Anthony Mario Ludovici MBE (8 January 1882 – 3 April 1971) was a British

philosopher Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, Value (ethics and social sciences), value, mind, and language. It is a rational an ...

, sociologist,

social critic Social criticism is a form of academic or journalistic criticism focusing on social issues in contemporary society, in respect to perceived injustices and power relations in general. Social criticism of the Enlightenment The origin of modern ...

and

polyglot Multilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers. When the languages are just two, it is usually called bilingualism. It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolin ...

. He is known as a proponent of

aristocracy Aristocracy (; ) is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, the aristocracy (class), aristocrats. Across Europe, the aristocracy exercised immense Economy, economic, Politics, political, and soc ...

and

anti-egalitarianism Egalitarianism (; also equalitarianism) is a school of thought within political philosophy that builds on the concept of social equality, prioritizing it for all people. Egalitarian doctrines are generally characterized by the idea that all hum ...

, and in the early 20th century was a leading British

conservative Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civiliza ...

author. He wrote on subjects including

art Art is a diverse range of cultural activity centered around ''works'' utilizing creative or imaginative talents, which are expected to evoke a worthwhile experience, generally through an expression of emotional power, conceptual ideas, tec ...

metaphysics Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality. It is traditionally seen as the study of mind-independent features of the world, but some theorists view it as an inquiry into the conceptual framework of ...

politics Politics () is the set of activities that are associated with decision-making, making decisions in social group, groups, or other forms of power (social and political), power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of Social sta ...

economics Economics () is a behavioral science that studies the Production (economics), production, distribution (economics), distribution, and Consumption (economics), consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interac ...

religion Religion is a range of social system, social-cultural systems, including designated religious behaviour, behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, religious text, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics in religion, ethics, or ...

, the differences between the sexes and races,

health Health has a variety of definitions, which have been used for different purposes over time. In general, it refers to physical and emotional well-being, especially that associated with normal functioning of the human body, absent of disease, p ...

, and

eugenics Eugenics is a set of largely discredited beliefs and practices that aim to improve the genetic quality of a human population. Historically, eugenicists have attempted to alter the frequency of various human phenotypes by inhibiting the fer ...

. Ludovici began his career as an artist, painting and illustrating books. He was private secretary to sculptor

Auguste Rodin François Auguste René Rodin (; ; 12 November 184017 November 1917) was a French sculptor generally considered the founder of modern sculpture. He was schooled traditionally and took a craftsman-like approach to his work. Rodin possessed a u ...

for several months in 1906. He later wrote over 30 books, and translated many others.

Early life

Ludovici was born in

London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...

, England on 8 January 1882 to Albert Ludovici, and Marie Cals. Ludovici's father and grandfather ( Albert Ludovici, Sr.) were both artists. He was of Basque, French, German and Italian ancestry. He was educated privately, in England and abroad but chiefly by his mother. As a young student he became friends with Harry Guy Radcliffe Drew, whom he met at the Paris Exhibition of 1900. Years later he befriended Drew's young daughters Dorothy (later a student of F. M. Alexander) and Joyce (better known as architect

Jane Drew Dame Jane Drew (24 March 1911 – 27 July 1996) was an English modernist architect and town planner. She qualified at the Architectural Association School in London, and prior to World War II became one of the leading exponents of the Moder ...

). He married Elsie Finnimore Buckley on 20 March 1920, and they first lived at 35 Central Hill,

Upper Norwood Upper Norwood is an area of south London, England, within the London Boroughs of London Borough of Bromley, Bromley, London Borough of Croydon, Croydon, London Borough of Lambeth, Lambeth and London Borough of Southwark, Southwark. It is north ...

in South London. He spent several years in Germany where he studied Nietzsche's writings in the original German. He was fluent in several languages. During the year 1906, Ludovici was private secretary to the sculptor

, and as such had a close association with him. He later wrote of his personal experiences of Rodin's personality and art, as well as his own opinions, in articles first appearing in the

Cornhill Magazine ''The Cornhill Magazine'' (1860–1975) was a monthly Victorian literature, Victorian magazine and literary journal named after the street address of the founding publisher Smith, Elder & Co. at 65 Cornhill, London, Cornhill in London.Laurel ...

from 1923, and in 1926 published in a book ''Personal Reminiscences of Auguste Rodin''. In the summer of 1908 he first met and befriended Dr. Oscar Levy, editor of ''The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche'', the first translation of Nietzsche's works in English. Ludovici contributed several volumes. Levy introduced him to his future wife Elsie F. Buckley. He began lecturing on art, politics, religion, and the philosophy of

Friedrich Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher. He began his career as a classical philology, classical philologist, turning to philosophy early in his academic career. In 1869, aged 24, Nietzsche bec ...

