Endirey (;

OKATO Russian Classification on Objects of Administrative DivisionThe English name of the document is given per the English title included on the document's first page. (), or OKATO (), also called All-Russian classification on units of administrative and ...

: 82254815001) is a

village A village is a human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town with a population typically ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand. Although villages are often located in rural areas, the term urban v ...

(''selo'') in the Khasavyurt District of the

Republic of Dagestan Dagestan ( ; ; ), officially the Republic of Dagestan, is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, along the Caspian Sea. It is located north of the Greater Caucasus, and is a part of the North Caucasian Fede ...

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

. It is the center of the Endireyskoe Rural Settlement and has a population of 7,863 (2015). Endirey is an important historical center of the

Kumyks Kumyks (, ) are a Turkic ethnic group living in Dagestan, Chechnya and North Ossetia. They are the largest Turkic people in the North Caucasus. They traditionally populate the Kumyk Plateau (northern Dagestan and northeastern Chechnya), la ...

. Its current head is Salavatov Rustam Abdulvagidovich.

Name

Endirey is an ancient original Kumyk name. It was adopted by Daghestan in 1991, replacing the

Soviet The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

name Andreyaul (). Under

Imperial Russia Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor/empress, or imperialism. Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to: Places United States * Imperial, California * Imperial, Missouri * Imperial, Nebraska * Imperial, Pennsylvania * ...

, its name had been Andreyevo (, ''Andreevo'') after an early

Cossack The Cossacks are a predominantly East Slavic Eastern Christian people originating in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of eastern Ukraine and southern Russia. Cossacks played an important role in defending the southern borders of Ukraine and Rus ...

leader who supposedly settled there, a Russian source quotes many alleged explanations. Former spellings include Enderi, Enderee, Indiri and al-Indiri, Andreeva, and Andreewa. It has also been known as Andreevskii Awul.

Location

Endirey lies at the foot of Mount Tshumlu on the Aktash River near

Khasavyurt Khasavyurt is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, city in Dagestan, Russia. Population: History It was founded in 1846 and granted town status in 1931. During the Russian Empire, the settlement was the administrative capital of the Khas ...

, just north of the

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region spanning Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, comprising parts of Southern Russia, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The Caucasus Mountains, i ...

and just east of the Chechen border. It lies about south of Kizliar and has a mean elevation of .

History

Karte_des_Kaukasischen_Isthmus_-_Entworfen_und_gezeichnet_von_J-Grassl_-_1856

The area preserves the ruins of a fortress destroyed by

Tamerlane Timur, also known as Tamerlane (1320s17/18 February 1405), was a Turco-Mongol tradition, Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timuri ...

during the

Tokhtamysh–Timur war The Tokhtamysh–Timur war was fought from 1386 to 1395 between Tokhtamysh, the khan of the Golden Horde, and the warlord and conqueror Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, in the areas of the Caucasus Mountains, Turkestan and Eastern Europe. ...

. The early history Endirey is uncertain. During the

Safavid The Guarded Domains of Iran, commonly called Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire, was one of the largest and longest-lasting Iranian empires. It was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty. It is often considered the begi ...

period (1501–1736), the small Kumyk's kingdom of Endirey formed somewhat of a "buffer state" towards the north. Feodor I dispatched Prince Grigori Zasekin against the local shamkhal in 1591. His force of 5000 Russian

musketeer A musketeer ( ) was a type of soldier equipped with a musket. Musketeers were an important part of early modern warfare, particularly in Europe, as they normally comprised the majority of their infantry. The musketeer was a precursor to the rifl ...

s and 10,000 Cherkesses captured and razed Andreyevo the next year, wounding the shamkhal. Relations with the nearby

Circassians The Circassians or Circassian people, also called Cherkess or Adyghe (Adyghe language, Adyghe and ), are a Northwest Caucasian languages, Northwest Caucasian ethnic group and nation who originated in Circassia, a region and former country in t ...

were, however, generally friendly prior to the Cossacks' submission to

Peter the Great Peter I (, ; – ), better known as Peter the Great, was the Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia, Tsar of all Russia from 1682 and the first Emperor of Russia, Emperor of all Russia from 1721 until his death in 1725. He reigned j ...

in 1712, after which raiding and invasions became more common. In a belated response to the 1707 burning of the Russian fort at

Tarki Tarki (, ; ) formerly also spelled Tarkou and also known as Tarku, is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) under the administrative jurisdiction of Sovetsky City District of the City of Makhachkala in the Republic of Dagestan, Russi ...

dispatched a unit of cavalry to occupy Endirey in 1722 as part of his

Persian campaign Persian expedition or Persian campaign may refer to: * Persian campaign (Alexander the Great) (334–333 BC) * Julian's Persian expedition (363) * Persian expedition of Stepan Razin (1669) * Persian campaign of Peter the Great (1722–1723) * P ...

. The force suffered a serious repulse and the area was left alone for several decades. Endirey had a large slave trade to the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

and became the principal city of the

. General Yermolov constructed a major fort at Vnezapnaya in 1820, placing it across the Aktash from Endirey at the mouth of the Koysu. This fort was used to suppress the Endirey slave fair and to support the local shamkhal against the Kumyk nobility. It supported Russian

colonization 475px, Map of the year each country achieved List of sovereign states by date of formation, independence. Colonization (British English: colonisation) is a process of establishing occupation of or control over foreign territories or peoples f ...

of the area: the revolts the program provoked (as

Imam Shamil Imam Shamil (; ; ; ; ; 26 June 1797 – 4 February 1871) was the political, military, and spiritual leader of North Caucasian resistance to Imperial Russia in the 1800s, the third Imam of the Caucasian Imamate (1840–1859), and a Sunni Muslim ...

's in the 1840s and Haji Mohammed's in 1877) were an expected consequence and were seen as permitting still greater relocation and resettlement. The fort also formed the staging point for the 1839 phase of the

Caucasian War The Caucasian War () or the Caucasus War was a 19th-century military conflict between the Russian Empire and various peoples of the North Caucasus who resisted subjugation during the Russian conquest of the Caucasus. It consisted of a series o ...

.Caucasus Mountains
". General Grabbe's siege of Akhoulgo formed part of this campaign. The town and fort were assaulted by Shamil in September 1843 but the Russian commander Colonel Kozlovsky was able to withstand the attack. In the later 19th century, it had a population of around 12,000 people" Andreeva". comprising about 3000

household A household consists of one or more persons who live in the same dwelling. It may be of a single family or another type of person group. The household is the basic unit of analysis in many social, microeconomic and government models, and is im ...

s. The district around it included fertile agricultural valleys but also sandy desert,

mineral spring Mineral springs are naturally occurring springs that produce hard water, water that contains dissolved minerals. Salts, sulfur compounds, and gases are among the substances that can be dissolved in the spring water during its passage un ...

s, and upwellings of

naphtha Naphtha (, recorded as less common or nonstandard in all dictionaries: ) is a flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture. Generally, it is a fraction of crude oil, but it can also be produced from natural-gas condensates, petroleum distillates, and ...

. Despite continuing as a Kumyk protectorate, it formed part of the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...

's district of the Caucasus.

Demographics

The area around Endirey is currently majority

Sunni Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam and the largest religious denomination in the world. It holds that Muhammad did not appoint any successor and that his closest companion Abu Bakr () rightfully succeeded him as the caliph of the Mu ...

Muslim Muslims () are people who adhere to Islam, a Monotheism, monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God ...

- 6,025 (93,1 %).

References

Citations

Bibliography

* . * " Andreeva" in the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 9th ed., Vol. II, p. 20. * . * . * . * . * * . * . * . * . * . * . * . * {{citation , last=Wagner , first=Friedrich , title=Schamyl and Circassia, ''2d ed.'' , editor-last=Mackenzie , editor-first=Kenneth , location=London , publisher=G. Routledge & Co. , date=1854 Urban-type settlements in the Republic of Dagestan