Anolis Evermanni

''Anolis evermanni'', also known commonly as the emerald anole, Evermann's anole, and the small green anole, is a species of lizard included within the family Dactyloidae. ''A. evermanni'' is native to Puerto Rico, where it is mainly found in wet forests. ''A. evermanni'' is a medium-sized lizard and bright emerald-green in color. ''A. evermanni'' is studied for its behavior as well as the evolution of the family Dactyloidae. The group of lizards which are member species of the family Dactyloidae are known as anoles. Anoles are found throughout the Americas and are related to iguanas.

Description

''A. evermanni'' is medium-sized and a bright emerald-green color, but can also progress to a dark brown color when aroused. Males are typically larger than females with males having a snout-to-vent length of 7 cm (2.75 in) and females having a snout-to-vent length of 4.5 cm (1.75 in). They have a flattened body and head, slightly compressed tail, pointy snout, short legs, and large toe-pads. Males and females both have a yellow dewlap, a flap of skin hanging below the neck. Male dewlaps are generally larger than female dewlaps.

Distribution and habitat

''A. evermanni'' is native to and found in Puerto Rico. Specifically, it can be found in wet forests including the El Yunque rainforest, the Luquillo mountains and forest, and the Cordillera Central mountain range.

In these areas, ''A. evermanni'' is typically found around trees, on rocks, or bamboo groves. It mainly use the upper portions of trees, above the ground, as perching sites and to search for food. Its short legs and large toe-pads allow it to move more easily in the upper portions of trees, particularly on small branches.

Conservation

The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists ''A. evermanni'' as a least-concern species as the species remains common in Puerto Rico, and its habitat has no widespread threats. Current threats include residential and commercial development as ''A. evermanni'' is not found in deforested areas. Additionally, climate change is a threat to forest habitats in which ''A. evermanni'' is found.

No species-specific conservation efforts are taking place for ''A. evermanni''. However, it is most often found in protected areas which conserve its natural habitats.

History and taxonomy

''A. evermanni'' is a species of lizard named after Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, an American ichthyologist.

''A. evermanni'' is in the anole genus ''Anolis'', which includes over 400 species of lizards native to the Americas. Anoles typically share similar sizes and shapes but differ in the habitats they occupy. This is an example of adaptive radiation as lizards on different islands adapt to different habitats. The genus ''Anolis'' is part of the larger family Dactyloidae of anoles. This is an example of convergent evolution where lizards on different islands with similar habitats may evolve to share similar morphologies.

Within the genus ''Anolis'', ''A. evermanni'' is classified in the trunk-crown ecomorph, generally living in the upper trunks and canopies of trees. Other trunk-crown anoles include '' A. allisoni'', '' A. coelestinus'', and '' A. grahami''.

'' A. carolinensis'' is another related lizard species which is also able to change colors between shades of green and brown.

Genome

From 65 to 125 million years ago, anoles experienced radiation into the different species found today. Anoles vary greatly in their karyotypes with ''A. evermanni'' having a diploid number of 26 chromosomes while other anoles having a diploid number as large as 44. They also vary in their sex chromosomes with some species having simple XX/XY sex chromosomes and others having many sex chromosomes.

Diet

Similar to other trunk-crown ''Anolis'' ecomorphs, ''A. evermanni'' eats small insects. ''A. evermanni'' has also been found to eat the nectar of '' Mecranium latifolium'' flowers in Puerto Rican forests. This is a recent finding, but other anoles have also been found to lick nectar from flowers. Some anoles may be pollinators of certain flowers. When foraging, similar to other anoles, ''A. evermanni'' is typically a sit-and-wait forager, meaning it has long periods of inactivity followed by short bursts of activity to capture prey.

Reproduction and life cycle

Reproduction

''A. evermanni'' females display seasonal changes in egg production. From April to September, most ''A. evermanni'' individuals are reproductive, and many females have two oviducal eggs. Almost no reproduction occurs between November and January. Like other anoles, ''A. evermanni'' females lay eggs and hide them.

Behavior

''A. evermanni'', in addition to other anoles, has been studied for its behavioral interactions and evolution.

Territoriality

''A. evermanni'' is a territorial species, with both males and females using displays of their dewlaps, tails, and tongues to defend their territory from other lizards. When these displays fail, ''A. evermanni'' may also fight over territory.