, about whom he wrote ''Who is to be Master of the World?: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche'' (1909) and ''Nietzsche: His Life and Works'' (1910). Nietzsche scholar William Mackintire Salter called ''Nietzsche: His Life and Works'' "the well-nigh perfect short manual" on Nietzsche. His pioneering work on Nietzsche's æsthetic: “Nietzsche and Art”(1911) was one of the first attempts of its kind in Europe. It was based on a course of lectures Ludovici had delivered at University College, London, during November and December, 1910. According to Steven Aschheim, his 1911 ''Nietzsche and Art'' was "a unique attempt to write a Nietzschean history of art in terms of rising aristocratic and decadent-democratic epochs". This was the year of the first

Parliament Act 1911 The Parliament Act 1911 ( 1 & 2 Geo. 5. c. 13) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It is constitutionally important and partly governs the relationship between the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two Houses of Parl ...

, cutting back the power of the

House of Lords The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the lower house, the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster in London, England. One of the oldest ext ...

. It also marks a watershed or change in Ludovici's writing, to a more overt political line, which would only sharpen over the next 25 years. During

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

he joined the New Army as a translator, and then served as an

artillery Artillery consists of ranged weapons that launch Ammunition, munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during sieges, and l ...

officer at Armentières and the

Somme __NOTOC__ Somme or The Somme may refer to: Places *Somme (department), a department of France * Somme, Queensland, Australia * Canal de la Somme, a canal in France *Somme (river), a river in France Arts, entertainment, and media * ''Somme'' (book), ...

, where he described himself as "a miserable and vermin-ridden trench-rat", and then in the

Intelligence Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. It can be described as t ...

Staff at the War Office, where after two years of service he rose to head of his department (MI6 A):

“I was told to report to the OC MI6 at the War Office, where my languages could be put to some use and where I contrived to make myself sufficiently useful to be retained. And after two years’ work in intelligence, in 1919, as General Staff Officer, third grade, with the rank of Captain, I rose to be the head of my department (MI6 A).”

He was awarded the

Order of the British Empire The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry, rewarding valuable service in a wide range of useful activities. It comprises five classes of awards across both civil and military divisions, the most senior two o ...

, which he immediately returned because he felt that it was too easily attainable and held by too many people. He attained the rank of

Captain Captain is a title, an appellative for the commanding officer of a military unit; the supreme leader or highest rank officer of a navy ship, merchant ship, aeroplane, spacecraft, or other vessel; or the commander of a port, fire or police depa ...

during World War I., He was subsequently called 'Captain' as a nickname. Ludovici came across the

Alexander Technique The Alexander technique, named after its developer Frederick Matthias Alexander (1869–1955), is an alternative therapy based on the idea that poor posture causes a range of health problems. The American National Center for Complementary a ...

in 1925 and said he had lessons in 'deportment' over a period of four years with F.M. Alexander.

Writing

Ludovici's writing was varied, and took traditional conservative stances on social issues.

Liberalism Liberalism is a Political philosophy, political and moral philosophy based on the Individual rights, rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, the right to private property, and equality before the law. ...

socialism Socialism is an economic ideology, economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse Economic system, economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. It describes ...

Marxism Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis. It uses a dialectical and materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to analyse class relations, social conflict, ...

Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion, which states that Jesus in Christianity, Jesus is the Son of God (Christianity), Son of God and Resurrection of Jesus, rose from the dead after his Crucifixion of Jesus, crucifixion, whose ...

feminism Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideology, ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social gender equality, equality of the sexes. Feminism holds the position that modern soci ...

multiculturalism Multiculturalism is the coexistence of multiple cultures. The word is used in sociology, in political philosophy, and colloquially. In sociology and everyday usage, it is usually a synonym for ''Pluralism (political theory), ethnic'' or cultura ...

, the modern culture of

consumerism Consumerism is a socio-cultural and economic phenomenon that is typical of industrialized societies. It is characterized by the continuous acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing quantities. In contemporary consumer society, the ...

and revolt against tradition constituted Ludovici's main areas of attack. As a young man his fin de siècle reading was typically dominated by science and the popularization of the doctrine of evolution. Ludovici was especially influenced by the important debate that took place in the late 1880s between

Thomas Henry Huxley Thomas Henry Huxley (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895) was an English biologist and anthropologist who specialized in comparative anatomy. He has become known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. The stor ...

and Henry Wace, with the young Ludovici fully adopting Huxley's philosophical position of

agnosticism Agnosticism is the view or belief that the existence of God, the divine, or the supernatural is either unknowable in principle or unknown in fact. (page 56 in 1967 edition) It can also mean an apathy towards such religious belief and refer t ...

