Anna Julia Cooper
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Anna Julia Cooper ( Haywood; August 10, 1858February 27, 1964) was an American author, educator, sociologist, speaker, Black liberation activist, Black feminist leader, and one of the most prominent
African-American African Americans, also known as Black Americans and formerly also called Afro-Americans, are an American racial and ethnic group that consists of Americans who have total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. ...
scholars in United States history. Although born enslaved, Cooper pursued higher education at
Oberlin College Oberlin College is a Private university, private Liberal arts colleges in the United States, liberal arts college and conservatory of music in Oberlin, Ohio, United States. Founded in 1833, it is the oldest Mixed-sex education, coeducational lib ...
in Ohio, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1884 and a master's degree in mathematics in 1887. At the age of sixty-six, she completed her PhD at the Sorbonne University in Paris, making her the fourth African American woman to earn a PhD. She was also a prominent member of Washington, D.C.'s African-American community, and a member of
Alpha Kappa Alpha Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. () is an List of African American fraternities, historically African-American Fraternities and sororities, sorority. The sorority was founded in 1908 at Howard University in Washington, D.C.. Alpha Kappa Alpha ...
sorority. Cooper made contributions to social science fields, particularly in sociology. Her first book, '' A Voice from the South: By a Black Woman of the South'', is widely acknowledged as one of the first articulations of
Black feminism Black feminism is a branch of feminism that focuses on the African-American woman's experiences and recognizes the intersectionality of racism and sexism.  Black feminism philosophy centers on the idea that "Black women are inherently va ...
, giving Cooper the often-used title of "the Mother of Black Feminism".


Biography


Childhood

Anna "Annie" Julia Haywood was born enslaved in
Raleigh, North Carolina Raleigh ( ) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital city of the U.S. state of North Carolina. It is the List of municipalities in North Carolina, second-most populous city in the state (after Charlotte, North Carolina, Charlotte) ...
, in 1858. She and her mother, Hannah Stanley Haywood, were enslaved by George Washington Haywood, one of the sons of North Carolina's longest-serving state Treasurer John Haywood, who helped found the
University of North Carolina The University of North Carolina is the Public university, public university system for the state of North Carolina. Overseeing the state's 16 public universities and the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, it is commonly referre ...
. Either George, who enslaved her mother, or his brother, Dr. Fabius Haywood, who enslaved her older brothers, Rufus and Andrew, was probably Anna's father; Anna's mother refused to clarify paternity. George became state attorney for
Wake County Wake County, officially the County of Wake, is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, its population was 1,129,410, making it North Carolina's most populous county. From July 2005 to July 2006, Wake Count ...
, North Carolina, and together with a brother owned a plantation in
Greene County, Alabama Greene County is a county located in the west central portion of the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census, the population was 7,730, the least populous county in Alabama. Its county seat is Eutaw. It was named in honor of Revolutiona ...
. Cooper worked as a domestic servant in the Haywood home and she had two older brothers, Andrew J. Haywood and Rufus Haywood. Andrew, enslaved by Fabius J. Haywood, later served in the
Spanish–American War The Spanish–American War (April 21 – August 13, 1898) was fought between Restoration (Spain), Spain and the United States in 1898. It began with the sinking of the USS Maine (1889), USS ''Maine'' in Havana Harbor in Cuba, and resulted in the ...
. Rufus was also born enslaved and became the leader of the musical group ''Stanley's Band''.


