anime-influenced animation

Anime-influenced animation refers to non-Japanese works of animation that are similar to or inspired by anime. Generally, the term ''anime'' refers to a style of animation originating from Japan. As Japanese anime became increasingly popular, Western animation studios began implementing some visual stylizations typical in anime—such as exaggerated facial expressions and " super deformed" versions of characters.

Although outside Japan, ''anime'' is specifically used to mean animation from Japan or as a Japanese-disseminated animation style often characterized by colorful graphics, vibrant characters and fantastical themes, there is a debate over whether the culturally abstract approach to the word's meaning may open up the possibility of anime produced in countries other than Japan.

Americas

United States

Television

One of the first noted attempts from American companies on making a series visually inspired by anime was '' The King Kong Show'' in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It was the result of a collaboration between Toei Animation from Japan and ''Videocraft'' from America. The result was an animation with an Anime-like visual style and a Japanese Kaiju theme, that incorporated the cartoonish style of the Hanna-Barbera era in American TV animation. Likewise, Hanna-Barbera's earlier series '' Frankenstein Jr.'' was heavily inspired by the '' Gigantor'' anime series, although its art style was more similar to that of other American cartoons of the time. Another early example of this might be '' Johnny Cypher in Dimension Zero''.

Toei Animation continued this type of collaboration in the '' Transformers'' TV series, which aired in the 1980s. While this animation was animated by Toei Animation, the series was produced by and for Americans. Transformers showed many influences and elements of anime including story, themes, and a style that resembled Mecha anime.
Another example of this is '' Voltron''; an American mecha series that reuses the animation from previously released Toei Japanese anime, creating a new story written by American writers.

This trend continued throughout the 1980s with series like '' Dungeons and Dragons'', again co-produced by Toei Animation. Throughout the 1980s and the 1990s, many American shows started to be outsourced to Japanese animators, most notably TMS Entertainment, which animated popular television productions such as '' X-Men'', '' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'', '' ThunderCats'', '' Inspector Gadget'', '' The Real Ghostbusters'', '' Rainbow Brite'', '' Tiny Toon Adventures'', '' DuckTales'', '' Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers'', '' TaleSpin'', '' Darkwing Duck'', '' Animaniacs'' and ''Spider-Man'', most of which visually or thematically were not reminiscent of Japanese anime. ''TaleSpin'' did, however, take inspiration from Hayao Miyazaki's 1989 manga ''Hikōtei Jidai''.

Throughout the 1990s, some American cartoons began showing a strong influence from anime without having any Japanese artists directly involved in the project. Examples of this can be seen in Cartoon Network shows like ''The Powerpuff Girls'' and ''Dexter's Laboratory'' or the Disney Channel show ''Kim Possible''.

Other notable examples of series with an anime influence are '' Batman: The Animated Series'' which was actually partially outsourced to Japanese artists, '' Gargoyles'', and ''Teen Titans'', '' The Boondocks'', ''Megas XLR'', and '' The Batman''. ''Batman Beyond'' displayed some characteristics of anime; in particular, some of its production processes were outsourced to Japan. The advent of Japanese anime stylizations appearing in Western animation questioned the established meaning of "anime".

Glen Murakami was also a strong influence in inspiring American cartoons with Japanese elements. He animated alongside Bruce Timm on ''Batman: The Animated Series'' and its sequel, ''Batman: Beyond''. Keeping the sharp-edged angular style of Timm and mixing in his own personal influences, the show was given cyberpunk and sci-fi elements with a Japanese twist. American television producer Sam Register - who created anime inspired works such as '' Ben 10: Alien Force'' and ''Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi'' - also worked alongside Murakami to create the ''Teen Titans'' television show in 2003, giving rise to a unique style referred to as "murakanime". In 2004, Murakami also produced '' The Batman'', which showed much stronger anime influence than even its predecessor ''Batman Beyond''.

''Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go!'' is the first Jetix original show to be produced by Japanese artists and use an anime concept for the characters, including a transformation sequence for the series' main protagonist, Chiro. Series creator Ciro Nieli, who had also previously served as a director on ''Teen Titans'', would later become showrunner of ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' (2012), which also featured anime-inspired moments, some of the most notable examples being seen in the characters' reaction shots. In addition, a parody of the anime series '' Voltron: Defender of the Universe'' was featured within the series throughout the second season, titled ''Super Robo Mecha Force Five!''

