The gens Annia was a

plebeian In ancient Rome, the plebeians or plebs were the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census, or in other words "commoners". Both classes were hereditary. Etymology The precise origins of the gro ...

family at

ancient Rome In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman people, Roman civilisation from the founding of Rome, founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, collapse of the Western Roman Em ...

Livy Titus Livius (; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy ( ), was a Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled , covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditional founding i ...

mentions a Lucius Annius,

praetor ''Praetor'' ( , ), also ''pretor'', was the title granted by the government of ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected ''magistratus'' (magistrate), assigned to disch ...

of the Roman colony of Setia, in 340 BC, and other Annii are mentioned at Rome during this period. Members of this

gens In ancient Rome, a gens ( or , ; : gentes ) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same ''nomen gentilicium'' and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens, sometimes identified by a distinct cognomen, was cal ...

held various positions of authority from the time of the

Second Punic War The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of Punic Wars, three wars fought between Ancient Carthage, Carthage and Roman Republic, Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean Basin, Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. For ...

, and Titus Annius Luscus attained the

consulship The consuls were the highest elected public officials of the Roman Republic ( to 27 BC). Romans considered the consulship the second-highest level of the ''cursus honorum''an ascending sequence of public offices to which politicians aspire ...

in 153 BC. In the second century AD, the Annii gained the

Empire An empire is a political unit made up of several territories, military outpost (military), outposts, and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a hegemony, dominant center and subordinate peripheries". The center of the ...

itself;

Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Antoninus ( ; ; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 and a Stoicism, Stoic philosopher. He was a member of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty, the last of the rulers later known as the Five Good Emperors ...

was descended from this family.

Origin

The Annii claimed a descent from the goddess Anna Perenna, the sister of Dido, portrayed on the coins of Gaius Annius Luscus. The nomen ''Annius'' was classified by Chase as one of Picentine origin, while the first of the Annii appearing in history (in 340 BC) was praetor of Setia, originally a Volscian town, captured by the Romans in 382 BC. Both the Picentes and the Volsci spoke

Umbrian language Umbrian is an language death, extinct Italic languages, Italic language formerly spoken by the Umbri in the ancient Italy, Italian region of Regio VI Umbria, Umbria. Within the Italic languages it is closely related to the Oscan language, Oscan g ...

s, so it may be that Annius was a member of an old Volscian family, rather than one of the

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

colonists, on whose behalf he spoke. It seems the gens acquired the citizenship soon after, since a Roman senator named Annius is recorded a generation later.

Praenomina

The main families of the Annii at Rome used the

praenomina The praenomen (; plural: praenomina) was a first name chosen by the parents of a Ancient Rome, Roman child. It was first bestowed on the ''dies lustricus'' (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the ...

'' Titus'', '' Marcus'', '' Lucius'', and ''

Gaius Gaius, sometimes spelled Caius, was a common Latin praenomen; see Gaius (praenomen). People * Gaius (biblical figure) (1st century AD) *Gaius (jurist) (), Roman jurist * Gaius Acilius * Gaius Antonius * Gaius Antonius Hybrida * Gaius Asinius Gal ...

''. Other names occur infrequently, although in imperial times several of the Annii used ''

Appius Appius (), feminine Appia, is a Latin praenomen, or personal name, usually abbreviated Ap. or sometimes App., and best known as a result of its extensive use by the patrician '' gens Claudia''. The praenomen also gave rise to the patronymic '' ge ...

'', an otherwise uncommon praenomen chiefly associated with the Claudii.

Branches and cognomina

A number of Annii during the

Republic A republic, based on the Latin phrase ''res publica'' ('public affair' or 'people's affair'), is a State (polity), state in which Power (social and political), political power rests with the public (people), typically through their Representat ...

bore no

cognomen A ''cognomen'' (; : ''cognomina''; from ''co-'' "together with" and ''(g)nomen'' "name") was the third name of a citizen of ancient Rome, under Roman naming conventions. Initially, it was a nickname, but lost that purpose when it became hereditar ...

