Anomaloninae
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Anomaloninae is a
subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zo ...
of
parasitoid In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host (biology), host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionarily stable str ...
wasps A wasp is any insect of the narrow-waisted suborder Apocrita of the order Hymenoptera which is neither a bee nor an ant; this excludes the broad-waisted sawflies (Symphyta), which look somewhat like wasps, but are in a separate suborder. Th ...
in the
family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
Ichneumonidae The Ichneumonidae, also known as ichneumon wasps, ichneumonid wasps, ichneumonids, or Darwin wasps, are a family of parasitoid wasps of the insect order Hymenoptera. They are one of the most diverse groups within the Hymenoptera with roughly 25 ...
. Several species provide beneficial services to humans by attacking forest or orchard pests.


Description and distribution

Species of Anomaloninae are slender, range in size from small to large, and are usually black or brownish in color. Yellow markings on the face and legs are common. One of the most distinguishing characteristics of this subfamily is the highly reticulated
propodeum Propodeum labelled within the alitrunk of an ant worker The propodeum is a term that can refer to unrelated structures in insects or in mollusks. Insects The first abdominal segment in Apocrita Hymenoptera (wasps, bees and ants) is known a ...
. Species are found worldwide.


Biology and behavior

Anomalonines are
koinobiont In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionary strategies within parasitism ...
endoparasitoids of
Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) or lepidopterans is an order (biology), order of winged insects which includes butterflies and moths. About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera have been described, representing 10% of the total described species of living organ ...
or
Coleoptera Beetles are insects that form the Taxonomic rank, order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Holometabola. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 40 ...
. Eggs are laid by females into the larval host, but the host is allowed to continue development to the pupal stage. Adult wasps emerge from the host pupa. They are found in nearly all forested habitats, and unlike most other groups of ichneumonids, are also fairly common in dry habitats. Anomalonines fly slowly in a characteristic pose, with the metasoma elevated, antennae outstretched, and legs held out behind them.


Genera

Sources: * '' Agrypon'' Forster, 1860 c g b * ''
Anomalon In physics, an anomalon is a hypothetical type of nuclear matter that shows an anomalously large reactive cross section. They were first noticed in experimental runs in the early 1980s as short tracks in film emulsions or plastic leaf detectors ...
'' Panzer, 1803 c g b * '' Aphanistes'' Forster, 1869 c g b * '' Atrometoides'' Fahringer, 1922 c g * '' Atrometus'' Förster, 1869 c g * '' Aubertiana'' Viktorov, 1970 c g * ''
Barylypa ''Barylypa'' is a genus of parasitoid wasps belonging to the family Ichneumonidae The Ichneumonidae, also known as ichneumon wasps, ichneumonid wasps, ichneumonids, or Darwin wasps, are a family of parasitoid wasps of the insect order Hymeno ...
'' Forster, 1869 c g b * '' Bimentum'' Townes, 1971 c g * '' Brachynervus'' Uchida, 1955 c g * ''
Calcaneum In humans and many other primates, the calcaneus (; from the Latin ''calcaneus'' or ''calcaneum'', meaning heel; : calcanei or calcanea) or heel bone is a bone of the tarsus of the foot which constitutes the heel. In some other animals, it is t ...
'' Townes, 1971 c g * '' Castrosion'' Gauld & Bradshaw, 1997 c g * '' Cechenodes'' Townes, 1971 c g * '' Clatha''Cameron, 1905 c * '' Clypeocampulum'' Gauld, 1976 c g * '' Corsoncus'' Townes, 1971 c g * '' Elaticarina'' Sheng, 2012 * '' Encardia'' Tosquinet, 1896 c g * '' Erigorgus'' Förster, 1869 c g b * '' Gravenhorstia'' Boie, 1836 c g * '' Habrocampulum'' Gauld, 1976 c g * '' Habronyx'' Foerster, 1868 c g * '' Helenanomalon'' Broad, 2014 * '' Heteropelma'' Wesmael, 1849 c g * '' Indagrypon'' Nikam, 1982 c g * '' Kokujewiella'' Shestakov, 1926 c g * '' Liopterna'' Townes, 1971 c g * '' Metoa'' Townes, 1971 c g * '' Neohabronyx'' Dasch, 1984 c g * '' Ophionellus'' Westwood, 1874 c g b * '' Ophiopterus'' Brulle, 1846 c g b * '' Parania'' Morley, 1913 c g * '' Perisphincter'' Townes, 1961 c g * '' Phaenolabrorychus'' Viereck, 1913 c g * '' Podogaster'' Brullé, 1846 c g * '' Porizonopteron'' Meier, 1931 c g * '' Pseudagrypon'' Lee & Kim, 1984 c g * '' Pseudanomalon'' Szépligeti, 1905 c g * '' Ribasia'' Ceballos, 1920 c g * '' Sphaeromanus'' Aubert, 1979 c g * '' Spolas'' Townes, 1961 c g * '' Stangepelma'' Porter, 1977 c g * '' Therion'' Curtis, 1829 c g b * '' Trichomma'' Wesmael, 1849 c g b * '' Vernamalon'' Gauld, 1976 c g Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net File:Ichneumonidae - Therion cf. circumflexum.jpg, '' Therion circumflexum'' File:Ichneumon Wasp - Therion morio, Carderock Park, Maryland.jpg, ''Therion morio'', Maryland


References


External links


Bugguide
Non English text but useful images {{Taxonbar, from=Q4034074 Ichneumonidae Apocrita subfamilies Taxa named by Henry Lorenz Viereck