Andreas Buchwald Rechnitzer (November 30, 1924 – August 22, 2005) was an American
oceanographer
Oceanography (), also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science, is the scientific study of the ocean, including its physics, chemistry, biology, and geology.
It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of top ...
. With
Carl Hubbs
Carl Leavitt Hubbs (October 19, 1894 – June 30, 1979) was an American ichthyologist.
Biography
Early life
Carl Leavitt Hubbs was born in Williams, Arizona, to Charles Leavitt and Elizabeth () Hubbs. His father had a wide variety of jobs (far ...
, he discovered the
striped yellow butterfly fish that served as the logo of
Birch Aquarium
Birch Aquarium is a public aquarium in La Jolla, a community of San Diego, California. It serves as the public outreach center for Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, with over half a million people vi ...
. He helped develop the first
SCUBA diving
Scuba diving is a Diving mode, mode of underwater diving whereby divers use Scuba set, breathing equipment that is completely independent of a surface breathing gas supply, and therefore has a limited but variable endurance. The word ''scub ...
training program for ocean scientists, which included such innovations as ditch-and-don,
buddy breathing
Buddy breathing is a rescue technique used in scuba diving "out-of-gas" emergencies, when two divers share one demand valve, alternately breathing from it. Techniques have been developed for buddy breathing from both twin-hose and single hose regu ...
, and the
buddy system
The buddy system is a procedure in which two individuals, the "buddies", operate together as a single unit so that they are able to monitor and help each other.
As per Merriam-Webster, the first known use of the phrase "buddy system" goes back t ...
. He was a member of the
US Navy
The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare, maritime military branch, service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is the world's most powerful navy with the largest Displacement (ship), displacement, at 4.5 millio ...
Office of Naval Research
The Office of Naval Research (ONR) is an organization within the United States Department of the Navy responsible for the science and technology programs of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. Established by Congress in 1946, its mission is to plan ...
team that negotiated the purchase of the
bathyscape ''
Trieste
Trieste ( , ; ) is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is the capital and largest city of the Regions of Italy#Autonomous regions with special statute, autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, as well as of the Province of Trieste, ...
'', and was the scientist in charge of
Project Nekton in 1960, during which the ''Trieste'' entered the
Challenger Deep
The Challenger Deep is the List of submarine topographical features#List of oceanic trenches, deepest known point of the seabed of Earth, located in the western Pacific Ocean at the southern end of the Mariana Trench, in the ocean territory o ...
, the deepest surveyed point in the world's oceans. For this he received the
Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award
{{infobox military award
, name =
, image = DON Distinguished Civilian Service.png
, image_size = 100px
, caption = Department of the Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Medal
, presenter = Depart ...
. He joined the scientific staff of the
Chief of Naval Operations
The chief of naval operations (CNO) is the highest-ranking officer of the United States Navy. The position is a statutory office () held by an Admiral (United States), admiral who is a military adviser and deputy to the United States Secretary ...
, where he was the Oceanographer of the Navy from 1970 to 1984, and was the Senior Scientist at
Science Applications International Corporation
Science Applications International Corporation, Inc. (SAIC) is an American technology company headquartered in Reston, Virginia that provides government services and information technology support.
History 20th century
The original SAIC was cr ...
from 1985 to 1998.
Biography
Andreas Buchwald Rechnitzer was born in on
Escondido, California
Escondido (Spanish language, Spanish for "Hidden") is a city in San Diego County, California, United States. Located in the North County (San Diego area), North County region, it was incorporated in 1888, and is one of the oldest cities in San ...
, on November 30, 1924.