. The main family of the Annii was surnamed ''Luscus'', "bleary-eyed" or, "one-eyed". One member of this family bore the additional surname ''Rufus'', probably in reference to his red hair. A variety of surnames were borne by individual Annii, including ''Asellus'', a diminutive of ''asinus'', a donkey; ''Bassus'', stout; ''Cimber'', one of the Cimbri; ''Faustus'', fortunate; ''Gallus'', a

Gaul Gaul () was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Roman people, Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy. It covered an area of . Ac ...

or cockerel; and ''Pollio'', a polisher. '' Bellienus'' or ''Billienus'', sometimes described as a cognomen of the Annii, was in fact a separate gens, although

Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises tha ...

refers to a ''Gaius Annius Bellienus''; it is not certain which of the Bellieni mentioned below actually belong to the Annia gens.

Members

Annii Lusci

* Marcus Annius (Luscus), triumvir for the founding of colonies in

Cisalpine Gaul Cisalpine Gaul (, also called ''Gallia Citerior'' or ''Gallia Togata'') was the name given, especially during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, to a region of land inhabited by Celts (Gauls), corresponding to what is now most of northern Italy. Afte ...

in 218 BC, obliged by a sudden rising of the

Boii The Boii (Latin language, Latin plural, singular ''Boius''; ) were a Celts, Celtic tribe of the later Iron Age, attested at various times in Cisalpine Gaul (present-day Northern Italy), Pannonia (present-day Austria and Hungary), present-day Ba ...

to take refuge in Mutina. * Titus Annius M. f. Luscus, sent as an envoy to

Perseus In Greek mythology, Perseus (, ; Greek language, Greek: Περσεύς, Romanization of Greek, translit. Perseús) is the legendary founder of the Perseid dynasty. He was, alongside Cadmus and Bellerophon, the greatest Greek hero and slayer of ...

in 172 BC, and triumvir for augmenting the colony at Aquileia in 169. * Titus Annius T. f. M. n. Luscus, consul in 153 BC, an orator who opposed Tiberius Gracchus in 133. * Titus Annius T. f. T. n. Luscus, surnamed ''Rufus'', praetor in 131 BC, and subsequently governor of

Sicily Sicily (Italian language, Italian and ), officially the Sicilian Region (), is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy, regions of Italy. With 4. ...

. He was consul in 128 BC. * Gaius Annius T. f. T. n. Luscus, commander of the garrison at

Leptis Magna Leptis or Lepcis Magna, also known by #Names, other names in classical antiquity, antiquity, was a prominent city of the Carthaginian Empire and Roman Libya at the mouth of the Wadi Lebda in the Mediterranean. Established as a Punic people, Puni ...

under Metellus Numidicus during the

Jugurthine War The Jugurthine War (; 112–106 BC) was an armed conflict between the Roman Republic and King Jugurtha of Numidia, a kingdom on the north African coast approximating to modern Algeria. Jugurtha was the nephew and adopted son of Micipsa, ki ...

in 108 BC, and later sent by

Sulla Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (, ; 138–78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman people, Roman general and statesman of the late Roman Republic. A great commander and ruthless politician, Sulla used violence to advance his career and his co ...

against Sertorius in 81, whom he compelled to retire to Carthago Nova. * Annia T. f. T. n., the wife of Gaius Papius Celsus and mother of Titus Annius Milo. * Titus Annius T. f. Milo, the son of Celsus and Annia, was adopted by his grandfather, Titus Annius Luscus, whose name he assumed. He was

tribune of the plebs Tribune of the plebs, tribune of the people or plebeian tribune () was the first office of the Roman Republic, Roman state that was open to the plebs, plebeians, and was, throughout the history of the Republic, the most important check on the pow ...

in 57 BC, and became a staunch opponent of Publius Clodius Pulcher, for whose murder he was unsuccessfully defended by Cicero in 52.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, pp. 1085, 1086 (" Titus Annius Papianus Milo").

