Anne Zelensky
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Anne Zelensky (born 24 October 1935) is a French feminist activist and author. She is known for being a prominent figure in the Mouvement de libération des femmes (women’s liberation movement), which took place in 1970 that advocated to consolidate fundamental rights for women in
France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
. As the daughter of a French colonial official in
Côte d'Ivoire Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire and officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa. Its capital city of Yamoussoukro is located in the centre of the country, while its largest city and ...
, she was exposed at a young age to the existing colonial racism and sexist oppression within the social system. As an adult, Anne Zelensky became a French
feminist Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideology, ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social gender equality, equality of the sexes. Feminism holds the position that modern soci ...
activist who took part in the revival of
French feminism Feminism in France is the history of Feminism, feminist thought and movements in France. Feminism in France can be roughly divided into three waves: First-wave feminism from the French Revolution through the French Third Republic, Third Republic ...
in 1966. She, amongst other things, alongside Jacqueline Feldman, founded the FMA (''Féminin Masculin Avenir'', Feminine Masculine Future) a mixed-gender activist group that focused on female equality after playing a major role in the Mouvement de libération des femmes (MLF) in 1970. She was a significant player in the feminist movement during the
May 68 May 68 () was a period of widespread protests, strikes, and civil unrest in France that began in May 1968 and became one of the most significant social uprisings in modern European history. Initially sparked by student demonstrations agains ...
civil unrest protests and throughout the 1970s. Zelensky worked closely with author and sociologist Jacqueline Feldman, with whom she co-founded the FMA, along with
existentialist Existentialism is a family of philosophical views and inquiry that explore the human individual's struggle to lead an authentic life despite the apparent absurdity or incomprehensibility of existence. In examining meaning, purpose, and value ...
philosopher
Simone de Beauvoir Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (, ; ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French existentialist philosopher, writer, social theorist, and feminist activist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, nor was she ...
, the author of ''
The Second Sex ''The Second Sex'' () is a 1949 book by the French existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir, in which the author discusses the treatment of women in the present society as well as throughout all of history. Beauvoir researched and wrote th ...
.'' Zelensky is one of the women behind the
Manifesto of the 343 The Manifesto of the 343 Women () is a French petition penned by Simone de Beauvoir, and signed by 343 women, all publicly declaring that they had had an illegal abortion. The manifesto was published under the title, "" (), on 5 April 1971, in iss ...
in 1971, a call for the decriminalization and legalization of voluntary interruption of pregnancy (IVG), which included medical procedures such as abortion. In particular, she defended the position that women must gain access to political responsibilities, which was an unpopular opinion at the time in the feminist movement.


Feminist activism in France

The FMA feminist association created a sub-organisation called SOS Femmes Alternative, which opened the first shelter for battered women in France in 1978. Zelensky was president of this organisation from 1980 for several years. She participated in the creation of the association "Hommes et Violences en privé," which opened the first reception and help centre for violent men in France in 1990. In 1984, she launched an anti-sexist
advertisement Advertising is the practice and techniques employed to bring attention to a Product (business), product or Service (economics), service. Advertising aims to present a product or service in terms of utility, advantages, and qualities of int ...
"Not touched in the image of the man," which appeared in several media outlets and received international support. She organized the first symposium on "Sexual harassment at work" in 1985. With widespread media attention, the symposium saw the last public appearance of
Simone de Beauvoir Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (, ; ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French existentialist philosopher, writer, social theorist, and feminist activist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, nor was she ...
, a place to support the action. As part of her activism, she also participated in the creation of the League of International Women's Rights in 1974 with Annie Sugier, Vicky Colombet and Annie Cohen. The League, led by
Simone de Beauvoir Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (, ; ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French existentialist philosopher, writer, social theorist, and feminist activist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, nor was she ...
, directed its efforts to specific forms of sexism and proposed an anti-sexist bill in 1974, which was adopted by the government in 1983 but was never voted on. Zelensky was the first woman to host a café-philosophique in 1996 and organized debates with female philosophers. "Café-Philos" were a popular activity for local French residents interested in philosophical discussions. This was founded by the French philosopher Marc Sautet in Paris, France, 13 December 1992.


Career in ''Féminin Masculin Avenir'' (FMA)