. "From about my seventeenth year, my reading of science, especially biology, zoology and astronomy, became regular and assiduous. I read every book by Darwin, Haeckel, Huxley, Romanes, Spencer and Proctor that I could lay my hands on. With great avidity, I also read Huxley’s famous controversy with Wace, following the arguments on each side with breathless interest and becoming a convinced agnostic in the process. But the two authors that probably exerted the greatest influence on me in my early twenties were Schopenhauer and Schiller. The former enlightened me enormously on psychology, and I still regard him as the greatest European psychologist who appeared between Montaigne and Freud. Indeed, there is much in his work that anticipates Freud’s discoveries, a fact to which I have more than once called attention, and Nietzsche owed him many a profound observation, the source of which, however, is rarely acknowledged." He wrote "I have long been an opponent and critic of

democracy Democracy (from , ''dēmos'' 'people' and ''kratos'' 'rule') is a form of government in which political power is vested in the people or the population of a state. Under a minimalist definition of democracy, rulers are elected through competitiv ...

, and

anarchy Anarchy is a form of society without rulers. As a type of stateless society, it is commonly contrasted with states, which are centralized polities that claim a monopoly on violence over a permanent territory. Beyond a lack of government, it can ...

in art and literature. I am particularly opposed to '

Abstract Art Abstract art uses visual language of shape, form, color and line to create a Composition (visual arts), composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world. ''Abstract art'', ''non-figurative art'', ''non- ...

,' which I trace to Whistler's heretical doctrines of art and chiefly to his denial that the subject matters, his assimilation of the graphic arts and music, and his insistence on the superior importance of the composition and colour-harmony of a picture, over its representational content." He was an early critic of

Jacob Epstein Sir Jacob Epstein (10 November 1880 – 21 August 1959) was an American and British sculptor who helped pioneer modern sculpture. He was born in the United States, and moved to Europe in 1902, becoming a British subject in 1910. Early in his ...

, attacking him in ''

The New Age ''The New Age'' was a British weekly magazine (1894–1938),credited as a major influence on literature and the arts during its heyday from 1907 to 1922, when it was edited by Alfred Richard Orage. It published work by many of the chief politi ...

'', to which he contributed as an art critic before the

Great War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

. In his ''A Defence of Aristocracy'' (1915), Ludovici defends

against government in popular control. In ''The False Assumptions of "Democracy"'' (1921), he attacked the democratic idea and the liberal attitude in general, as being unnatural. ''A Defence of Conservatism'' (1927) defends tradition as being tied to survival. For Ludovici,

egalitarianism Egalitarianism (; also equalitarianism) is a school of thought within political philosophy that builds on the concept of social equality, prioritizing it for all people. Egalitarian doctrines are generally characterized by the idea that all hum ...

was a denial of the innate biological differences between individuals, the sexes and races. He criticized what he saw as the sentimental coddling of the mediocre and botched. His articles were a regular feature of the ''New Pioneer'', a far-right journal controlled by Viscount Lymington and closely linked to the British People's Party. Ludovici repeatedly warned of the dangers of

miscegenation Miscegenation ( ) is marriage or admixture between people who are members of different races or ethnicities. It has occurred many times throughout history, in many places. It has occasionally been controversial or illegal. Adjectives describin ...

and defended

incest Incest ( ) is sexual intercourse, sex between kinship, close relatives, for example a brother, sister, or parent. This typically includes sexual activity between people in consanguinity (blood relations), and sometimes those related by lineag ...

as an appropriate response to racial mixing, arguing that society should act 'to break down the barriers now preventing the mating of close relatives' as it was the only way to cause 'a purification of our stock.'

Views

Ludovici was a

nationalist Nationalism is an idea or movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the State (polity), state. As a movement, it presupposes the existence and tends to promote the interests of a particular nation,Anthony D. Smith, Smith, A ...

, traditionalist and a supporter of

. He was also a devoted

monarchist Monarchism is the advocacy of the system of monarchy or monarchical rule. A monarchist is an individual who supports this form of government independently of any specific monarch, whereas one who supports a particular monarch is a royalist. C ...

who held Charles I in high regard. In the 1930s, he gave speeches before English Mistery meetings, some of which were published.

