Anina

Anina (; German: ''Steierdorf''; Hungarian: ''Stájerlakanina'') is a town in the Banat region of Romania, in Caraș-Severin County, with a population of 5,521 in 2021. The town administers one village, Steierdorf (German: ''Steierdorf'', Hungarian: ''Stájerlak'').

Geology

Anina represents one of the most important localities in the Southern Carpathians for Jurassic fossils, both plants and animals, as the geological heritage here is particularly diverse and well preserved (Popa, 2001, 2005). Anina is a fossil-Lagerstatte for Early Jurassic biota, the Hettangian-Sinemurian terrestrial Steierdorf Formation recording an extremely rich floral association, vertebrate and invertebrate tracks, traces and burrows. This paleontological heritage was uncovered also by significant mining works, such as underground mines and open cast mines, such works permitting the three-dimensional studies of the continental deposits, a unique opportunity in Europe and in the world, until the unfortunate closing of the last major mine in 2006. Still, the sterile dumps of the former mines and the former open cast mines of Ponor and Colonia Cehă very are rich in plant material, and they represent the subject of local conservation, as preserved sites or Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).

The Early Jurassic (Hettangian - Sinemurian) flora is represented by Bryophytes (Hepaticae), Pteridophytes (Filicopsida, Sphenopsida, Lycopsida) and Gymnosperms (Pteridospermopsida, Ginkgopsida, Cycadopsida, Coniferopsida), with numerous coal generators (Givulescu, 1998, Popa and Van Konijnenburg - Van Cittert, 2005). Very rare vertebrate tunnels were recently described (Popa and Kedzior, 2006), such burrows being formerly reported only from three occurrences in the world (South Africa, Arizona and Argentina), tetrapod tracks such as ''Batrachopus'' cf. ''deweyi'' (Popa, 2000), and sauropod tracks of ''Parabrontopodus'' sp. type (Pienkowski et al., 2009).

The Middle Jurassic marine formations are also extremely rich in marine invertebrates and drifted floral remains, while the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous units display basinal and carbonate platform features (Bucur, 1997).

Human geography

In 2002, the oldest modern human remains in Europe were discovered in a cave near Anina. Nicknamed ''"Ion din Anina"'' ( John of Anina), the remains (the lower jaw) are some 40,000 years old.

The coal mining industrial heritage is significant, with Austrian industrial architecture and pits still preserved, such as the Northern Pit (Anina Pit I), Pit II, Pit IV (next to the Terezia Valley). Coal mining activities began in 1792, after the first coal outcrop was discovered by Matthew Hammer.

The Anina-Oravița railway built in 1863 is still in use today for touristic purposes. It is one of the most beautiful railways in Europe due to very picturesque landscapes, viaducts and long tunnels. The railway preserves many aspects of the original design and, as such, it does not comply with many UIC standards and it needs special, more powerful locomotives and shorter rail coaches to operate.

Climate

Anina has a humid continental climate (''Cfb'' in the Köppen climate classification).

Natives

* (1895 – 1967), composer
* (1897 – 1944), church musician, music educator, and composer
* Ion Timofte (born 1967), footballer

See also

* Anina Mine
* Anina-Doman oil field
* Peștera Muierilor
* Peștera cu Oase

Notes

References

* Bucur, I.I., 1997. Formatiunile mesozoice din zona Resita-Moldova Noua, Cluj-Napoca, 214 pp.
* Givulescu, R., 1998. Flora fosila a Jurasicului inferior de la Anina. Editura Academiei Romane, Bucuresti, 90 pp.
* Pienkowski, G., Popa, M.E. and Kedzior, A., 2009
Early Jurassic sauropod footprints of the Southern Carpathians, Romania: palaeobiological and palaeogeographical significance
Geological Quarterly, 53(4): 461–470.
* Popa, M.E., 2000
First find of Mesozoic tetrapod tracks in Romania
Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae, 2: 387–390.
* Popa, M.E., 2001. Ponor SSSI (Site of Special Scientific Interest). Lower Jurassic Paleoflora. In: I.I. Bucur, Filipescu, S., Sasaran, E. (Editor), Algae and carbonate platforms in western part of Romania. Field trip guidebook. Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, pp. 167–171.
* Popa, M.E., 2005
Aspects of Romanian Early Jurassic Palaeobotany and Palynology. Part VI. Anina, an exceptional locality
Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae, 5: 375–378.
* Popa, M.E. and Kedzior, A., 2006
Preliminary ichnological results on the Steierdorf Formation in Anina, Romania
In: Z. Csiki (Editor), Mesozoic and Cenozoic vertebrates and paleoenvironments, Bucuresti, pp. 197–201.
* Popa, M.E. and Van Konijnenburg - Van Cittert, J.H.A., 2006
Aspects of Romanian Early - Middle Jurassic palaeobotany and palynology. Part VII. Successions and floras
Progress in Natural Sciences, 16: 203–212.

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Populated places in Caraș-Severin County
Localities in Romanian Banat
Towns in Romania
Mining communities in Romania
Monotowns in Romania