Annii Bellieni

* Lucius Annius C. f. Bellienus, praetor in 105 BC, served under Gaius Marius in the war against Jugurtha and Bocchus. * Gaius Annius Bellienus, legate of Marcus Fonteius in

Gallia Narbonensis Gallia Narbonensis (Latin for "Gaul of Narbonne", from its chief settlement) was a Roman province located in Occitania and Provence, in Southern France. It was also known as Provincia Nostra ("Our Province"), because it was the first ...

, ''circa'' 74 BC. * Lucius Annius Bellienus, uncle of Catiline, ordered by Sulla to kill Quintus Lucretius Afella, and condemned in 64 BC. * Lucius Annius Bellienus, whose house was burnt down after the murder of Caesar in 44 BC.

Annii Polliones

* Gaius Annius (Pollio), father of the Pollio attested from the columbarium of his freedmen. Maybe the Annius who was '' triumvir monetalis'' in 9 BC. * Gaius Annius C. f. Pollio, a senator known from the

columbarium A columbarium (; pl. columbaria), also called a cinerarium, is a structure for the reverential and usually public storage of funerary urns holding cremated remains of the dead. The term comes from the Latin ''columba'' (dove) and originally solel ...

of his freedmen. Believed to be the father of Gaius Annius Pollio, consul in 21 or 22. Maybe the Annius who was ''triumvir monetalis'' in 9 BC.Sutherland, ''Roman Imperial Coinage'', vol. I, p. 74. * Gaius Annius C. f. C. n. Pollio, consul ''suffectus'' in either AD 21 or 22. Accused of ''majestas'' during the reign of

Tiberius Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus ( ; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was Roman emperor from AD 14 until 37. He succeeded his stepfather Augustus, the first Roman emperor. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC to Roman politician Tiberius Cl ...

. * Gaius Annius C. f. C. n. Pollio, son of the consul of 21 or 22, himself consul ''suffectus'' circa AD 66. An intimate friend of

Nero Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68) was a Roman emperor and the final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 until his ...

, banished after being accused of participating in the conspiracy of Gaius Calpurnius Piso. * Annia C. f. C. n., daughter of the consul of 21 or 22 AD, wife of an Atratinus, possibly either a Sempronius Atratinus or Marcus Asinius Atratinus the consul of 89 * Lucius Annius C. f. C. n. Vinicianus, younger son of the consul of 21 or 22, and one of the men involved in the assassination of

Caligula Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (31 August 12 – 24 January 41), also called Gaius and Caligula (), was Roman emperor from AD 37 until his assassination in 41. He was the son of the Roman general Germanicus and Augustus' granddaughter Ag ...

. * (Lucius) Annius L. f. C. n. Vinicianus, son of the conspirator against Caligula, was involved in a plot against Nero. He took his own life rather than defend himself. * (Gaius) Annius L. f. C. n. Pollio, son of the elder Vinicianus and husband of Marcia Servilia.

Annii Galli

* Appius Annius Gallus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 67 and Roman general under the emperors

Otho Otho ( ; born Marcus Salvius Otho; 28 April 32 – 16 April 69) was Roman emperor, ruling for three months from 15 January to 16 April 69. He was the second emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors. A member of a noble Etruscan civilization, ...

and

Vespasian Vespasian (; ; 17 November AD 9 – 23 June 79) was Roman emperor from 69 to 79. The last emperor to reign in the Year of the Four Emperors, he founded the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Empire for 27 years. His fiscal reforms and consolida ...

. * Appius Annius (Ap. f.) Trebonius Gallus, perhaps the son of Appius Annius Gallus, the consul of AD 67; consul in 108.Birley, ''The Roman government of Britain'' p. 112 * Appius Annius Ap. f. (Ap. n.) Trebonius Gallus, consul in AD 139.Pomeroy, ''The murder of Regilla''.Birley, ''The Roman government of Britain'' p. 114. father of: * Appius Annius Ap. f. Ap. n. Atilius Bradua, consul in AD 160. * Appia Annia Ap. f. Ap. n. Regilla Atilia Caucidia Tertulla, better known as Aspasia Annia Regilla, daughter of the consul of AD 139, married Herodes Atticus.