Education

In 1868, when Cooper was nine years old, she received a scholarship and began her education at the newly opened Saint Augustine's Normal School and Collegiate Institute in Raleigh, founded by the local Episcopal diocese to train teachers to educate the formerly enslaved and their families. The Reverend J. Brinton offered Cooper a scholarship to help pay for her expenses. According to Mark S. Giles, a Cooper biographer, "the educational levels offered at St. Augustine ranged from primary to high school, including trade-skill training." During her 14 years at St. Augustine's, she distinguished herself as a bright and ambitious student who showed equal promise in both liberal arts and analytical disciplines such as mathematics and science; her subjects included languages (Latin, French, Greek), English literature, math, and science. Although the school had a special track reserved for women – dubbed the "Ladies' Course" – and the administration actively discouraged women from pursuing higher-level courses, Cooper fought for her right to take a course reserved for men by demonstrating her academic ability. During this period, St. Augustine's pedagogical emphasis was on training young men for the ministry and preparing them for additional training at four-year universities. One of these men, George A. C. Cooper, would later become her husband. He died after only two years of marriage. Cooper's academic excellence enabled her to work as a tutor for younger children, which also helped her pay for her educational expenses. After completing her studies, she remained at the institution as an instructor. In the 1883–1884 school year, she taught classics, modern history, higher English, and vocal and instrumental music; she is not listed as faculty in the 1884–1885 year, but in the 1885–1886 year she is listed as "Instructor in Classic, Rhetoric, Etc." Her husband's early death may have contributed to her ability to continue teaching; if she had stayed married, she might have been encouraged or required to withdraw from the university to become a housewife. After her husband's death, Cooper entered
Oberlin College Oberlin College is a Private university, private Liberal arts colleges in the United States, liberal arts college and conservatory of music in Oberlin, Ohio, United States. Founded in 1833, it is the oldest Mixed-sex education, coeducational lib ...
in Ohio, where she continued to follow the study designated for men, graduating in 1884. Given her academic qualifications, she was admitted as a sophomore. She often attempted to take four classes, rather than three as was prescribed by the college; she also was attracted to Oberlin by its reputation for music, but was unable to take as many classes in piano as she would have wished. Among her classmates were fellow black women Ida Gibbs (later Hunt) and
Mary Church Terrell Mary Terrell (born Mary Church; September 23, 1863 – July 24, 1954) was an American civil rights activist, journalist, teacher and one of the first African-American women to earn a college degree. She taught in the Latin Department at the M St ...
. At Oberlin, Cooper was part of the "LLS", "one of the two literary societies for women, whose regular programs featured lectures by distinguished speakers as well as singers and orchestras". After teaching briefly at
Wilberforce University Wilberforce University (WU) is a private university in Wilberforce, Ohio. It is one of three historically black universities established before the American Civil War. Founded in 1856 by the Methodist Episcopal Church (MEC), it is named after ...
, she returned to St. Augustine's in 1885. She then returned to Oberlin and earned an M.A. in mathematics in 1888, making her one of the first two black women – along with Mary Church Terrell, who received her M.A. in the same year - to earn a master's degree. In 1890–91 she published an essay on "Higher Education of Women", which argued for the benefits of black women being trained in classical literature, referring to both
Socrates Socrates (; ; – 399 BC) was a Ancient Greek philosophy, Greek philosopher from Classical Athens, Athens who is credited as the founder of Western philosophy and as among the first moral philosophers of the Ethics, ethical tradition ...
and
Sappho Sappho (; ''Sapphṓ'' ; Aeolic Greek ''Psápphō''; ) was an Ancient Greek poet from Eresos or Mytilene on the island of Lesbos. Sappho is known for her lyric poetry, written to be sung while accompanied by music. In ancient times, Sapph ...
among her examples, and demonstrated an interest in access to education which would inform much of her later career. In writing this essay, she preceded
W. E. B. Du Bois William Edward Burghardt Du Bois ( ; February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an American sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in a relativel ...
' similar arguments in "Of the Training of Black Men" (''
The Souls of Black Folk ''The Souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches'' is a 1903 work of American literature by W. E. B. Du Bois. It is a seminal work in the history of sociology and a cornerstone of African-American literature. The book contains several essays on ...
'', 1903) by almost a decade. In 1900, she made her first trip to Europe to participate in the
First Pan-African Conference The First Pan-African Conference was held in London, England, from 23 to 25 July 1900 (just prior to the Paris Exhibition of 1900 "in order to allow tourists of African descent to attend both events").Ramla Bandele"Pan-African Conference in 190 ...
in London. After visiting the cathedral towns of Scotland and England, she went to Paris for the
World Exposition A world's fair, also known as a universal exhibition, is a large global exhibition designed to showcase the achievements of nations. These exhibitions vary in character and are held in different parts of the world at a specific site for a perio ...
. "After a week at the Exposition, she went to
Oberammergau Oberammergau is a municipality in the district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, in Bavaria, Germany. The small town on the Ammer River is known for its woodcarvers and woodcarvings, for its NATO School, and around the world for its 380-year tradition of ...
to see the Passion Play, thence to Munich and other German towns, and then to Italy through Rome, Naples, Venice, Pompeii, Mt. Vesuvius, and Florence."


Washington DC years

She later moved to Washington, DC. In 1892, Anna Cooper,
Helen Appo Cook Helen Appo Cook (July 21, 1837 – November 20, 1913) was a wealthy, prominent African-American community activist in Washington, D.C., and a leader in the women's club movement. Cook was a founder and president of the Colored Women's Leag ...
,
Ida B. Wells Ida Bell Wells-Barnett (July 16, 1862 – March 25, 1931) was an American investigative journalist, sociologist, educator, and early leader in the civil rights movement. She was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advance ...
,
Charlotte Forten Grimké Charlotte Louise Bridges Grimké ( Forten; August 17, 1837 – July 23, 1914) was an African-American abolitionism in the United States, anti-slavery activist, poet, and educator. She grew up in a prominent abolitionist family in Philadelphia. S ...
, Mary Jane Peterson,
Mary Church Terrell Mary Terrell (born Mary Church; September 23, 1863 – July 24, 1954) was an American civil rights activist, journalist, teacher and one of the first African-American women to earn a college degree. She taught in the Latin Department at the M St ...
, and Evelyn Shaw formed the
Colored Women's League The Colored Women's League (CWL) of Washington, D.C., was a woman's club, organized by a group of African-American women in June 1892, with Helen Appo Cook as president. The primary mission of this organization was the national union of colored ...
in Washington, D.C. The goals of the service-oriented club were to promote unity, social progress, and the best interests of the African-American community. Helen Cook was elected president. Cooper would develop a close friendship with
Charlotte Forten Grimké Charlotte Louise Bridges Grimké ( Forten; August 17, 1837 – July 23, 1914) was an African-American abolitionism in the United States, anti-slavery activist, poet, and educator. She grew up in a prominent abolitionist family in Philadelphia. S ...
– Cooper began as a tenured teacher, teaching Latin, math and science at
M Street High School M Street High School, also known as Dunbar High School, is a historic former school building located in the Northwest Quadrant of Washington, D.C. It has been listed on the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites since 1978 and it was li ...
, becoming principal in 1901 Busby, Margaret, "Anna J. Cooper", ''
Daughters of Africa ''Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present'' is a compilation of orature and literature by more than 200 women from Africa and the African diaspora ...
'', London: Jonathan Cape, 1992, p. 136
or 1902. She later became entangled in a controversy involving the differing attitudes about black education, as she advocated for a model of classical education espoused by
W. E. B. Du Bois William Edward Burghardt Du Bois ( ; February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an American sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in a relativel ...
, "designed to prepare eligible students for higher education and leadership", rather than the vocational program that was promoted by
Booker T. Washington Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5, 1856November 14, 1915) was an American educator, author, and orator. Between 1890 and 1915, Washington was the primary leader in the African-American community and of the contemporary Black elite#United S ...
. This approach to the education of black students clashed with the backlash over Reconstruction gains in Black civil and political rights, and resulted in the D.C. School Board refusing to reappoint her in 1906. Later, she was recalled to M Street, and she fit her work on her doctoral thesis into "nooks and crannies of free time".


''A Voice from the South''

During her years as a teacher and principal at M Street High School, Cooper also completed her first book, titled ''
A Voice from the South ''A Voice from the South: By a Black Woman of the South'' is the first book by American author, educator, and activist Anna J. Cooper. First published in 1892, the book is widely viewed as one of the first articulations of Black feminism.Margare ...
: By a Black Woman of the South'', published in 1892, and delivered many speeches calling for civil rights and women's rights. The book is widely viewed as one of the first articulations of black feminism and advanced a vision of self-determination through education and social uplift for African-American women. Its central thesis was that black women's educational, moral, and spiritual progress would improve the general standing of the African-American community. She says that men's violent natures often counter the goals of higher education, so it is essential to foster more female intellectuals because they will bring more elegance to education. This view was criticized by some as submissive to the 19th-century
cult of true womanhood The Culture of Domesticity (often shortened to Cult of Domesticity) or Cult of True Womanhood is a term used by historians to describe what they consider to have been a prevailing value system among the upper and middle classes during the 19th c ...
. Still, others label it as one of the most important arguments for black feminism in the 19th century. Cooper advanced the view that educated and successful black women must support their underprivileged peers in achieving their goals. The essays in ''
A Voice from the South ''A Voice from the South: By a Black Woman of the South'' is the first book by American author, educator, and activist Anna J. Cooper. First published in 1892, the book is widely viewed as one of the first articulations of Black feminism.Margare ...
'' also touched on various topics, such as race and
racism Racism is the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to inherited attributes and can be divided based on the superiority of one Race (human categorization), race or ethnicity over another. It may also me ...
, gender, the socioeconomic realities of black families, and the administration of the Episcopal Church.


Reception

''
A Voice from the South ''A Voice from the South: By a Black Woman of the South'' is the first book by American author, educator, and activist Anna J. Cooper. First published in 1892, the book is widely viewed as one of the first articulations of Black feminism.Margare ...
'' received significant praise from leaders in the black community. It was widely praised within the Black community and among intellectuals for its pioneering ideas on race, gender, and education.


Pan-Africanism and anti-colonialism

In 1900, Cooper attended the First
Pan-African Conference The First Pan-African Conference was held in London, England, from 23 to 25 July 1900 (just prior to the Paris Exhibition of 1900 "in order to allow tourists of African descent to attend both events").Ramla Bandele"Pan-African Conference in 1900 ...
in London, where she presented on the "Negro Problem in America." Her insights at this gathering underscored the interconnectedness of racial struggles across the African diaspora, promoting a vision of solidarity and empowerment for Black individuals globally. Cooper's work critiqued the systemic oppression rooted in colonial and racial exploitation, laying the groundwork for intellectual frameworks that would influence future Pan-African and anti-colonial movements. Her educational and social theories emphasized the role of decolonized education, encouraging the oppressed to challenge dominant narratives and empowering marginalized communities.


Later years

Cooper was an author, educator, and public speaker. In 1893, she delivered the opening address at the
World's Congress of Representative Women The World's Congress of Representative Women was a week-long convention for the voicing of women's concerns, held within Art Institute of Chicago Building, the World's Congress Auxiliary Building in conjunction with the World's Columbian Expositio ...
in Chicago. She was one of five African-American women invited to speak at this event, along with:
Fannie Barrier Williams Frances Barrier Williams (February 12, 1855 – March 4, 1944) was an American educator, civil rights, and women's rights activist, and the first black woman to gain membership to the Chicago Woman's Club. She became well known for her effo ...
,
Sarah Jane Woodson Early Sarah Jane Woodson Early, born Sarah Jane Woodson (November 15, 1825 – August 1907), was an American educator, black nationalist, temperance activist and author. A graduate of Oberlin College, where she majored in classics, she was hired ...
,
Hallie Quinn Brown Hallie Quinn Brown (March 15, 1845/1850 - September 16, 1949) was an African-American educator and activist. She moved with her parents (who were formerly enslaved) while relatively young to a farm near Chatham, Ontario, Canada, in 1864 and then ...
, and
Fanny Jackson Coppin Fanny Jackson Coppin (October 15, 1837 – January 21, 1913) was an American educator, missionary and lifelong advocate for Female education, female higher education. One of the first Black alumnae of Oberlin College, she served as principal of t ...
. In a 1902 speech, she said: In 1914, at 56, Cooper began courses for her doctoral degree at
Columbia University Columbia University in the City of New York, commonly referred to as Columbia University, is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Churc ...
. However, she was forced to interrupt her studies in 1915 when she adopted her late half-brother's five children upon their mother's death. Later, she transferred her credits to the University of Paris-Sorbonne, which did not accept her Columbia thesis, an edition of ''
Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne ''Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne'' (''The Pilgrimage of Charlemagne'')Also called the ''Voyage de Charlemagne à Jérusalem et à Constantinople'' (''Charlemagne's Voyage to Jerusalem and Constantinople''). is an Old French ''chanson de geste'' (e ...
''. Over a decade, she researched and composed her dissertation, completing her coursework in 1924. Cooper defended her thesis "The Attitude of France on the Question of Slavery Between 1789 and 1848" in 1925. Cooper's retirement from Washington Colored High School in 1930 was not the end of her political activism. The same year she retired, she accepted the position of president at Frelinghuysen University, a school founded to provide classes for DC residents lacking access to higher education. Cooper worked for Frelinghuysen for twenty years, first as president and then as registrar, and left the school only a decade before she died in 1964 at the age of 105. At the age of 65, she became the fourth black woman in American history to earn a Doctor of Philosophy degree. Her work was eventually published in an anthology of medieval French literature and was requested for classes and the bookstore at Harvard.


Frelinghuysen University

In 1929, Cooper was elected to succeed Jesse Lawson as president of
Frelinghuysen University Frelinghuysen University was a private Historically black colleges and universities, historically Black university in Washington, D.C., which was open from 1906 to . It provided adult education and social services to poor and working-class Afr ...
, a post she assumed in 1930. Under Cooper's leadership in the 1930s, Frelinghuysen University focused on increasing literacy among the African American working poor and providing liberal arts and vocational education for unskilled workers. Karen A. Johnson writes in ''"In Service for the Common Good" Anna Julia Cooper and Adult Education'' that Cooper practiced a "
decolonizing Decolonization is the undoing of colonialism, the latter being the process whereby imperial nations establish and dominate foreign territories, often overseas. The meanings and applications of the term are disputed. Some scholars of decolon ...
pedagogy", further saying: After the university found servicing its mortgage prohibitive, she moved the institution to her own house. Cooper retired from her position as president in 1940, but she continued her involvement with the university, taking a position as its registrar.


Impact on education

Anna Julia Cooper's educational philosophy was deeply rooted in the belief that education is a transformative tool for social change and racial uplift, particularly for African Americans. As an educator and later the president of
Frelinghuysen University Frelinghuysen University was a private Historically black colleges and universities, historically Black university in Washington, D.C., which was open from 1906 to . It provided adult education and social services to poor and working-class Afr ...
, Cooper championed a holistic approach to learning that went beyond mere vocational training. She emphasized that education should cultivate critical thinking, self-improvement, and active civic engagement, preparing students to be not only skilled but socially responsible individuals. Scholars argue that Anna Julia Cooper's work has been overshadowed by more celebrated figures like W.E.B. Du Bois, even though her contributions often preceded or paralleled his ideas. For example, Cooper addressed concepts akin to “
double consciousness Double consciousness is the dual self-perception experienced by Hierarchy, subordinated or Colonization, colonized groups in an Oppression, oppressive society. The term and the idea were first published in W. E. B. Du Bois, W. E. B. Du Bois's Aut ...
” and critiqued portrayals of Black Americans in literature well before Du Bois, who frequently referenced her ideas without providing proper attribution.


Death

On February 27, 1964, Cooper died in
Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. The city is on the Potomac River, across from Virginia, and shares land borders with ...
, at the age of 105 from a heart attack. Her memorial was held in a chapel on the campus of Saint Augustine's College, in Raleigh, North Carolina, where her academic career began. She was buried alongside her husband at the City Cemetery in Raleigh.


Artistry

Although the alumni magazine of Cooper's undergraduate alma mater, Oberlin College, praised her in 1924, stating, "The class of '84 is honored in the achievement of this scholarly and colored alumna," when she tried to present her edition of ''Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne'' to the college the next year, it was rejected. Cooper's other writings include her autobiographical booklet ''The Third Step'', about earning her doctorate from the Sorbonne, and a memoir about the
Grimké Family Grimké is a surname. Notable people with the surname include John Faucheraud Grimké of South Carolina and six of his descendants: * John Faucheraud Grimké (1752–1819) * Sarah Moore Grimké (1792–1873) * Angelina Emily Grimké (1805–1879) ...
, titled "The Early Years in Washington: Reminiscences of Life with the Grimkés," which appeared in ''Personal Recollections of the Grimké family and the Life and Writings of Charlotte Forten Grimké'' (privately published in 1951).


Legacy

Cooper's work laid foundational ideas for Black feminist thought and anticipated later concepts of
intersectionality Intersectionality is an analytical framework for understanding how groups' and individuals' social and political identities result in unique combinations of discrimination and privilege. Examples of these intersecting and overlapping factor ...
, as her writings underscored the interconnected struggles faced by Black women. Scholars today recognize her influence on both feminist and civil rights movements. Her book ''
A Voice from the South ''A Voice from the South: By a Black Woman of the South'' is the first book by American author, educator, and activist Anna J. Cooper. First published in 1892, the book is widely viewed as one of the first articulations of Black feminism.Margare ...
'' remains a seminal work in Black feminist theory and is widely cited in courses on sociology, history, and gender studies, solidifying her position as a foundational thinker. In 2009, a tuition-free private middle school was opened and named in her honor – the Anna Julia Cooper Episcopal School on historic Church Hill in Richmond, Virginia. The Anna Julia Cooper Center on Gender, Race, and Politics in the South at Wake Forest University was established in Anna Cooper's honor.
Melissa Harris-Perry Melissa Victoria Harris-Perry (born October 2, 1973), formerly known as Melissa Victoria Harris-Lacewell, is an American writer, professor, television host, and political commentator with a focus on African-American politics. Harris-Perry hoste ...
is the founding director. There is an Anna Julia Cooper Professor of
Women's Studies Women's studies is an academic field that draws on Feminism, feminist and interdisciplinary methods to place women's lives and experiences at the center of study, while examining Social constructionism, social and cultural constructs of gender; ...
at
Spelman College Spelman College is a Private college, private, Historically black colleges and universities, historically black, Women's colleges in the United States, women's Liberal arts colleges in the United States, liberal arts college in Atlanta, Georgia ...
. Anna Julia Cooper is the only African American woman to be quoted in the U.S. Passport. Pages 24 and 25 of the 2016
United States passport United States passports are passports issued to citizens and non-citizen nationals of the United States of America. They are issued exclusively by the U.S. Department of State. Besides passports (in booklet form), limited-use passport cards ...
contain the following quotation: "The cause of freedom is not the cause of a race or a sect, a party or a class – it is the cause of humankind, the very birthright of humanity." – Anna Julia Cooper In 2009, the United States Postal Service released a
commemorative stamp A commemorative stamp is a postage stamp, often issued on a significant date such as an anniversary, to honor or commemorate a place, event, person, or object. The ''subject'' of the commemorative stamp is usually spelled out in print, unlike defi ...
in Cooper's honor. The 44-cent First-Class commemorative stamp of Anna Julia Cooper showcases a portrait painted by Kadir Nelson from San Diego, CA, which he created based on an undated photograph of Cooper. Cooper is honored on the
liturgical calendar The liturgical year, also called the church year, Christian year, ecclesiastical calendar, or kalendar, consists of the cycle of liturgical days and seasons that determines when feast days, including celebrations of saints, are to be obs ...
of the Episcopal Church (USA) on
February 28 Events Pre-1600 *202 BC – Emperor Gaozu of Han, Liu Bang is enthroned as the Emperor of China, beginning four centuries of rule by the Han dynasty. * 870 – The Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic), Fourth Council of Co ...
, underscoring the recognition of her social and educational contributions within religious communities.


Timeline

*1858: Born enslaved in Raleigh, North Carolina. *1877: Marries George A. C. Cooper. *1879: Husband dies, and Anna is widowed at 21 years of age. *1887: Begins teaching math and Latin at the Preparatory School. *1888: Becomes one of the first black woman to earn a master's degree from
Oberlin College Oberlin College is a Private university, private Liberal arts colleges in the United States, liberal arts college and conservatory of music in Oberlin, Ohio, United States. Founded in 1833, it is the oldest Mixed-sex education, coeducational lib ...
. *1891: Participates in the weekly "Saturday Circle" or "Saturday Nighters" salon of Black Washingtonians. *1892: Publishes "A Voice From The South ''By a Black Woman of the South".'' *1892: Founded the
Colored Women's League The Colored Women's League (CWL) of Washington, D.C., was a woman's club, organized by a group of African-American women in June 1892, with Helen Appo Cook as president. The primary mission of this organization was the national union of colored ...
with
Helen Appo Cook Helen Appo Cook (July 21, 1837 – November 20, 1913) was a wealthy, prominent African-American community activist in Washington, D.C., and a leader in the women's club movement. Cook was a founder and president of the Colored Women's Leag ...
. *1893: Co-hosts anti-lynching activist
Ida B. Wells Ida Bell Wells-Barnett (July 16, 1862 – March 25, 1931) was an American investigative journalist, sociologist, educator, and early leader in the civil rights movement. She was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advance ...
with
Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, February 14, 1818 – February 20, 1895) was an American social reformer, Abolitionism in the United States, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. He was the most impor ...
and
Lucy Ellen Moten Lucy Ella Moten (c. 1851 – August 24, 1933) was an American educator and medical doctor. A principal of The Miner School (now known as University of the District of Columbia from 1883 to 1920, she was responsible for training many of the teach ...
*1893: Becomes only woman elected to the
American Negro Academy The American Negro Academy (ANA), founded in Washington, D.C., in 1897, was the first organization in the United States to support African-American academic scholarship. It operated until 1928,Smith and encouraged African Americans to undertake cla ...
. *1893: Attends the
World's Congress of Representative Women The World's Congress of Representative Women was a week-long convention for the voicing of women's concerns, held within Art Institute of Chicago Building, the World's Congress Auxiliary Building in conjunction with the World's Columbian Expositio ...
and reads paper titled "The Intellectual Progress of the Colored Women of the United States since the Emancipation Proclamation" *1900: Attends the
First Pan-African Conference The First Pan-African Conference was held in London, England, from 23 to 25 July 1900 (just prior to the Paris Exhibition of 1900 "in order to allow tourists of African descent to attend both events").Ramla Bandele"Pan-African Conference in 190 ...
in London, reads paper titled "The Negro Problem in America", and joins the executive committee. *1901: Becomes second Black female principal of M. Street High School. *1925: Earns doctorate from University of Paris, purchases home in
LeDroit Park LeDroit Park ( or ) is a neighborhood in Washington, D.C. located immediately southeast of Howard University. Its borders include Florida Avenue NW, Bryant Street NW, Georgia Avenue NW, and 2nd Street NW .LeDroit Park is known for its history ...
, begins hosting monthly "Les Amis de la Langue Francaise". *1929: Becomes second president of Frelinghuysen University in Washington, D.C. *1940: Becomes registrar of Frelinghuysen University and hosts classes in her LeDroit home. *1964: February 27, Anna J. Cooper dies in Washington D.C. at the age of 105.


Works

* ** ** * * ** Translation of the author's 1925 doctoral thesis. *


See also

*
African-American history African-American history started with the forced transportation of List of ethnic groups of Africa, Africans to North America in the 16th and 17th centuries. The European colonization of the Americas, and the resulting Atlantic slave trade, ...
*
African-American literature African American literature is the body of literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent. Phillis Wheatley was an enslaved African woman who became the first African American to publish a book of poetry, which was publis ...
*
List of African-American writers This is a list of Black American authors and writers, all of whom are considered part of African-American literature, and who already have Wikipedia articles. The list also includes non-American authors resident in the US and American writers of ...
*
List of Alpha Kappa Alpha sisters Alpha Kappa Alpha was the first inter-collegiate Greek alphabet, Greek-letter Fraternities and sororities, sorority established for Black college women. It was founded on January 15, 1908, at Howard University in Washington, D.C., Washington, D.C ...
*
List of centenarians The following is a list of lists of notable centenarians by categorized occupation (people who lived to be or are currently living at 100 years or more of age) that are therein known for reasons other than just longevity. Famous people by caree ...
* List of people on stamps of the United States * List of feminist rhetoricians


Notes


References


Further reading

* * * * * * * *Special section on Anna Julia Cooper in the Spring 2009 issue of the ''
African American Review ''African American Review'' is a scholarly aggregation of essays on African-American literature, theatre, film, the visual arts, and culture; interviews; poetry; fiction; and book reviews. It is the official publication of the Modern Language Ass ...
'': ** ** ** ** ** ** *


External links

* *
Works by Anna J. Cooper at Project Gutenberg
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Essays by Anna J. Cooper
at Quotidiana.org
Anna Julia Cooper
- Digitized personal papers held by the
Howard University Howard University is a private, historically black, federally chartered research university in Washington, D.C., United States. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" and accredited by the Mid ...
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Cooper, Anna J 1858 births 1964 deaths 19th-century African-American academics 19th-century American women academics 19th-century American academics American Episcopalians American feminist writers African-American feminists Burials at City Cemetery (Raleigh, North Carolina) Columbia University alumni Oberlin College alumni Writers from Raleigh, North Carolina St. Augustine's University (North Carolina) faculty College of Sorbonne alumni Writers from Washington, D.C. Anglican saints African-American Episcopalians St. Augustine's University (North Carolina) alumni American medievalists American women medievalists Activists from North Carolina African-American centenarians American women centenarians Academics from North Carolina 19th-century American slaves African-American historians Educators from Washington, D.C. African-American women educators Sexual slavery Literate American slaves 20th-century American writers 20th-century African-American women writers 20th-century American women writers 20th-century African-American writers 20th-century American historians 20th-century American academics 20th-century American essayists American women slaves 19th-century African-American women 20th-century African-American academics African-American women academics People enslaved in North Carolina