France along with other western nations saw a trend in the rise of feminism in the 1960s and 1970s. France experienced this force of feminism most dramatically in 1975 with the decriminalization of abortion laws. However, due to the heterogeneity that existed in the understanding of feminism, French feminism was volatile to contradictions and conflicts between different feminist views. In the early 1970s, the ''Mouvement de Libération des Femmes'' (MLF) or the Women's Liberation Movement was created with the main objective of mobilizing women's autonomy and lifting them out of organizational structures where they were systemically put in a place of subordination. These kinds of placements were conducted towards women who had no choice of their own. One of the most contested topics within this movement, along with other like-minded organisations, was whether or not men had a part to play in feminism or whether it should be exclusive to women. Zelensky participated in this gender centric debate by explicitly showing her support for non-separatism within the feminist movement. She focused on holding spaces for all feminist activists instead of trying to solve the defining technicality of who can or can't be a feminist. In 1967 Zelensky founded a mixed-gender feminist organisation named ''Féminin Masculin Avenir'' (FMA) that preceded the MLF and included some of her close male friends, Roger Ribes and Charles Cassuto. However, Zelensky's attempt to involve men in the movement of feminism received immense backlash from separatist feminists as well as male-violence and
misandry Misandry () is the hatred of or prejudice against men or boys. Earliest recorded use: 1885. "No man whom she cared for had ever proposed to marry her. She could not account for it, and it was a growing source of bitterness, of misogyny as wel ...
activists. It was a common response received by other non-separatist feminists such as Marie-Victoire Louis. Due to these circumstances, between 1969 and 1970 the FMA became a women-only organisation. Disagreements regarding the role in feminism were not only felt in France but other European countries such as
Belgium Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. Situated in a coastal lowland region known as the Low Countries, it is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeas ...
. When men did contribute to the cause, they were mostly university-educated individuals, some directly involved in organizing feminist
demonstrations Demonstration may refer to: * Demonstration (acting), part of the Brechtian approach to acting * Demonstration (military), an attack or show of force on a front where a decision is not sought * Protest, a public act of objection, disapproval or d ...
and some were more in the periphery of women-led organisations. The FMA as an organisation differed from groups preceding it by taking a more intersectional approach. Instead of focusing on the existence of a hierarchy of oppression amongst race, social class and
colonialism Colonialism is the control of another territory, natural resources and people by a foreign group. Colonizers control the political and tribal power of the colonised territory. While frequently an Imperialism, imperialist project, colonialism c ...
, the FMA prioritized the struggles of women as a whole. However, the consequence of this in relation to the FMA's role in inspiring the MLF was the absence of leadership roles of
working-class The working class is a subset of employees who are compensated with wage or salary-based contracts, whose exact membership varies from definition to definition. Members of the working class rely primarily upon earnings from wage labour. Most c ...
and
marginalized Social exclusion or social marginalisation is the social disadvantage and relegation to the fringe of society. It is a term that has been used widely in Europe and was first used in France in the late 20th century. In the EU context, the Euro ...
women in the MLF. Zelensky believed, based on a life of observations, that the stark difference between her experience in society as a white woman compared with that of her black peers meant the two issues, race and
gender Gender is the range of social, psychological, cultural, and behavioral aspects of being a man (or boy), woman (or girl), or third gender. Although gender often corresponds to sex, a transgender person may identify with a gender other tha ...
, were mutually exclusive battles and must be fought separately. These separations and fractures in activism that succeeded feminism in the late 18th century and that proceeded the 2000s has been identified by historians as a distinguishing trait of second-wave French feminism, a wave which Zelensky was a major influence.


Later career and criticism

Between 2007 and 2014, Zelensky was the editor of the ''
Riposte Laïque The counter-jihad movement in France consists of various organisations and individuals such as Riposte Laïque and Republican Resistance, led by Pierre Cassen and Christine Tasin respectively, Observatory on Islamisation, and other groups such as ...
'', a highly controversial, far-right
anti-Muslim Islamophobia is the irrational fear of, hostility towards, or hatred against the religion of Islam or Muslims in general. Islamophobia is primarily a form of religious or cultural bigotry; and people who harbour such sentiments often stereot ...
website that presented itself as part of the
secular Secularity, also the secular or secularness (from Latin , or or ), is the state of being unrelated or neutral in regards to religion. The origins of secularity can be traced to the Bible itself. The concept was fleshed out through Christian hi ...
and
counter-jihad Counter-jihad (also known as the counter-jihad movement) is a self-titled Islamophobia, anti-Muslim political movement loosely consisting of authors, bloggers, think tanks, demonstrators, and other activists across the Western world. Proponents are ...
movements under the name of ''laïcité''. Zelensky has been criticized for her vocal stance on the alleged "
Islamisation The spread of Islam spans almost 1,400 years. The early Muslim conquests that occurred following the death of Muhammad in 632 CE led to the creation of the caliphates, expanding over a vast geographical area; conversion to Islam was boosted ...
of France" and on Muslim women who wear the
hijab Hijab (, ) refers to head coverings worn by Women in Islam, Muslim women. Similar to the mitpaḥat/tichel or Snood (headgear), snood worn by religious married Jewish women, certain Christian head covering, headcoverings worn by some Christian w ...
. She, along with other prominent feminists in France said that the "Islamic practice sunitary and oppressive to women." Zelensky would eventually become a leading figure against Muslim women's rights to wear a hijab. For example, Zelensky believed that the hijab was a symbol of female oppression, writing in ''
Le Monde (; ) is a mass media in France, French daily afternoon list of newspapers in France, newspaper. It is the main publication of Le Monde Group and reported an average print circulation, circulation of 480,000 copies per issue in 2022, including ...
'' that it "symbolises women’s place in Islam as it is understood by Islamism. This place is in the shadows, relegated, in submission to men. The fact that women claim it as their decision does nothing to change its meaning . . . There is no surer oppression than self-oppression". (Le Monde, 30 May 2003). In 2005, she published her autobiography where she looks back on her feminist journey and testifies to the evolution of the feminist movement since 1968.


