Pavel Petrovich Anosov () (10 July 1796 (

Old Calendar Calendar reform or calendrical reform is any significant revision of a calendar system. The term sometimes is used instead for a proposal to switch to a different calendar design. Principles The prime objective of a calendar is to unambiguo ...

, 29 June),

Tver Tver (, ) is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and the administrative centre of Tver Oblast, Russia. It is situated at the confluence of the Volga and Tvertsa rivers. Tver is located northwest of Moscow. Population: The city is ...

— 25 May 1851 (Old Calendar, 13 May) was a Russian

mining engineer Mining engineering is the extraction of minerals from the ground. It is associated with many other disciplines, such as mineral processing, exploration, excavation, geology, metallurgy, geotechnical engineering and surveying. A mining engineer m ...

, a metallurgical scientist, a major organizer of the

mining Mining is the Resource extraction, extraction of valuable geological materials and minerals from the surface of the Earth. Mining is required to obtain most materials that cannot be grown through agriculture, agricultural processes, or feasib ...

industry, a researcher of the nature of the

Southern Ural Southern Ural (, ) encompasses the south, the widest part of the Ural Mountains, stretches from the river Ufa (near the village of Lower Ufaley) to the Ural River. From the west and east the Southern Ural is limited to the East European Plain, W ...

governor A governor is an politician, administrative leader and head of a polity or Region#Political regions, political region, in some cases, such as governor-general, governors-general, as the head of a state's official representative. Depending on the ...

Tomsk Tomsk (, ) is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast in Russia, on the Tom (river), Tom River. Population: Founded in 1604, Tomsk is one of the oldest cities in Siberia. It has six univers ...

and a General-Major.

Early life

Anosov was the son of a petty clerk, and became an orphan at 13 years old. When his father died he left four young children as orphans: two older brothers, Peter and Pavel, and two younger sisters. The orphans took over the education of their maternal grandfather, mining official Sabakin Lev Fedorovich who was a mechanic in the

Kama ''Kama'' (Sanskrit: काम, ) is the concept of pleasure, enjoyment and desire in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. It can also refer to "desire, wish, longing" in Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, and Sikh literature.Monier Williamsका� ...

plants in

Izhevsk Izhevsk or Ijevsk (, ; , or ) is the capital city of Udmurtia, Russia. It is situated along the Izh River, west of the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe. It is the 21st-largest city in Russia, and the most populous in Udmurtia, with over 600,000 ...

and

Votkinsk Votkinsk (; ), also known as Votka (; ), is an industrial town in the Udmurt Republic, Russia. The population in 2021 is 97,471. History It was established in 1759, initially as a center for metallurgical enterprises, and the economic focus on me ...

. The grandfather sent Pavel with his elder brother Peter to the St. Petersburg Mining Cadet Corps in 1810, during which time his brother Peter died. Pavel Anosov's skill at mathematics and science led him to early success. In 1817 he completed his Mining corps (Mountain corps) training, and joined the state factories at

Zlatoust Zlatoust (; ) is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, city in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Ay River (in the Kama River, Kama drainage basin, basin), west of Chelyabinsk. Population: 181,000 (1971); 161,000 (1959); 99,000 ...

as a trainee. He took care of his younger sisters, the youngest of whom was soon married. The other remained a spinster at the time of Paul Anosov's death, and remained gravely unwell at their home.

Career

After completion of the corps he worked in Zlatoust Mining District from 1817 to 1847: * 1817–1819 – as a trainee; * 1819–1821 – as a caretaker of "decorated department" at the Arms factory; * 1821–1824 – as an assistant of the arms factory steward; * 1824–1831 – as the controller of the arms factory; * 1831–1847 – as the head of mining and director of the arms factory; * 1847–1851 – as the head of the

Altai Mountains The Altai Mountains (), also spelled Altay Mountains, are a mountain range in Central Asia, Central and East Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan converge, and where the rivers Irtysh and Ob River, Ob have their headwaters. The ...

plants, and civilian governor of

. His civil ranks in the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...

had military rank equivalents, and Anosov was promoted from a trainee (equivalent to

lieutenant A lieutenant ( , ; abbreviated Lt., Lt, LT, Lieut and similar) is a Junior officer, junior commissioned officer rank in the armed forces of many nations, as well as fire services, emergency medical services, Security agency, security services ...

in military rank) to Governor (equivalent to

General A general officer is an Officer (armed forces), officer of high rank in the army, armies, and in some nations' air force, air and space forces, marines or naval infantry. In some usages, the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colone ...

) in twenty years. Anosov received international attention for his writings on the manufacture of iron and his re-discovery of the secret of

Damascene steel Damascus steel (Arabic: فولاذ دمشقي) refers to the high-carbon crucible steel of the blades of historical swords forged using the wootz process in the Near East, characterized by distinctive patterns of banding and mottling reminiscent ...

, previously thought lost in the

Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similarly to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and ...

. He explained the effect of the chemical composition, structure and treatment of steel on its properties. His findings formed the basis for the science of quality

steel Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon that demonstrates improved mechanical properties compared to the pure form of iron. Due to steel's high Young's modulus, elastic modulus, Yield (engineering), yield strength, Fracture, fracture strength a ...

s. Anosov summed up his studies in his now classic treatise, ''Damascene steels'' (1841), which was immediately translated into German and French. Anosov was the first to use the microscope in studies into the structure of steel (1831), laying the foundation for the microscopic analysis of metals. Anosov was elected a corresponding member of

Kazan University Kazan Federal University (; ) is a public research university located in Kazan, Russia. The university was founded in 1804 as Imperial Kazan University, which makes it the second oldest continuously existing tertiary education institution in Rus ...

in 1844, and an honorary member of

Kharkov University The V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University (), also known as Kharkiv National University or Karazin University, is a public university in Kharkiv, Ukraine. It was founded in 1804 through the efforts of Vasily Karazin, becoming the second old ...

in 1846.

Notes

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anosov, Pavel Petrovich Metallurgists from the Russian Empire 19th-century engineers from the Russian Empire 1796 births 1851 deaths

Early life

Career

See also

Notes

References