'' Avatar: The Last Airbender'' and its sequel series ''The Legend of Korra'' are other examples of Western series influenced by Japanese anime so heavily that they started discussions among fans and viewers about what an anime is and whether a non-Japanese animation should be called an anime. ''Avatar'' creators Bryan Konietzko and Michael Dante DiMartino confirmed an anime influence in a magazine interview; that of "Hayao Miyazaki, especially ''Spirited Away'' and ''Princess Mononoke''" as well as ''My Neighbor Totoro''. Other studios from which inspiration was drawn include Studio 4°C, Production I.G, Polygon Pictures and Studio Ghibli.

The same strong resemblance can be seen in '' Voltron: Legendary Defender'', a reboot of the '' Voltron'' franchise, this time produced completely by American artists. Lauren Montgomery and Joaquim Dos Santos, both known for their work on the '' Avatar: The Last Airbender'' and its sequel ''The Legend of Korra'', served as showrunners while fellow crew member Tim Hedrick served as head writer. Other heavily anime-inspired American-made shows are the Netflix series ''Castlevania'', created by Warren Ellis, and '' Blood of Zeus'', created by Charley and Vlas Parlapanides. These anime-influenced series have become defined as "anime" by some sources, in an attempt to classify all Japanese-anime styled works of non-Japanese origin.

The American sitcom '' The Boondocks'' has many anime-style features, and uses Japanese style fighting. It is shown in many scenes, as ''Japanese sword styles'' have been used.

The web series ''RWBY'', produced by Texas-based company Rooster Teeth, is produced using an anime-influenced art style and has been referred to as an American anime by multiple sources. For example, when the series was licensed for release in Japan, ''AdWeek'' reported on the situation using the headline "American-made anime from Rooster Teeth gets licensed in Japan". The CEO of Rooster Teeth, Matt Hullum, commented on the licensing agreement, saying "This is the first time any American-made anime has been marketed to Japan. It definitely usually works the other way around, and we're really pleased about that." In 2013, Monty Oum, the creator of ''RWBY'', said “Some believe just like Scotch needs to be made in Scotland, an American company can’t make anime. I think that’s a narrow way of seeing it. Anime is an art form, and to say only one country can make this art is wrong."

In 2015, Netflix announced that it intended to produce anime. In doing so, the company is offering a more accessible channel for distribution to Western markets.

Defining anime as style has been contentious amongst fans, with John Oppliger stating, "The insistence on referring to original American art as "anime" or "manga" robs the work of its cultural identity."
On the other hand, series like '' Avatar: The Last Airbender'', its sequel and '' Voltron: Legendary Defender'' have opened up more debates on whether these works should be called "anime", and whether the culturally abstract approach to the word's meaning may open up the possibility of anime produced in countries other than Japan. While some Westerners strictly view anime as a Japanese animation product, some scholars suggest defining anime as specifically or quintessentially Japanese may be related to a new form of orientalism with some fans and critics arguing that the term should be defined as a "style" rather than as a national product, which leaves open the possibility of anime being produced in other countries.

''Stitch!'' is the anime spin-off of Disney's ''Lilo & Stitch'' franchise and the successor to '' Lilo & Stitch: The Series''. It debuted in Japan in October 2008. The show features a Japanese girl named Yuna in place of Lilo, and is set on a fictional island in the Ryukyus off the shore of Okinawa instead of Hawaii.

ND Stevenson and the crew of ''She-Ra and the Princesses of Power'' were strongly influenced by anime, especially those with magical girls.

Film

The production on ''The Animatrix'' began when the Wachowskis visited some of the creators of the anime films that had been strong influences on their work, and decided to collaborate with them.