Awards and recognition

Zelensky was awarded the
Legion of Honour The National Order of the Legion of Honour ( ), formerly the Imperial Order of the Legion of Honour (), is the highest and most prestigious French national order of merit, both military and Civil society, civil. Currently consisting of five cl ...
in 1998.


Publications

* Anne Zelensky-Tristan, ''Mémoires d’une féministe'' (Memoirs of a Feminist), Paris,
Calmann-Lévy Calmann-Lévy is a French publishing house founded in 1836 by Michel Lévy as Michel Lévy frères. His brother Kalmus Calmann Lévy joined in 1844. After Michel's death in 1875, the firm was renamed ''Calmann Lévy''.Calmann-Lévy Calmann-Lévy is a French publishing house founded in 1836 by Michel Lévy as Michel Lévy frères. His brother Kalmus Calmann Lévy joined in 1844. After Michel's death in 1875, the firm was renamed ''Calmann Lévy''.Annie Sugier (a.k.a. Annie de Pisan),
Calmann-Lévy Calmann-Lévy is a French publishing house founded in 1836 by Michel Lévy as Michel Lévy frères. His brother Kalmus Calmann Lévy joined in 1844. After Michel's death in 1875, the firm was renamed ''Calmann Lévy''.Simone de Beauvoir Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (, ; ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French existentialist philosopher, writer, social theorist, and feminist activist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, nor was she ...
). * ''Ah elle ira, elle ira…à l'Assemblée Nationale'' (Ah, she will go to the National Assembly), children's drawings on gender parity, Indigo editions and Côté-Femmes 1995 collective. * ''Chroniques des petits abus de pouvoirs'' (Chronicles of Small Abuses of Power), with Régine Dhoquois,
L’Harmattan Éditions L'Harmattan, usually known simply as L'Harmattan (), is one of the largest French book publishers. It specialises in non-fiction books with a particular focus on Sub-Saharan Africa. It is named after the Harmattan, a trade wind in ...
(ed.), 2010. * ''Harcèlement sexuel: scandale et réalités'' (Sexual Harassment: Scandal and Reality), with Mireille Gaussot, Editions du Rocher (ed.), 1985 * ''Maternité esclave'' (Enslaved Motherhood) ollection ed. no. 10–18, 1975 * ''Partisans année zéro'' (Supporters Year Zero) ollection Editions Maspero (ed.), 1970


References


Further reading

* * * * * *


Bibliography

* Allwood, Gill. French Feminisms: ''Gender and Violence in Contemporary Theory''. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 1998. Accessed 1 March 2022. ProQuest Ebook Central. * Allwood, Gill, and Khursheed Wadia. “French Feminism: National and International Perspectives.” ''Modern & Contemporary France'' 10, no. 2 (2002): 211–23. * De Wolf, Philippe. “Male Feminism: Men's Participation in Women's Emancipation Movements and Debates. Case Studies from Belgium and France (1967–1984).” ''European Review of'' ''History: Revue européenne d'histoire'' 22, no. 1 (2014): 77–100. * "Fonds Anne Zelensky, 1967–1995". ''ccfr.bnf.fr'' (in French). Retrieved 2022-03-17 * Greenwald, Lisa. “Who Own Women’s Liberation?: The Campaigns for French Women.” In Daughters of 1968: ''Redefining French Feminism and the Women’s Liberation Movement,'' 217–48. University of Nebraska Press, 2018. * Korteweg, Anna C, and Gökçe Yurdakul. “Liberal Feminism and Postcolonial Difference: Debating Headscarves in France, the Netherlands, and Germany.” ''Social Compass'' 68, no. 3 (September 2021): 410–29. * Leffingwell, Hannah. “‘Our Point of Departure Is Feminist’: Féminin Masculin Avenir and the Intersectional Origins of Women's Liberation in France, 1967–1970.” ''Gender & History'' 34, no. 1 (16 April 2021): 263–81. * Picq, Françoise. “MLF : 1970, Année Zéro.” ''Libération''. 7 October 2008. * Vaillant, Frantz. “Femmes De Mai 68: Anne Zelensky, La Combattante Visionnaire (6/10).” TV5MONDE, 24 December 2021. * Zancarini-Fournel, Michelle. “Anne Zelensky-Tristan Mémoires d’Une Féministe. Paris, Calmann-Lévy, 2005, 405 p.” ''Recherches féministes'' 19, no. 1 (2006): 214–17. {{DEFAULTSORT:Zelensky, Anne 1935 births Living people Recipients of the Legion of Honour People from Casablanca Counter-jihad activists French critics of Islam French feminist writers 21st-century French women writers 20th-century French women writers Signatories of the 1971 Manifesto of the 343