Andreas Musculus ( Latinized for Andreas Meusel; 29 November 1514 – 29 September 1581) was a German

Lutheran Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestantism that emerged under the work of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German friar and Protestant Reformers, reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the Catholic Church launched ...

theologian and Protestant reformer. Musculus was born in Schneeberg, "generally called only Musculus" and educated in

Leipzig Leipzig (, ; ; Upper Saxon: ; ) is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Saxony. The city has a population of 628,718 inhabitants as of 2023. It is the List of cities in Germany by population, eighth-largest city in Ge ...

and

Wittenberg Wittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is the fourth-largest town in the state of Saxony-Anhalt, in the Germany, Federal Republic of Germany. It is situated on the River Elbe, north of Leipzig and south-west of the reunified German ...

. While studying theology in Wittenberg he attended lectures by

Martin Luther Martin Luther ( ; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German priest, Theology, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and former Order of Saint Augustine, Augustinian friar. Luther was the seminal figure of the Reformation, Pr ...

and

Philip Melanchthon Philip Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerdt; 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, an intellectual leader of the L ...

and married a sister-in-law of

Johannes Agricola Johann or Johannes Agricola (originally Schneider, then Schnitter; 20 April 1494 – 22 September 1566)John Julian: Dictionary of Hymnology, Second Edition, page 19. London: John Murray, 1907. was a German Protestant Reformer during the Protest ...

. He became professor at the university of

Frankfurt an der Oder Frankfurt (Oder), also known as Frankfurt an der Oder (, ; Marchian dialects, Central Marchian: ''Frankfort an de Oder,'' ) is the fourth-largest city in the German state of Brandenburg after Potsdam, Cottbus and Brandenburg an der Havel. With a ...

. As a theologian he was Gnesio-Lutheran and wrote polemics against the Interim,

Andreas Osiander Andreas Osiander (; 19 December 1498 – 17 October 1552) was a German Lutheran theologian and Protestant reformer. Career Born at Gunzenhausen, Ansbach, in the region of Franconia, Osiander studied at the University of Ingolstadt before ...

the Elder,

Franciscus Stancarus Francesco Stancaro (also Latin: Franciscus Stancarus) (1501 in Mantua – 1574 in Stopnica) was an Italian Catholic priest, theologian, Protestant convert, and Protestant reformer who became professor of Hebrew at the University of Königsberg. ...

Philipp Melanchthon Philip Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerdt; 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, an intellectual leader of the ...

and

John Calvin John Calvin (; ; ; 10 July 150927 May 1564) was a French Christian theology, theologian, pastor and Protestant Reformers, reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of C ...

. Musculus was one of the co-authors of the

Formula of Concord Formula of Concord (1577) (; ; also the "''Bergic Book''" or the "''Bergen Book''") is an authoritative Lutheran statement of faith (called a confession, creed, or "symbol") that, in its two parts (''Epitome'' and ''Solid Declaration''), makes up ...

. He was also one of the most remarkable defenders of Eucharistic adoration in early Lutheranism. His main work on this subject is ''Propositiones de vera, reali et substantiali praesentia, Corporis & Sanguinis IESU Christi in Sacramento Altaris, Francofordiae ad Oderam, 1573'' (thesis IX: ''An adoratio Christi praesentis in coena sit approbanda''). He also edited prayer books with the classical hymns for the adoration of the Sacramen

E.g. his ''Precationes ex veteribus orthodoxis'' included

Lauda Sion "Lauda Sion" is a sequence prescribed for the Roman Catholic Mass for the feast of Corpus Christi. It was written by St. Thomas Aquinas around 1264, at the request of Pope Urban IV for the new Mass of this feast, along with Pange lingua, Sac ...

and

Pange lingua ''Pange lingua'' may refer to either of two Mediaeval Latin hymns: *"'' Pange lingua gloriosi proelium certaminis''" by Venantius Fortunatus, a.D. 570, extolling the triumph of the Cross (the Passion of Jesus Christ) and thus used during Holy Week ...

.Hardt, Tom G. A. Venerabilis et adorabilis Eucharistia. En Studie i den lutherska Nattvardsläran under 1500-talet. Acta Universitatis Uppsaliensis, Studia Doctrinae Christianae Upsaliensia 9 (Uppsala 1971.) p. 249 He died in

Works

* ''Vom Hosen Teuffel. Gedruckt zu Franckfurt an der Oder durch Johann Eichorn'',
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1555. * ''Wider den Ehteuffel. Gedruckt zu Franckfurt an der Oder durch Johann Eichorn'',
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1556. * ''Vom Gotslestern.''
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1556. * ''Beider Antichrist, des Constantinopolitanischen / vnd Römischen / einstimmig vnd gleichfoermig Leer Glauben und Religion Wieder Christum den Son deß lebendigen Gottes durch D. Andream Musculum.''
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1557. * ''Vom jüngsten Tage.'' Kolophon: ''Gedruckt zu Erffurt / durch Georgium Bawman / zum bunten Lawen / bey Sanct Paul.''
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1557. * ''Wider den Fluchteufel. Von dem Unchristlichen, erschrecklichen und grausamen Fluchen und Gottslesterung, trewe und wolmeinede Vermanung und Warnung.''
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1561. * ''Von des Teufels Tyranney, Macht vnd Gewalt, sonderlich in diesen letzten tagen, vnterrichtung. Gedruckt zu Erffurdt durch Georgium Bawmann bey St. Paul.'' Anno 1561
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* ''Bedencks Ende.'' Kolophon: ''Gedruckt zu Franckfurt an der Oder / durch Johan Eichorn 1572.''
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References

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Musculus, Andreas 1514 births 1581 deaths People from Schneeberg, Saxony German Lutheran theologians Lutheran Eucharistic theology Leipzig University alumni University of Wittenberg alumni Academic staff of European University Viadrina 16th-century German Protestant theologians German male non-fiction writers 16th-century German male writers