of Padua The University of Padua (, UNIPD) is an Italian public research university in Padua, Italy. It was founded in 1222 by a group of students and teachers from the University of Bologna, who previously settled in Vicenza; thus, it is the second-oldest ...

. After completing studies in 1524, he returned to Cremona and practised as a physician for three years.Kosek, CRSP, Robert B., "Life of St. Anthony Mary Zaccaria", Barnabites
/ref> In 1527, he started studying for the

priest A priest is a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deity, deities. They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites; in parti ...

hood, and continued his theological studies in

Bologna Bologna ( , , ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in northern Italy. It is the List of cities in Italy, seventh most populous city in Italy, with about 400,000 inhabitants and 150 different nationalities. Its M ...

. On 20 February 1529 Zaccaria was ordained a priest in the Chapel of Saint Joseph in Cremona Cathedral. Having explored his calling, mainly by working in hospitals and institutions for the poor, he became spiritual advisor to Countess

Ludovica Torelli Ludovica Torelli (26 September 1500 – 28 October 1569) was ruling Countess of Guastalla in 1522–1539. A philanthropist, she was instrumental in the founding of two religious institutes for woman: the Angelic Sisters of Saint Paul and the Guasta ...

Guastalla Guastalla ( Guastallese: ) is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Reggio Emilia in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. Geography Guastalla is situated in the Po Valley, and lies on the banks of the Po River. Guastalla is located at around from the citi ...

(then the tiny

County A county () is a geographic region of a country used for administrative or other purposesL. Brookes (ed.) '' Chambers Dictionary''. Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd, 2005. in some nations. The term is derived from the Old French denoti ...

of Guastalla), and in 1530 followed her to

Milan Milan ( , , ; ) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, the largest city in Italy by urban area and the List of cities in Italy, second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of nea ...

. There, he became a member of the

Oratory of Eternal Wisdom The Oratory of Eternal Wisdom () was a confraternity in Milan between 1500 and 1530.Mauro Regazzoni, "Cinque e Seicento: l'epoca della Riforme e della Controriforma", in Pietro Zovatto (ed.), ''Storia della spiritualità italiana'' (Città Nuova, 2 ...

,"St. Anthony Mary Zaccaria", Angelic Sisters of St. Paul
/ref> where he met Bartolomeo Ferrari and

Giacomo Antonio Morigia Jacopo Antonio Morigia also known as Giacomo Antonio Moriggia (Milan, 23 February 1633 – Pavia, 8 October 1708 ) was a cardinal and Italian Catholic archbishop. He was Bishop of San Miniato from 1 September 1681 - 15 February 1683, Metro ...

. Their devotions mainly focused on the teachings of

Paul of Tarsus Paul, also named Saul of Tarsus, commonly known as Paul the Apostle and Saint Paul, was a Apostles in the New Testament, Christian apostle ( AD) who spread the Ministry of Jesus, teachings of Jesus in the Christianity in the 1st century, first ...

with emphasis on love for the

and Christ crucified. They were soon joined by others. They instructed in the rudiments of their faith, gave missions in parishes in the city and elsewhere, and cared for the sick in the hospitals. Zaccaria preached regularly in churches and on street corners and is credited for reviving the custom of ringing church bells in Milan at 3:00 p.m. on Fridays, in remembrance of the passion and death of Jesus. There activities aroused some opposition, but the group persevered. In 1533, having received encouragement from

Pope Clement VII Pope Clement VII (; ; born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici; 26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 November 1523 to his death on 25 September 1534. Deemed "the most unfortunate o ...

, Zaccaria took a small house near the church of St. Catherine at the Ponte dei Fabbri, and here they began their community life. The congregation was named after the companion of Paul. In 1534 at St. Catherine's, he popularized the Forty-hour devotion for the laity – the solemn exposition of the

Blessed Sacrament The Eucharist ( ; from , ), also called Holy Communion, the Blessed Sacrament or the Lord's Supper, is a Christian rite, considered a sacrament in most churches and an ordinance in others. Christians believe that the rite was instituted by J ...

for

adoration Adoration is respect, reverence, strong admiration, and love for a certain person, place, or thing. The term comes from the Latin ''adōrātiō'', meaning "to give Homage (arts), homage or worship to someone or something". Ancient Rome In class ...

by the faithful – accompanied by preaching. In July 1535

Pope Paul III Pope Paul III (; ; born Alessandro Farnese; 29 February 1468 – 10 November 1549) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 October 1534 to his death, in November 1549. He came to the papal throne in an era follo ...