During
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
he graduated from the
United States Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School
The United States Navy Reserve Midshipmen's School was an expedited auxiliary naval officer training program instituted in June 1940. Its goal was to train a planned 36,000 Naval Reserve officers for commands in the vastly-expanding U.S. Navy flee ...
at
Fort Schuyler, New York, in 1945, and was commissioned as an
ensign
Ensign most often refers to:
* Ensign (flag), a flag flown on a vessel to indicate nationality
* Ensign (rank), a navy (and former army) officer rank
Ensign or The Ensign may also refer to:
Places
* Ensign, Alberta, Alberta, Canada
* Ensign, Ka ...
in the
US Naval Reserve
The United States Navy Reserve (USNR), known as the United States Naval Reserve from 1915 to 2004, is the Reserve Component (RC) of the United States Navy. Members of the Navy Reserve, called reservists, are categorized as being in either the S ...
. He returned to college after the war and earned a
Bachelor of Science
A Bachelor of Science (BS, BSc, B.S., B.Sc., SB, or ScB; from the Latin ') is a bachelor's degree that is awarded for programs that generally last three to five years.
The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Scienc ...
degree from
Michigan State University
Michigan State University (Michigan State or MSU) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in East Lansing, Michigan, United States. It was founded in 1855 as the Agricultural College of the State o ...
in 1947 and a
Master of Science
A Master of Science (; abbreviated MS, M.S., MSc, M.Sc., SM, S.M., ScM or Sc.M.) is a master's degree. In contrast to the Master of Arts degree, the Master of Science degree is typically granted for studies in sciences, engineering and medici ...
from the
University of California at Los Angeles
The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is a public land-grant research university in Los Angeles, California, United States. Its academic roots were established in 1881 as a normal school then known as the southern branch of the Ca ...
in 1951.
He wrote his 1955
Doctor of Philosophy
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, DPhil; or ) is a terminal degree that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of Postgraduate education, graduate study and original resear ...
thesis on ''A serological approach to the systematics of the viviparous sea-perches, family Embiotocidae'' under the supervision of
Carl Hubbs
Carl Leavitt Hubbs (October 19, 1894 – June 30, 1979) was an American ichthyologist.
Biography
Early life
Carl Leavitt Hubbs was born in Williams, Arizona, to Charles Leavitt and Elizabeth () Hubbs. His father had a wide variety of jobs (far ...
at the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) is the center for oceanography and Earth science at the University of California, San Diego. Its main campus is located in La Jolla, with additional facilities in Point Loma.
Founded in 1903 and incorpo ...
.
With Hubbs he discovered the
striped yellow fish that served as the logo of
Birch Aquarium
Birch Aquarium is a public aquarium in La Jolla, a community of San Diego, California. It serves as the public outreach center for Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, with over half a million people vi ...
.
In 1950, while still a graduate student, Rechnitzer and Conrad (Connie) Limbaugh devised the first
SCUBA diving
Scuba diving is a Diving mode, mode of underwater diving whereby divers use Scuba set, breathing equipment that is completely independent of a surface breathing gas supply, and therefore has a limited but variable endurance. The word ''scub ...
training program for ocean scientists, although the term SCUBA had not yet been coined.
Their course included such innovations as ditch-and-don,
buddy breathing
Buddy breathing is a rescue technique used in scuba diving "out-of-gas" emergencies, when two divers share one demand valve, alternately breathing from it. Techniques have been developed for buddy breathing from both twin-hose and single hose regu ...
, and the
buddy system
The buddy system is a procedure in which two individuals, the "buddies", operate together as a single unit so that they are able to monitor and help each other.
As per Merriam-Webster, the first known use of the phrase "buddy system" goes back t ...
. Their equipment consisted of two
Aqualung diving regulator
A diving regulator or underwater diving regulator is a pressure regulator that controls the pressure of breathing gas for underwater diving. The most commonly recognised application is to reduce pressurized breathing gas to ambient pressure and ...
s (the third and fourth sold in the United States), a triple-tank unit, and a single tank. There were no diving instructors or diving shops, and the
wet suit
A wetsuit is a garment worn to provide thermal protection while wet. It is usually made of foamed neoprene, and is worn by surfing, surfers, Underwater diving, divers, windsurfers, canoeists, and others engaged in water sports and other activit ...
had yet to be invented. They drafted the first unofficial training, operational and safety procedures. Training was conducted in the swimming pool at the La Jolla Beach and Tennis Club. During a dive to off
Guadalupe Island
Guadalupe Island () is a volcanic island located off the western coast of Mexico's Baja California peninsula and about southwest of the city of Ensenada in the state of Baja California, in the Pacific Ocean. The various volcanoes are extinc ...