Later life

He was on the Selection Committee of the Right Book Club, with Norman Thwaites, Trevor Blakemore, Collinson Owen and W. A. Foyle. After the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

, Ludovici fell into obscurity. In 1936, he had written enthusiastically about

Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his suicide in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the lea ...

, whom he had met personally that year, along with many other high-ranking Nazi leaders. Ludovici was dismissed from his intelligence work on 14 August 1940 and his house was subsequently raided allegedly due to his membership of the political group The Right Club. On Friday 8 October 1940, Ludovici was interviewed at

Scotland Yard Scotland Yard (officially New Scotland Yard) is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police, the territorial police force responsible for policing Greater London's London boroughs, 32 boroughs. Its name derives from the location of the original ...

, and then released. From 1955 until 1969 Ludovici wrote a series of articles in the monthly journal ''The South African Observer''. Topics under his analysis included ''The Essentials of Good Government'' in a series of 20 monthly parts, and ''Public Opinion in England'' in a similar series.

Works

Non-fiction

* ''Who is to be Master of the World? An Introduction to the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche.'' Edinburgh: T. N. Foulis, 1909. * ''Nietzsche: His Life and Works (Philosophies Ancient and Modern).'' London: Constable, 1910 ew York: Dodge, 1910 * ''Nietzsche and Art.'' London: Constable, 1911. Boston: J. W. Luce, 1912 ew York: Haskell House, 1971 * ''A Defence of Aristocracy: A Text-Book for Tories.'' London: Constable, 1915 oston: Phillips, 1915. Second edition, London: Constable, 1933 * ''Man's Descent from the Gods: Or, The Complete Case Against Prohibition.'' London: William Heinemann, 1921 ew York: A. A. Knopf, 1921 * ''The False Assumptions of "Democracy".'' London: Heath Cranton, 1921. * ''Woman: A Vindication.'' London: Constable, 1923 ew York: A. A. Knopf, 1923. Second edition, London: Constable 1929 * ''Lysistrata: Or, Woman's Future and Future Woman''. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co., ltd., 1925. * ''Personal Reminiscences of Auguste Rodin''. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1926. London: John Murray, 1926. * ''A Defence of Conservatism: A Further Text-Book for Tories.'' London: Faber and Gwyer, 1927. * ''Man: An Indictment.'' London: Constable, 1927 ew York: E. P. Dutton, 1927 * ''The Night-Hoers: Or, The Case Against Birth Control and an Alternative.'' London: Herbert Jenkins, 1928. * ''The Sanctity of Private Property.'' London: Heath Cranton an address on the right of private property and its sanctity delivered by the author to a meeting of the St.James's Kin of the English Mistery on November 10, 1931. * ''The Secret of Laughter''. London: Constable, 1932. * ''Health and Education Through Self-Mastery''. Watts, 1933. ondon: Mouritz, 2016 * ''The Choice of a Mate'' (The International Library of Sexology and Psychology). London: John Lane, The Bodley Head, 1935. * ''The Truth About Childbirth; Lay Light on Maternal Morbidity and Mortality.'' London, Kegan Paul & Co. 1937; New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1938. * ''Jews, and the Jews in England'' (written under the pen-name of Cobbett). London: Boswell, 1938. * ''The Four Pillars of Health. A Contribution to Post-War Planning''. London: Heath Cranton Limited, 1945. * ''The Child: An Adult's Problem; First Aid to Parents.'' London: Carroll and Nicholson, 1948. * ''Enemies of Women: the Origins in Outline of Anglo-Saxon Feminism''. London: Carroll & Nicholson 1948. * ''The Quest of Human Quality: How to Rear Leaders.'' London: Rider, 1952. * ''Religion for Infidels.'' London: Holborn, 1961. * ''The Specious Origins of Liberalism: The Genesis of a Delusion''. London: Britons, 1967. Compilations * Day, John V., ed. (2003). ''The Lost Philosopher: The Best of Anthony M. Ludovici''. Berkeley, CA: Educational Translation and Scholarship Foundation. . Autobiography *''The Confessions of an Anti-Feminist: The Autobiography of Anthony M. Ludovici'', Day, John V. (ed.), San Francisco: Counter-Currents, 2018.

Fiction

* ''Mansel Fellowes''. London: Grant Richards, 1918. * ''Catherine Doyle: The Romance of a Trice-Married Lady''. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1919. * ''Too Old for Dolls: A Novel''. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1920. * ''What Woman Wishes''. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1921. * ''The Goddess that Grew Up''. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1922. * ''French Beans''. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1923. * ''The Taming of Don Juan''. London: Hutchinson, 1924.