, with a

Bull A bull is an intact (i.e., not Castration, castrated) adult male of the species ''Bos taurus'' (cattle). More muscular and aggressive than the females of the same species (i.e. cows proper), bulls have long been an important symbol cattle in r ...

of approbation, confirms the devotion to Saint Paul for Zaccaria and his group. In July 1537 Zaccaria accompanied the first Pauline missionaries (Barnabites, Angelic Sisters, and Laity of St. Paul) and some collaborators (Castellino da Castello and Fra Bono Lizzari) to

Vicenza Vicenza ( , ; or , archaically ) is a city in northeastern Italy. It is in the Veneto region, at the northern base of the Monte Berico, where it straddles the Bacchiglione, River Bacchiglione. Vicenza is approximately west of Venice and e ...

to open the congregation's second house. While on mission to

in 1539, he caught a fever. Combined with the strict penances he performed, his health worsened. In June Zaccaria writes to the couple Omodei in Milan and speaks of a great "weariness of the body." He feels that his end is imminent and wants to be brought back to Cremona by a boat of dealers who have two mandatory stops (in Cremona and

Casalmaggiore Casalmaggiore ( Casalasco-Viadanese: ) is a ''comune'' in the province of Cremona, Lombardy, Italy, located on the Po River. It was the birthplace of Italian composers Ignazio Donati and Andrea Zani. Recently, its women's volleyball team Volleyb ...

) on their trade route along the

Po River The Po ( , ) is the longest river in Italy. It flows eastward across northern Italy, starting from the Cottian Alps. The river's length is , or if the Maira (river), Maira, a right bank tributary, is included. The headwaters of the Po are forme ...

. Anthony Zaccaria died on Saturday, 5 July 1539, at the age of 36, at three o’clock in the afternoon, in the house where he was born, in the arms of his mother and surrounded by his first companions. The

suffragan bishop A suffragan bishop is a type of bishop in some Christian denominations. In the Catholic Church, a suffragan bishop leads a diocese within an ecclesiastical province other than the principal diocese, the metropolitan archdiocese; the diocese led b ...

, Luca di Seriate, who had ordained him a priest, presided over his funeral. In attendance were the aristocrats and people of Cremona and the surrounding towns. He was buried in the San Paolo Convent of the Angelics of Saint Paul, the female branch of the

, in

. In his last will and testament, Zaccaria stipulated the construction of a chapel in honor of the Conversion of Saint Paul in his parish, Saint Donato.

Foundations

While in Milan, he laid the foundations of three religious institutes: one for men (the Clerics Regular of Saint Paul, commonly known as the

); a female branch of uncloistered nuns, the Angelic Sisters of St. Paul; and a lay congregation for married people, the Laity of Saint Paul, originally called the Married of Saint Paul (sometimes called the Oblates of Saint Paul in

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...

). The three foundations met regularly, and engaged together in various forms of apostolic action. Their aim was the reform of decadent society, beginning with the clergy and religious.Foley O.F.M., Leonard, "St. Anthony Zaccaria", ''Saint of the Day, Lives, Lessons, and Feast'', (revised by Pat McCloskey, O.F.M.), Franciscan Media
/ref>

The Clerics Regular of St. Paul (the Barnabites)

"The Congregation of the Regular Clerks of St. Paul" was canonically sanctioned by Pope Clement VII in 1533. Since the order criticized what they saw as abuses in the Church, Zaccaria soon gained a number of enemies, and as the order's founder, he was twice investigated for

heresy Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, particularly the accepted beliefs or religious law of a religious organization. A heretic is a proponent of heresy. Heresy in Heresy in Christian ...

, in 1534 and 1537. He was acquitted both times. In 1536, he stepped down as General of the Order.

was elected Superior. Zaccaria went to

, where he reformed two convents and founded the Order's second house.