Annii Veri

* Marcus Annius Verus, great-grandfather of the emperor

, was a senator from a family that had risen to prominence through olive oil production at Ucubi in

Hispania Hispania was the Ancient Rome, Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula. Under the Roman Republic, Hispania was divided into two Roman province, provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. During the Principate, Hispania Ulterior was divide ...

. * Marcus Annius M. f. Verus, the grandfather of Marcus Aurelius, obtained the consulship in an uncertain year under

Domitian Domitian ( ; ; 24 October 51 – 18 September 96) was Roman emperor from 81 to 96. The son of Vespasian and the younger brother of Titus, his two predecessors on the throne, he was the last member of the Flavian dynasty. Described as "a r ...

, and twice under

Hadrian Hadrian ( ; ; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. Hadrian was born in Italica, close to modern Seville in Spain, an Italic peoples, Italic settlement in Hispania Baetica; his branch of the Aelia gens, Aelia '' ...

, in AD 121 and 126. He married Rupilia Faustina. * Annia M. f. M. n. Galeria Faustina, better known as Faustina Major or Faustina the Elder, was the wife of

Antoninus Pius Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius (; ; 19 September 86 – 7 March 161) was Roman emperor from AD 138 to 161. He was the fourth of the Five Good Emperors from the Nerva–Antonine dynasty. Born into a senatorial family, Antoninus held var ...

, and Roman empress from AD 138 to 140; Marcus Aurelius was her nephew. * Marcus Annius M. f. M. n. Libo, the uncle of Marcus Aurelius, was consul in AD 128 and 161. * Marcus Annius M. f. M. n. Verus, the father of Marcus Aurelius, attained the praetorship, but died ''circa'' AD 124, leaving his children to be raised by their paternal grandfather. * Marcus Annius M. f. M. n. Sabinus Libo, son of Marcus Annius Libo, the consul of AD 128 and 161. * Annia M. f. M. n. Fundania Faustina, daughter of Marcus Annius Libo, the consul of AD 128 and 161, married Titus Pomponius Proculus Vitrasius Pollio. She was later murdered on the orders of her cousin, the emperor

Commodus Commodus (; ; 31 August 161 – 31 December 192) was Roman emperor from 177 to 192, first serving as nominal co-emperor under his father Marcus Aurelius and then ruling alone from 180. Commodus's sole reign is commonly thought to mark the end o ...

. * Marcus Annius M. f. M. n. Verus, afterwards Marcus Aurelius, emperor from AD 161 to 180. * Annia M. f. M. n. Cornificia Faustina, the sister of Marcus Aurelius. * Marcus Annius Flavius M. f. M. n. M. pron. Libo, consul in 204 AD, he was probably the son of Marcus Annius Sabinus Libo. * Marcus Annius Verus Caesar, the twelfth son of Marcus Aurelius. * Annia Faustina, the granddaughter of Annia Cornificia Faustina. * Annia Aurelia Faustina, the daughter of Annia Faustina, married the emperor

Elagabalus Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Sextus Varius Avitus Bassianus, 204 – 13 March 222), better known by his posthumous nicknames Elagabalus ( ) and Heliogabalus ( ), was Roman emperor from 218 to 222, while he was still a teenager. His short r ...

Others

* Lucius Annius, a native of Setia, was

of the Latin League in 340 BC. He demanded that the Latins be treated as half the Roman state, and that one of the consuls and half the senate be chosen from among them. On receiving the indignant reply from the senators and the consul Titus Manlius, he is said to have harangued Capitoline Jupiter. He then fell and struck his head while leaving the senate house, though sources differ as to whether he died. * Lucius Annius, a senator in 307 BC, who was expelled from the senate by the censors after repudiating his wife without previously consulting the ''consilium domesticum''. * Annius, a

freedman A freedman or freedwoman is a person who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means. Historically, slaves were freed by manumission (granted freedom by their owners), emancipation (granted freedom as part of a larger group), or self- ...