As translator

* ''Thoughts out of Season'', by Friedrich Nietzsche. London: T. N. Foulis, 1909. * ''Ecce Homo,'' by Friedrich Nietzsche. New York: Macmillan, 1911. * ''Twilight of the Idols'', by Friedrich Nietzsche. New York: Macmillan, 1911. * ''The Case of Wagner; Nietzsche Contra Wagner; Selected Aphorisms.'' Edinburgh and London: T. N. Foulis, 1911. * ''The Letters of a Post-impressionist; being the Familiar Correspondence of Vincent van Gogh''. London, Constable, 1912. * ''The Life of Nietzsche'', by Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche. New York: Sturgis and Walton, 1912–1915. * ''Germany and its Evolution in Modern Times'', by Henri Lichtenberger. New York: H. Holt and Co., 1913. * ''Selected Letters of Friedrich Nietzsche''. London: William Heinemann, 1921. * ''On the Road with Wellington'', by August Ludolf Friedrich Schaumann. London: William Heinemann ltd., 1924.

Articles

"Art: A Dialogue Overheard at a Picture Gallery,"
''The New Age'', Vol. XI, No. 27, 1912, pp. 642–644.
"Art,"
''The New Age'', Vol. XII, No. 6, 1912, p. 135.
"Art: A Question of Finish"
''The New Age'', Vol. XII, No. 21, 1913, p. 508.
"Art: A Stroll Down Bond Street,"
''The New Age'', Vol. XIII, No. 2, 1913, p. 42.
"Art: An Open Letter to my Friends,"
''The New Age'', Vol. XIV, No. 9, 1914, pp. 278–281.
"Art: False Remedies and Other Considerations,"
''The New Age'', Vol. XIV, No. 11, 1914, pp. 345–346.
"Art: Les Independents and the Salon des Beaux Arts,"
''The New Age'', Vol. XV, No. 2, 1914, p. 44.
"Conscience and Fanaticism,"
''The New Age'', Vol. XXV, No. 24, 1919, pp. 395–396.Pitt-Rivers, George (1919)
"The Sick Values of a Sick Age,"
''The New Age'', Vol. XXVI, No. 2, pp. 25–27.
"Conscience and Fanaticism: A Reply to Mr. G. Pitt Rivers,"
''The New Age'', Vol. XXVI, No. 10, 1920, pp. 155–156.
"Mr. Clutton Brock on Art,"
''The New Age'', Vol. XXVI, No. 13, 1920, pp. 201–202.
"Wine and Spirits,"
''The New Age'', Vol. XXVII, No. 2, 1920, p. 24.

''Fortnightly Review'', New Series, Vol. CXI, 1922, pp. 948–962.

''Fortnightly Review'', New Series, Vol. CXIII, 1923, pp. 600–614. * "Woman's Encroachment on Man's Domain," ''Current History'', Vol. XXVII, October 1927, pp. 21–25.

in Chaim Newman, (ed.) ''Gentile and Jew; a Symposium on the Future of the Jewish People''. London: Alliance Press, 1945, pp. 165–185.

''The South African Observer'', Vol. IX-X, September 1963/May 1965. * "Public Opinion in England," ''The South African Observer'', Vol. X-XIII, July 1965/June 1968

References

Citations

Sources

* Barker, Rodney, (1978). ''Political Ideas in Modern Britain''. London: Methuen. * Green, John (1934). "Youth Speaks Out, II - A Political Writer," ''National Review'', Vol. 103, pp. 220–227. * Kerr, R.B. (1932)

in ''Our Prophets, Studies of Living Writers''. Croydon: R.B. Kerr, pp. 84–99. * Ludovici, Albert (1926). ''An Artist's Life in London and Paris, 1870–1925''. London: T. Fisher Unwin. * Stone, Dan (2002). ''Breeding Superman: Nietzsche, Race and Eugenics in Edwardian and Interwar Britain''. Liverpool University Press. .

External links

* * *
Works by Anthony Ludovici
at ''Eugenics Review''
The Anthony M. Ludovici Website

Ludovici, Anthony Mario (1882–1971)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ludovici, Anthony 1882 births 1971 deaths 20th-century British writers British critics of Christianity Male critics of feminism Officers of the Order of the British Empire Conservatism in the United Kingdom British sociologists British people of German descent British people of French descent British people of Italian descent British people of Basque descent British eugenicists British monarchists Right Club members Translators of Friedrich Nietzsche Writers from London 20th-century British philosophers