The Angelic Sisters of St. Paul

On 15 January 1535 Pope Paul III approved the Angelic Sisters with the Bull, ''Debitum pastoralis officii''. On 25 December Zaccaria celebrated Mass for the first time at the Oratory of the Monastery of Saint Paul. On 27 February 1536 Zaccaria conferred the

habit A habit (or wont, as a humorous and formal term) is a routine of behavior that is repeated regularly and tends to occur subconsciously. A 1903 paper in the '' American Journal of Psychology'' defined a "habit, from the standpoint of psychology, ...

on six

postulants A postulant (from , "to ask") was originally one who makes a request or demand; hence, a candidate. The use of the term is now generally restricted to those asking for admission into a Christian monastery or a religious order for the period precedi ...

of the Angelic Sisters. Zaccaria appointed

Paola Antonia Negri Paola Antonia Negri, later known as Virginia Negri (1508 in Castellanza – 4 April 1555 in Milan) was an Italian nun and co-founder of the Angelic Sisters of St. Paul. She played a dominant role in her community until she was ousted from it by th ...

mistress of novices In the Christian Church, a novice master or master of novices (), is a member of an institute of consecrated life who is responsible for the training and government of the novitiate in that institute. In religious institutes for women, the novice ...

on 4 March 1537.

Veneration

After his death, a number of cures were attributed to the intercession of Anthony Mary Zaccaria. 27 years after his death, his body was found to be

incorrupt Incorruptibility is a Catholic and Orthodox belief that divine intervention allows some human bodies (specifically saints and beati) to completely or partially avoid the normal process of decomposition after death as a sign of their holiness. I ...

. His mortal remains are now enshrined at the Church of Saint Barnabas in Milan, Italy. He was canonized by

Pope Leo XIII Pope Leo XIII (; born Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci; 2March 181020July 1903) was head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 until his death in July 1903. He had the fourth-longest reign of any pope, behind those of Peter the Ap ...

on 27 May 1897. His

is celebrated on 5 July, and he is a patron saint of physicians.Medical Society of St. Anthony Mary Zaccaria
/ref>

Iconography

In art, he is depicted wearing the black

cassock The cassock, or soutane, is a Christian clerical clothing, clerical coat used by the clergy and Consecrated life, male religious of the Oriental Orthodox Churches, Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church, in addition to some clergy in ...

of the Order and holding a

lily ''Lilium'' ( ) is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large and often prominent flowers. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. Most species are ...

cross A cross is a religious symbol consisting of two Intersection (set theory), intersecting Line (geometry), lines, usually perpendicular to each other. The lines usually run vertically and horizontally. A cross of oblique lines, in the shape of t ...

chalice A chalice (from Latin 'cup', taken from the Ancient Greek () 'cup') is a drinking cup raised on a stem with a foot or base. Although it is a technical archaeological term, in modern parlance the word is now used almost exclusively for the ...

and/or a

host A host is a person responsible for guests at an event or for providing hospitality during it. Host may also refer to: Places * Host, Pennsylvania, a village in Berks County * Host Island, in the Wilhelm Archipelago, Antarctica People * ...

Writings

He has left only a few writings: twelve letters, six

sermons A sermon is a religious discourse or oration by a preacher, usually a member of clergy. Sermons address a scriptural, theological, or moral topic, usually expounding on a type of belief, law, or behavior within both past and present contexts. E ...

