''Annulohypoxylon'', sometimes called cramp balls,
is a
genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of
fungi
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...
in the family
Xylariaceae
The Xylariaceae are a family of mostly small ascomycetous fungi. It is one of the most commonly encountered groups of ascomycetes and is found throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world. They are typically found on wood, seeds, f ...
.
The 27 species in the genus have a collectively widespread distribution.
The genus ''Annulohypoxylon'' was created in 2005 and contains species formerly placed in the closely related genus ''
Hypoxylon'' (it is equivalent to ''Hypoxylon''
section
Section, Sectioning, or Sectioned may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea
* Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents
** Section sig ...
''Annulata''
sensu
''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular co ...
).
Fossils of ''Annulohypoxylon'' have been found in 12 million year old rocks from central England.
Use in the cultivation of ''Tremella fuciformis''
Species in the genus ''Annulohypoxylon'', especially ''
Annulohypoxylon archeri'', are commonly used in the cultivation of ''
Tremella fuciformis
''Tremella fuciformis'' is a species of fungus; it produces white, frond-like, gelatinous basidiocarps (fruiting bodies). It is widespread, especially in the tropics, where it can be found on the dead branches of broadleaf trees. This fungus is ...
'', one of the foremost
medicinal
Medicine is the science and Praxis (process), practice of caring for patients, managing the Medical diagnosis, diagnosis, prognosis, Preventive medicine, prevention, therapy, treatment, Palliative care, palliation of their injury or disease, ...
and
culinary fungi of
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
and
Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main geography of Taiwan, island of Taiwan, also known as ''Formosa'', lies between the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocea ...
.
''Tremella fuciformis'' is a
parasitic
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives (at least some of the time) on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The ent ...
yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom (biology), kingdom. The first yeast originated hundreds of millions of years ago, and at least 1,500 species are currently recognized. They are est ...
that does not form an edible fruit body without parasitizing another fungus. The species ''Annulohypoxylon archeri'' is its preferred
host
A host is a person responsible for guests at an event or for providing hospitality during it.
Host may also refer to:
Places
* Host, Pennsylvania, a village in Berks County
* Host Island, in the Wilhelm Archipelago, Antarctica
People
* ...
, so cultivators usually pair cultures of ''Tremella fuciformis'' with this species, or others in the former genus ''Hypoxylon''
(now split into two genera – ''Hypoxylon'' and ''Annulohypoxylon'').
Species
,
Species Fungorum
''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (Binomial nomenclature, scientific names) in the fungus Kingdom (biology), kingdom. As of 2015, the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partn ...
(in the
Catalogue of Life
The Catalogue of Life (CoL) is an online database that provides an index of known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created in 2001 as a partnership between the global Species 2000 and the American Integrated Taxono ...
) accept 70 species of ''Annulohypoxylon'':
* ''
Annulohypoxylon albidiscum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon annulatum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon apiahynum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon archeri''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon areolatum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon atroroseum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon bahnphadengense''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon bawanglingense''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon bogoriense''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon bovei''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon caravellense''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon chiangmaiense''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon crowfoothodgkiniae''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon derelictum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon diaoluoshanense''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon dipterocarpi''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon discophorum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon duckei''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon elevatidiscum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon fulvum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon guangxiense''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon hemicarpum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon hians''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon kwolekiae''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon lancangensis''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon leucadendri''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon macrodiscum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon macrosporum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon maesaeense''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon maeteangense''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon massivum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon michelianum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon microbovei''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon microcarpum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon microdiscum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon moniliforme''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon moriforme''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon morisuspectum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon multiforme''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon neglectum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon nitens''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon nouraguense''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon orientale''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon palmicola''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon paratruncatum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon parvodiscum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon planodiscum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon pouceanum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon pseudonitens''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon pseudostipitatum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon purpureonitens''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon purpureopigmentum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon pyriforme''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon ramulorum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon sichuanense''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon sordidum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon splendens''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon spougei''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon squamulosum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon stygium''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon subeffusum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon subnitens''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon substygium''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon thailandicum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon thouarsianum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon truncatum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon urceolatum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon violaceopigmentum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon viridistratum''
* ''
Annulohypoxylon yungense''
Gallery
File:Carbon_Ball_Fungus.jpg, '' Annulohypoxylon thouarsianum''
File:Annulohypoxylon thouarsianum 34469.jpg, '' Annulohypoxylon thouarsianum''
File:Annulohypoxylon.cohaerens.-.lindsey.jpg, '' Annulohypoxylon cohaerens''
File:Annulohypoxylon.cohaerens2.-.lindsey.jpg, '' Annulohypoxylon cohaerens''
File:Annulohypoxylon.cohaerens3.-.lindsey.jpg, '' Annulohypoxylon cohaerens''
File:Annulohypoxylon.multiforme.-.lindsey.jpg, '' Annulohypoxylon multiforme''
File:Annulohypoxylon.multiforme2.-.lindsey.jpg, '' Annulohypoxylon multiforme''
File:Hypoxylon-multiforme.jpg, '' Annulohypoxylon multiforme''
File:Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms - t. 355.png, '' Annulohypoxylon multiforme'' by James Sowerby
James Sowerby (21 March 1757 – 25 October 1822) was an English natural history, naturalist, illustrator and mineralogist. Contributions to published works, such as ''A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland'' or ''English Botany'', include his ...
(1803)
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q4769751
Ascomycota genera
Xylariales
Taxa described in 2005