Japanese anime has influenced Disney, Pixar and DreamWorks productions. Glen Keane, the animator for successful Disney films such as ''The Little Mermaid'' (1989), ''Beauty and the Beast'' (1991), ''Aladdin'' (1992), and ''Tangled'', has credited Hayao Miyazaki as a "huge influence" on Disney's animated films ever since ''The Rescuers Down Under'' (1990). Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise, the directors of Disney films such as ''Beauty and the Beast'', '' Hunchback of Notre Dame'' (1996), and ''Atlantis: The Lost Empire'' (2001), are fans of anime and have cited Miyazaki's works as a major influence on their own work. Miyazaki's influence on Disney dates back to ''The Great Mouse Detective'' (1986), which was influenced by Miyazaki's ''Lupin III'' film '' Castle of Cagliostro'' (1979) and which in turn paved the way for the Disney Renaissance.

Controversially, Disney's ''The Lion King'' (1994) was accused of plagiarizing Osamu Tezuka's 1960s anime series ''Kimba the White Lion'', due to both works sharing numerous similarities, leading to a protest upon release in Japan. However, Disney denied the accusation of plagiarism. The controversy surrounding ''Kimba'' and ''The Lion King'' was parodied in a 1995 episode of ''The Simpsons''. A similar controversy surrounded another Disney film, ''Atlantis: The Lost Empire'', which was alleged to have plagiarized the Studio Gainax anime series '' Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water'' (1990). ''Atlantis'' directors Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise denied the allegation, but nevertheless acknowledged Miyazaki's films as a major influence on their work.

Miyazaki's work deeply influenced Pixar co-founder John Lasseter, who described how Miyazaki's influence upon his life and work began when he first saw ''Castle of Cagliostro''. Pete Docter, director of the popular Pixar films '' Monsters, Inc.'' (2001) and '' Up'' (2009) as well as a co-creator of other Pixar works, has also described anime, specifically Miyazaki, as an influence on his work.Interview with Up Director Peter Docter
By Beth Accomando. KPBS. Published May 29, 2009. Jennifer Lee and Chris Buck cited the influence of Miyazaki's anime productions on ''Frozen'' (2013), stating that they were inspired by their sense of "epic adventure and that big scope and scale and then the intimacy of funny quirky characters." Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois described Miyazaki's flight and pacifist themes as an influence for creating ''How to Train Your Dragon'' (2010).

Brazil

Since the 2000s there have already been countless independent projects for animated series inspired by anime. One of the first attempts was an animated adaptation of the popular manga-styled comic ''Holy Avenger'' after its completion in 2003, however due to financial and production problems the series was never developed. Over the years several other attempts for independent projects for animation inspired by Brazil were created, the most notable being ''Dogmons!'', ''XDragoon'' and ''Magma''.

In 2021 an independent platform for anime-inspired animations titled ''Anistage'' was created.

Among the anime-inspired Brazilian animated series that premiered on TV are ''Os Under-Undergrounds'' that debuted in May 2016, Nickelodeon and ''Turma da Mônica Jovem'', based on the manga-styled comic created by Mauricio de Sousa, that debuted in November 7, 2019.

Despite being a series entirely made in Japan, '' No Game No Life'' is often credited by many Brazilians as an authentic Brazilian anime, due to the Brazilian origin of its creator Yuu Kamiya.

Chile

Animated series such as ''Golpea Duro Hara'', a show was an inspiration of the Japanese series such as '' Dragon Ball'' and '' One-Punch Man'', released in 2018. It gives the second season in 2020 on Cartoon Network.

In 2020, the Chilean animated film, '' Nahuel and the Magic Book'', inspired by the works of Hayao Miyazaki's projects such as '' Future Boy Conan'' and the entire ''Studio Ghibli'' with the mixtures of other Western animation such as ''Steven Universe'' and ''Gravity Falls'', was created and became the first Latin American won the ''Tokyo Anime Award'' for Award of Excellence a year later.

Other countries in the Americas

In 2007, the Canadian anime-style animated short ''Flutter'' became the first work from a non-Asian nation to win the Open Entries Grand Prize at the Tokyo Anime Awards.

Europe

France

The French-American international co-production '' W.I.T.C.H.'', a magical girl series, has been noted as having an anime-influenced visual style. First season director Marc Gordon-Bates cited anime such as ''Neon Genesis Evangelion'' as design inspiration. The animated series is based on Italian comics of the same name themselves drawn in line with manga conventions, as opposed to the more rounded style traditionally used by publisher and co-producer Disney. Co-executive producer Olivier Dumont noted that the high-quality animation was intended to be true to the detailed artwork of the comics series.

The producers of the French anime ''Code Lyoko'', one of the most successful works of European anime, explicitly stated in their introductory document that they were: "Influenced by the poetry and the visual impact of Japanese animation, the series proposes a graphic universe that's particularly original and strong."

The animation and style in '' Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir'' is practically influenced by various Magical girl anime. Toei Animation does some of the modeling for the series, and was originally going to be in an anime-esque art-style. Thomas Astruc, the creator of the show, stated that the production team switched to CGI instead because Ladybug's spots were hard to animate around that time.

Another example of anime-influenced animation can be seen in '' Wakfu: The Animated Series'', a flash animation series based on a video game of the same title.

Spain

In 2018, Movistar+ released '' Virtual Hero'', a Spanish animated series created by YouTube personality El Rubius. It was dubbed as the "first anime in Spanish history". The Netflix original " The Idhun Chronicles", based on The Idhún's Memories book saga written by Laura Gallego, premiered in 2021, also featuring an anime-style animation.

Other European countries

Some French-Canadian series have also been influenced by anime, such as ''Totally Spies!'', '' Martin Mystery'', and '' Team Galaxy''.

The visual style of the American-Italian animated series ''Winx Club'' is a mixture of European and Japanese elements, and also very similar to magical girl subgenre.

Asia

Middle East, Singapore and the Philippines

The Emirati-Filipino produced TV series called ''Torkaizer'' is dubbed as the "Middle East's First Anime Show", inspired from Japanese mecha media franchise ''Gundam'' and is currently in production, which is currently looking for funding.

In June 2021, the Singaporean anime-influenced TV series, Trese was released on Netflix. It is an adaption of the Filipino komik series of the same name produced by South East Asian BASE Entertainment.

South Asia

Pakistan

A Pakistani hand drawn romantic anime film called ''The Glassworker'' is currently in production. It is directed by Usman Riaz. The trailer of the film was released in October 2016. The film will release in 2023 as described by the animation studio's website. It is also Pakistan's and South Asia's first crowd funded movie as it had raised $116,000 on Kickstarter. The reason for this high raise was due to Usman Riaz being a famous musician, speaker. The movie is hand drawn so the scenes of the movie gives it a Studio Ghibli vibe.

India

In India, ''Karmachakra'' was produced as one of the first Indian anime influenced animations under Studio Durga. It is a low budget 2D film, despite being anime influenced the pilot of the movie says otherwise, due to its low budget the developers made use of classic 2D style animation which makes it different from anime.

Co-productions with Japan

Occasionally, animated series are developed as outright international co-productions between Japan and one or more other countries, as opposed to having stylistic influence. In the 1980s, there were Japanese-European productions such as '' Ulysses 31'', ''The Mysterious Cities of Gold'', '' Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds'', '' Sherlock Hound'' and ''The Jungle Book''. More recent examples of Canadian and French co-productions include '' Cybersix'' (1999) as well as ''Oban Star-Racers'' and ''Spider Riders'', both from 2006.

''Ōban Star-Racers'' is known as one of the European animations that strongly resemble anime. While the majority of the creative directors and writers were French, the production team moved to Tokyo to collaborate with a Japanese production team.

Animation such as ''Oban Star-Racers'' and ''Code Lyoko'', like ''Avatar: The Last Airbender'', are examples over which some critics and fans debate about the term anime and whether it is defined as a "style" rather than as a national product, which leaves open the possibility of anime being produced in other countries.

A Japanese-Filipino produced anime television series Barangay 143 is currently airing on GMA Network.

In April 2020, a studio named Manga Production from Saudi Arabia announced the release of ''Future's Folktales (Mirai no Mukashibanashi)'', co-produced with Toei.Saudi Arabia's Manga Productions, Toei Animation Reveal Future's Folktales Animated Series
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See also

* Dubbing
* Original English-language manga
* La nouvelle manga
* Limited animation
* Orientalism

References

Sources

* {{cite book , last1=Ruh , first1=Brian , title=Stray dog of Anime : the films of Mamoru Oshii , date=2014 , location=New York, NY , isbn=978-1-137-35567-6 , edition=Second

Anime and manga terminology
Japan in non-Japanese culture