, and the constitution of the Barnabites. The Manuscript of Letter 2 of St

Letters

There are eleven letters signed by Anthony Mary. Four are original manuscripts
Letter II
(addressed to Bartolomeo Ferrari and Giacomo Antonio Morigia, 4 January 1531); Letter IV (to Giovan Giacomo Piccinini, 16 January 1534)
Letter VI
(to Ferrari, 8 October 1538); an
Letter VII
(to Battista Soresina, 3 November 1538). Of the other seven, we have only copies, though they are very early. Three letters are cosigned by Anthony Mary and Angelic Paola Antonia Negri. They are
Letter VILetter VII]
and Letter VIII. In addition, there is a twelfth letter: though it bears only Negri's signature, it was without a doubt penned by Anthony Mary. In fact, the original manuscript of this letter is in Anthony Mary's own handwriting. One letter is addressed to Fra Battista da Crema
Letter I
; two are addressed to the Angelics
Letter V
an
Letter IX
; three to laymen
Letter III
Letter IV, and Letter XI); and four to the Barnabites (Letter II, Letter VII, Letter VIII, an
Letter X
. One
Letter VI
is addressed to Bartolomeo Ferrari, but it is meant for both Barnabites and Angelics who were doing missionary work in Vicenza. The eleven letters cover a nine-year period, 1530 to 1539. However, there are gaps between 1531 and 1534, and between 1534 and 1537
Letter IX
an
Letter XII
are undated. The last three letters, a remarkable total of 2,200 words penned in the brief space of ten busy days, were addressed to an Angelic, a Barnabite, and a Married Couple. Written respectively on 10, 11, and 20 June 1539, that is, within less than a month of his death, these letters unwittingly became, as it were, his final testament to the three families of his foundation. Anthony Mary's letters do not belong to any literary genre nor can they be styled “spiritual letters” ''per se''. They were occasional writings dashed off without any concern for style, in plain, totally unadorned language. However, they do contain a wealth of extraordinary spirituality, a fact easily recognized by his earliest biographers. Anthony Mary himself, in his last letter, pointedly remarked: “I have not written one word without some special meaning in it. If you discover it, it will be, I think, most useful and gainful for you.”

The 12 Letters of St. Anthony Mary Zaccaria

Letter 1 - Being Thankful to God

Letter 2 - Remedies for Irresoluteness

Letter 3 - Unceasing Prayer

Letter 4 - Confidence in God in the Face of Difficulty

Letter 5 - Spiritual Renewal and Progress

Letter 6 - Spiritual Progress & Christian Service

Letter 7 - Christ’s Will Versus One’s Own Will

Letter 8 - Trust in the Lord

Letter 9 - The Saints, True Imitators of Christ

Letter 10 - Steady Growth in Holiness

Letter 11 - Becoming Great Saints

Letter 12 - God’s Gift of Light
'
LISTEN FREE TO THE 12 LETTERS OF ST. ANTHONY MARY
''

Sermons

The manuscript

codex The codex (: codices ) was the historical ancestor format of the modern book. Technically, the vast majority of modern books use the codex format of a stack of pages bound at one edge, along the side of the text. But the term ''codex'' is now r ...

of the Sermons is kept in the General Archives of the Barnabites in Rome. It was entrusted by Anthony Mary's mother to the Angelics of Santa Marta Convent in Cremona. Early Barnabite historian, Father Giovanni Antonio Gabuzio, retrieved it during his stay in that city from 1584 to 1595. It is an index-notebook. When he was a student at the University of Padua, Anthony Mary recorded in it some lines of the philosopher,

Averroës Ibn Rushd (14 April 112611 December 1198), archaically Latinization of names, Latinized as Averroes, was an Arab Muslim polymath and Faqīh, jurist from Al-Andalus who wrote about many subjects, including philosophy, theology, medicine, astron ...

. Later on, as a priest in Cremona, he wrote in it the talks on the

Ten Commandments The Ten Commandments (), or the Decalogue (from Latin , from Ancient Greek , ), are religious and ethical directives, structured as a covenant document, that, according to the Hebrew Bible, were given by YHWH to Moses. The text of the Ten ...

, which he gave at the Amicizia Oratory in Saint Vitalis Church. Clearly, he planned to write out ten sermons, one on each commandment. However, the notebook contains only five sermons: four on the first four commandments. The fifth one is on the commandment, but is only half finished. Sermon I has an appendix on how nuns should practice the first commandment. It was likely intended for the Augustinian Community of Santa Maria Annunziata in Cremona. A sixth sermon was part of a projected trilogy on moral and spiritual lukewarmness. The Sermons are addressed to noble laymen, who were married and had children, and were active members of the Amicizia Oratory, in the years 1529-1530 when Anthony Mary was a priest; however, their content is applicable to everyone. The above-mentioned appendix to Sermon I proves it. All the Sermons have the same structure. They are divided in two parts. The first one treats of a specific theme. In Sermon I it is the “due order” of the spiritual life; in Sermon II, “true spiritual life”; in Sermon III, “acknowledgment”; in Sermon IV, love; in Sermon V, passions; in Sermon VI, the “way of God.” The second part of Sermons 1–V is an extensive exposition of each commandment and its practice. In the case of Sermon VI, the second part is a detailed explanation of lukewarmness. The Sermons exhibit a more elaborate style than that of the Letters. The language, though direct, reveals greater care and elegance. The reasoning is cogently logical and is structured on solid theological preparation. The numerous Biblical quotations reveal a mastery of the Scriptures. Recently, a hypothesis was put forth, saying the Sermons are not liturgical homilies but opening talks given at the Amicizia Oratory meetings, where all present could then speak. It is noteworthy that Anthony Mary reserves the term “sermon” only for his talk on lukewarmness.

List of Sermons

Sermon 1

Sermon 2

Sermon 3

Sermon 4

Sermon 5

Sermon 6

Sermon 7

Constitutions

No original manuscript of the ''Constitutions'' survive, only a very early copy. The ''Constitutions'' is no more than an extended outline. It was never approved nor promulgated, hence, it was never binding. In all probability, it is a reworked translation of a previous Latin outline by Fra Battista, the so-called “Primitive Constitutions.” It was a basic text worked on by the first Fathers toward a definitive text. The available text consists of 19 chapters, but a close scrutiny points to several layers of composition. There is a conclusion at the end of Chapter 16; another one at the end of Chapter 18; and a third one at the end of Chapter 19. This is evidence that the text went through several writings and underwent multiple reworking. A letter of Father Nicolò D’Aviano, dated October 10, 1570 (even as the definitive ''Constitutions'' of 1579 were being redacted), informs us that three chapters of the ''Constitutions'' were undoubtedly written by Anthony Mary himself. They are Chapter 12: “Formation of Novices”; Chapter 17: “Signs of Deteriorating 17 Religious Life”; and Chapter 19: “Qualities of a Reformer.” In addition, Anthony Mary's hand can be recognized, more or less, throughout the entire document. The ''Constitutions'' is a document of laws, hence its classification in the juridical literary genre. However, in Anthony Mary's additions, the peremptory style turns exhortatory. This change of style helps locate Anthony Mary's interpolations in the original text of Battista da Crema.

References

Text of the 1579 Constitutions

*CONSTITUTIONS

Bibliography

Marcello Landi Marcello Landi (1916–1993) was an Italian painter and poet. Biography Landi was born into the artistic Landi family in Cecina in 1916. In 1948 he co-signed the ''Manifesto of Eaismo'', an analysis of man's new role in the "atomic age", alongs ...

, ''La presenza della Summa Theologiae di Tommaso d'Aquino nei primi due Sermoni di Antonio Maria Zaccaria'' in ''Barnabiti Studi'' 20 (2003), pp. 69–81 * Marcello Landi, ''Sant'Antonio Maria Zaccaria. Contesto storico-culturale e presenza della Summa Theologiae di san Tommaso d'Aquino nei suoi primi tre sermoni'', in ''Sacra Doctrina. Studi e ricerche'' n. 52 (3/2006), pp. 46–81 *Fr. Franco Maria Chilardotti, CRSP, 2009 ''Antonio Maia Zaccaria 1502-1539 : Una meteora del ciquecento nella scia di Paolo Apostolo.''

External links

Barnabite Spiritual Center - Bethlehem, PA: ''Spirituality of St. Anthony Mary Zaccaria''St. Anthony Mary's biography and his writings page on the Barnabite Fathers' North American website

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zaccaria, Anthony Maria 16th-century Christian saints 1502 births 1539 deaths University of Pavia alumni University of Padua alumni Clergy from Cremona Founders of Catholic religious communities Members of the Barnabite Order Italian Roman Catholic saints Incorrupt saints Barnabite saints Canonizations by Pope Leo XIII 16th-century Italian physicians Beatifications by Pope Leo XIII