Competition with ''

Anolis gundlachi''

''A. evermanni'' has been found to interact with other lizard species including ''A. gundlachi''. Both lizard species are native to Puerto Rico and they are of similar sizes. However, they are ecologically different as ''A. gundlachi'' typically occupies the lower portions of trees while ''A. evermanni'' occupies upper tree areas. Regardless, competition between the two lizard species still exists. In a study on the interactions between the two species, when ''A. gundlachi'' is removed from an environment, the number of ''A. evermanni'' was found to increase over time. This may be due to interspecific competition between the two lizard species. The two lizard species share similar prey of insects and have been found to contest territory. Similar to behavioral displays between ''A. evermanni'' lizards, with two different species, the lizards also use push-ups, their dewlaps and tongues to compete for territory and prey. In this case, ''A. gundlachi'' has been found to win encounters over ''A. evermanni'' counterparts. Intraguild predation is also possible among these lizards with male ''A. gundlachi'' adults potentially eating ''A. evermanni'' juveniles. Without the competition with ''A. gundlachi'', ''A. evermanni'' was able to occupy areas, mainly lower tree trunks, that were previously defended by ''A. gundlachi''.

Other possible hypotheses regarding the ecological differences between ''A. evermanni'' and ''A. gundlachi'' include having common predators and parasites. But in this case, as the two lizard species are in close distance to each other, it is unlikely that these factors have a significant role.

Biting

''A. evermanni'', as well as other anoles, bite other animals and humans. However, most anole bites are harmless and only done as a protective measure when provoked.

Coloration and behavior

''A. evermanni'' is typically bright emerald-green which does not blend in well with tree trunks but may blend well with other vegetation. However, when aroused, ''A. evermanni'' will turn a dark brown color which may camouflage it with tree trunks.

Problem solving

''A. evermanni'' has been studied to test its behavioral flexibility. Lizards are believed to have limited cognitive abilities. However, in a study with ''A. evermanni'', the lizard was found to adjust its behavior in order to receive a reward. In this case, lizards learned to remove a disc in order to obtain food. This study demonstrated adaptation capabilities within ''A. evermanni''.

However, whether this behavior can accurately assess behavioral flexibility has been disputed. Other researchers contend that ''A. evermanni'' has demonstrated learning abilities but not necessarily a flexible learning ability.

Enemies

Predators

Predators of ''A. evermanni'' include terrestrial predators like snakes. ''A. evermanni'' may also perceive humans as predators, and other animals like birds may be predators as well. As it is typically found on or near trees, when approached by a terrestrial predator, ''A. evermanni'' exhibits escape behavior by climbing around or up a tree. This behavior varies depending on the perch height of the ''A. evermanni'' individual. If a lizard is lower in a tree, the lizard exhibits escape behavior more quickly when approached by a predator than if the lizard were higher in the tree. At perch heights less than or exactly , ''A. evermanni'' individuals exhibit escape behavior, but at perch heights above 2.0 m, no escape behavior is exhibited.

Physiology

Locomotion

''A. evermanni'' locomotion depends on location, showcasing different movement on boulders and trees. ''A. evermanni'' exhibits jumping and walking behavior at similar levels on boulders and trees. However, running behavior is increased 238% on trees. Overall locomotion for ''A. evermanni'' is 46% higher on trees. Its short legs and large toe-pads aid locomotion on trees. Another possible explanation for increased running and movement on trees is that tree trunks provide a continuous area for ''A. evermanni'' to move on. Additionally, ''A. evermanni'' is heliophilic and may move toward areas with sunlight including the forest canopy and gaps in the canopy where sunlight can reach.

Interactions with humans

''A. evermanni'' is often found on coffee plantations in Puerto Rico, especially in areas nearby forests. ''A. evermanni'' is being affected by human activity and forest conversion in its natural habitats as it does not continue to live in deforested areas. ''A. evermanni'' has not been found to have other significant interactions with humans and is not involved with major human uses or trade.

References

Further reading

* Schwartz A, Henderson RW (1991). ''Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History''. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. 720 pp. . (''Anolis evermanni'', p. 261).
*Schwartz A, Thomas R (1975). ''A Check-list of West Indian Amphibians and Reptiles''. Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication No. 1. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Carnegie Museum of Natural History. 216 pp. (''Anolis evermanni'', p. 82).
* Stejneger L (1904). "The Herpetology of Porto icRico". pp. 549–724. In: ''Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution ... for the Year Ending June 30, 1902''. Washington, District of Columbia: Government Printing Office. 739 pp. (''Anolis evermanni'', new species, pp. 647–651, Figures 98–104).

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1884207

Dactyloidae
Endemic fauna of Puerto Rico
Reptiles of Puerto Rico
Reptiles described in 1904
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger