Anna Gillingham
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Anna Gillingham (1878–1963) was an educator and psychologist, known for her contributions to the
Orton-Gillingham The Orton-Gillingham approach is a multisensory phonics technique for remedial reading instruction developed in the early 20th century. It is practiced as a direct, explicit, cognitive, cumulative, and multi-sensory approach. While it is most comm ...
method for teaching children with dyslexia how to read.


Early life and education

Gillingham was born on July 12, 1879. She was home-schooled by her parents, who were both teachers. She spent much of her childhood living on the
Pine Ridge Reservation The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation (), also called Pine Ridge Agency, is an Oglala Lakota Indian reservation located in the U.S. state of South Dakota, with a small portion extending into Nebraska. Originally included within the territory of the ...
in South Dakota, where her father was the local
Indian agent In United States history, an Indian agent was an individual authorized to interact with American Indian tribes on behalf of the U.S. government. Agents established in Nonintercourse Act of 1793 The federal regulation of Indian affairs in the Un ...
. She graduated from Swarthmore in 1900, but later earned a second B.A. from Radcliffe, followed by a master's degree from
Columbia Teachers College Teachers College, Columbia University (TC) is the graduate school of education affiliated with Columbia University, a private research university in New York City. Founded in 1887, Teachers College has been a part of Columbia University since ...
.


Career

Working with Dr.
Samuel Orton Samuel Torrey Orton (October 15, 1879 – November 17, 1948) was an American physician who pioneered the study of learning disabilities. He examined the causes and treatment of dyslexia. Career Orton's interest in learning disabilities stemmed ...
, she trained teachers and published instructional materials regarding reading instruction, producing the
Orton-Gillingham The Orton-Gillingham approach is a multisensory phonics technique for remedial reading instruction developed in the early 20th century. It is practiced as a direct, explicit, cognitive, cumulative, and multi-sensory approach. While it is most comm ...
approach to reading instruction. With Bessie Stillman, she wrote what has become the Orton–Gillingham manual: ''Remedial Training for Children with Specific Disability in Reading, Spelling and Penmanship.'' First published in 1935/6, this work is updated and republished regularly. Along with the help of Stillman, Gillingham developed a "sequential, alphabetic-phonetic multisensory program" as a tool with which students could easily create meaningful syllables. This approach eliminated the need for a child to memorize almost all words in language, limiting it to those that were non-phonetic. This teaching manual for the "alphabetic method" of Orton's theories combined multisensory techniques with teaching the structure of written English, including sounds (phonemes), meaning units (morphemes such as prefixes, suffixes, and roots) and common spelling rules. Anna Gillingham devoted her life to the maxim that in teaching, "one should establish associations involving the simplest possible units and should use various reinforcement techniques" to create solid association links. Alongside the practicing and development of her techniques, Gillingham began working with Dr. Henry Goddard – known for his adaptation and translation of the French Simon and Binet tests for use in determining superior intelligence, thus becoming the first school psychologist in the country. After giving up her quest for a Ph.D., Gillingham and Stillman set out on the methodical sorting of the English language. They sorted words that contain various single phonograms, digraphs and diphthongs, and those that follow particular patterns of syllable division. They developed spelling rules and exceptions, determined which spellings of vowel sounds occurred with the greatest frequency, and then developed procedures for mastering nonphonetic words. At the age of 69 Gillingham began work as a consultant for several schools in the country to supervise her remedial and preventative programs, train teachers for individual student teaching, and train classroom teachers. To align her methods with the new editions of
Webster's Dictionary ''Webster's Dictionary'' is any of the US English language dictionaries edited in the early 19th century by Noah Webster (1758–1843), a US lexicographer, as well as numerous related or unrelated dictionaries that have adopted the Webster's n ...
, which altered pronunciation of final syllables in many words and completely abandoned older rules of syllable division, Gillingham attempted (at the age of 80 years) to conform her work to the latest linguistic principles. Examples of the change in syllable division and final syllabic changes are as follows: Another key aspect reinforced by Gillingham's teaching career is her adherence to the theory that too early exposure to reading and writing may be harmful to children. The roots of her beliefs in this come from her own childhood, having spent the first ten years of her life on a Sioux Reservation in South Dakota. On her school experience Gillingham wrote, "My parents believed in my having as wide general knowledge as possible before being introduced to the symbolism of written language…I believe that such postponement of reading and writing would be a great saving of the child's and taxpayer's money." From 1935 until 1937, Gillingham and Stillman taught this method to students at
Punahou School Punahou School (known as Oahu College until 1934) is a private, co-educational, college preparatory school in Honolulu, Hawaii. More than 3,700 students attend the school from kindergarten through 12th grade. The school was established by P ...
in Hawaii. Gillingham continued to work with Stillman until Stillman died in 1947.


Awards and honors

In 1962 the Orton Society, now the
International Dyslexia Association The International Dyslexia Association (IDA) is a non-profit education and advocacy organization devoted to issues surrounding dyslexia. Its headquarters are located in Pikesville, Maryland, United States. The International Dyslexia Association ...
honored Gillingham for her work.


References


External links

* Th
Anna Gillingham Papers
held a
Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gillingham, Anna 1878 births 1963 deaths Teachers College, Columbia University faculty People from South Dakota Dyslexia researchers Swarthmore College alumni Radcliffe College alumni Reading skill advocates