, and reportedly the father of Gnaeus Flavius, curule aedile in 304 BC. * Gaius Annius C. f., a quaestor or praetor during the third century BC. * Annius, a

Campania Campania is an administrative Regions of Italy, region of Italy located in Southern Italy; most of it is in the south-western portion of the Italian Peninsula (with the Tyrrhenian Sea to its west), but it also includes the small Phlegraean Islan ...

n ambassador to Rome in 216 BC, demanded that one of the consuls should henceforth be a Campanian. * Gaius Annius C. f., a senator in 135 BC.''SIG'', 688. * Lucius Annius L. f., a senator in 135 BC. * Gaius Annius C. f., a senator in 129 BC, should probably be distinguished from the Gaius Annius of 135, who was a member of the '' tribus'' Camilia, while the senator of 129 was from Arniensis. * Marcus Annius P. f., quaestor in Macedonia circa 119 BC, won a victory over the Celts who had killed the

propraetor In ancient Rome, a promagistrate () was a person who was granted the power via '' prorogation'' to act in place of an ordinary magistrate in the field. This was normally ''pro consule'' or ''pro praetore'', that is, in place of a consul or praet ...

Sextus Pompeius. * Lucius Annius, tribune of the plebs in 110 BC, possibly the son of Lucius Annius, senator in 135, wished to continue in office the next year, but was resisted by his colleagues. * Publius Annius, a

military tribune A military tribune () was an officer of the Roman army who ranked below the legate and above the centurion. Young men of Equestrian rank often served as military tribunes as a stepping stone to the Senate. The should not be confused with the ...

in 87 BC, murdered Marcus Antonius, the orator, and brought his head to Marius. * Annia, the wife of Lucius Cornelius Cinna, who died in 84 BC, and afterwards of

Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus was a Roman senator. Originally a member of the Calpurnia gens, gens Calpurnia, which claimed descent from Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, a Calpurnius Piso Frugi, he was adopted by Marcus Pupius, when ...

, whom

compelled to divorce her, because of her former marriage to Cinna. * Publius Annius Asellus, a

senator A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or Legislative chamber, chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the Ancient Rome, ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior ...

who died in 75 BC, leaving his only daughter as his heiress. His property was seized by the praetor

Verres Gaius Verres ( 114 – 43 BC) was a Roman magistrate, notorious for his misgovernment of Sicily. His extortion of local farmers and plundering of temples led to his prosecution by Cicero, whose accusations were so devastating that his defence advo ...

. He was quaestor in Sicily soon before.Broughton, vol. II, p. 478. * Quintus Annius Chilo, a senator, and one of Catiline's conspirators in 63 BC. * Lucius Annius, a quaestor in Sicily before 50 BC. * Sextus Annius, a quaestor in Sicily before 50 BC. * Quintus Annius, an officer of Sextus Pompey in Sicily between 43 and 36 BC. * Gaius Annius Cimber, a supporter of Marcus Antonius in 43 BC. * Annius Rufus, governor of Judea from AD 12 to 15. * Annius Faustus, a man of equestrian rank, and one of the informers (''delatores'') in the reign of

, was condemned by the Senate in AD 69, on the accusation of Vibius Crispus. * Marcus Annius Afrinus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 66. * Annius Bassus, commander of a legion under Marcus Antonius Primus in AD 70. * Publius Annius Florus, a poet and rhetorician from the time of

, wrote a dialogue titled ''Vergilius orator an poeta''. He is possibly identical with the historian Annaeus Florus.''RE'' vol. 1.2, cols. 2266–2268 ( Annius 47) * Lucius Annius Arrianus, consul in AD 243.

References

Bibliography

* Marcus Tullius Cicero, '' In Verrem'', ''

Philippicae The ''Philippics'' () are a series of 14 speeches composed by Cicero in 44 and 43 BC, condemning Mark Antony. Cicero likened these speeches to those of Demosthenes against Philip II of Macedon; both Demosthenes' and Cicero's speeches became ...

'', ''Pro Fonteio''. * Gaius Sallustius Crispus ( Sallust), ''Bellum Jugurthinum'' (The Jugurthine War), ''Bellum Catilinae'' (The Conspiracy of Catiline). * Titus Livius (

), '' History of Rome''. * Marcus Velleius Paterculus, ''Compendium of Roman History''. *

Valerius Maximus Valerius Maximus () was a 1st-century Latin writer and author of a collection of historical anecdotes: ' ("Nine books of memorable deeds and sayings", also known as ''De factis dictisque memorabilibus'' or ''Facta et dicta memorabilia''). He worke ...

, ''Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium'' (Memorable Facts and Sayings). * Quintus Asconius Pedianus, ''Commentarius in Oratio Ciceronis In Toga Candida'' (Commentary on Cicero's Oration ''In Toga Candida''). *

Publius Cornelius Tacitus Publius Cornelius Tacitus, known simply as Tacitus ( , ; – ), was a Roman historian and politician. Tacitus is widely regarded as one of the greatest Roman historiography, Roman historians by modern scholars. Tacitus’ two major historical ...

, ''

Annales Annals are a concise form of historical writing which record events chronologically, year by year. The equivalent word in Latin and French is ''annales'', which is used untranslated in English in various contexts. List of works with titles contai ...

'', '' Historiae''. * Plutarchus, '' Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans''. *

Aulus Gellius Aulus Gellius (c. 125after 180 AD) was a Roman author and grammarian, who was probably born and certainly brought up in Rome. He was educated in Athens, after which he returned to Rome. He is famous for his ''Attic Nights'', a commonplace book, ...

, ''Noctes Atticae'' (Attic Nights). * ''

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology The ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'' is a biographical dictionary of classical antiquity, edited by William Smith (lexicographer), William Smith and originally published in London by John Taylor (English publisher), Tayl ...

'', William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). *

Theodor Mommsen Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (; ; 30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician and archaeologist. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest classicists of the 19th ce ...

''et alii'', ''

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum The ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'' (''CIL'') is a comprehensive collection of ancient Latin inscriptions. It forms an authoritative source for documenting the surviving epigraphy of classical antiquity. Public and personal inscriptions throw ...

'' (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated ''CIL''), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present). * Wilhelm Dittenberger, ''Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum'' (Collection of Greek Inscriptions, abbreviated ''SIG''), Leipzig (1883). * Ernest Babelon, ''Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la République romaine'', Rollin et Feuardent, Paris (1885). * George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', vol. VIII, pp. 103–184 (1897). * Harold Mattingly, Edward Allen Sydenham, C. H. V. Sutherland ''et alii'', '' The Roman Imperial Coinage'', London (1923–1984). * T. Robert S. Broughton, ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', American Philological Association (1952–1986). *

Ronald Syme Sir Ronald Syme, (11 March 1903 – 4 September 1989) was a New Zealand-born historian and classicist. He was regarded as the greatest historian of ancient Rome since Theodor Mommsen and the most brilliant exponent of the history of the Roma ...

,
Missing Senators
, '' Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte'', Bd. 4, H. 1 (1955), pp. 52–71. * Robert K. Sherk,
The Text of the ''Senatus Consultum De Agro Pergameno''
, in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'', vol. 7, pp. 361–369 (1966). * Michael Crawford, ''Roman Republican Coinage'', Cambridge University Press (1974, 2001). * John C. Traupman, ''The New College Latin & English Dictionary'', Bantam Books, New York (1995). * Anthony R. Birley, ''The Roman Government of Britain'', Oxford University Press (2005). * Sarah B. Pomeroy, ''The Murder of Regilla: a Case of Domestic Violence in Antiquity'', Harvard University Press (2007). {{Refend Roman gentes