, Mexico, Rechnitzer speared a new species of
striped yellow butterfly fish, which was subsequently adopted for use on the logo of Birch Aquarium.
After graduating from Scripps, Rechnitzer became the Deep Submergence Research Program Coordinator and Oceanographer at the Naval Electronics Laboratory in
San Diego
San Diego ( , ) is a city on the Pacific coast of Southern California, adjacent to the Mexico–United States border. With a population of over 1.4 million, it is the List of United States cities by population, eighth-most populous city in t ...
. In this role he was instrumental in persuading the US Navy to purchase the
bathyscape ''
Trieste
Trieste ( , ; ) is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is the capital and largest city of the Regions of Italy#Autonomous regions with special statute, autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, as well as of the Province of Trieste, ...
'', from Swiss physicist
Auguste Piccard
Auguste Antoine Piccard (28 January 1884 – 24 March 1962) was a Swiss physicist, inventor and explorer known for his record-breaking hydrogen balloon flights, with which he studied the Earth's upper atmosphere and became the first person to ...
. In the ''Trieste'' he made a descent to , a record at the time. He was the scientist in charge of
Project Nekton in 1960, during which the ''Triete'' entered the
Challenger Deep
The Challenger Deep is the List of submarine topographical features#List of oceanic trenches, deepest known point of the seabed of Earth, located in the western Pacific Ocean at the southern end of the Mariana Trench, in the ocean territory o ...
, the deepest surveyed point in the world's oceans, and dived to . For this he received the
Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award
{{infobox military award
, name =
, image = DON Distinguished Civilian Service.png
, image_size = 100px
, caption = Department of the Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Medal
, presenter = Depart ...
from President
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (born David Dwight Eisenhower; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was the 34th president of the United States, serving from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, he was Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionar ...
. He then went to
Rockwell International
Rockwell International was a major American manufacturing conglomerate (company), conglomerate. It was involved in aircraft, the space industry, defense and commercial electronics, components in the automotive industry, printing presses, avioni ...
, where he was in charge of the development of the Beaver IV submersible.
Rechnitzer left Rockwell in 1970, and became the Science and Technology Advisor in the Office of the
Chief of Naval Operations
The chief of naval operations (CNO) is the highest-ranking officer of the United States Navy. The position is a statutory office () held by an Admiral (United States), admiral who is a military adviser and deputy to the United States Secretary ...
. He headed the Navy's Deep Submergence Systems Division from 1970 to 1973, and then served as Oceanographer of the Navy from 1974 to 1978. He became an adjunct professor at the
Naval Postgraduate School
Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) is a Naval command with a graduate university mission, operated by the United States Navy and located in Monterey, California.
The NPS mission is to provide "defense-focused graduate education, including clas ...
in 1977. In 1974, he was the US Navy representative on the
National Geographic
''National Geographic'' (formerly ''The National Geographic Magazine'', sometimes branded as ''Nat Geo'') is an American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners. The magazine was founded in 1888 as a scholarly journal, nine ...
and
Duke University
Duke University is a Private university, private research university in Durham, North Carolina, United States. Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day city of Trinity, North Carolina, Trinity in 1838, the school moved to Durham in 1 ...
expedition to determine the location of the wreck of the , an
American Civil War
The American Civil War (April 12, 1861May 26, 1865; also known by Names of the American Civil War, other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union (American Civil War), Union ("the North") and the Confederate States of A ...
-era
ironclad warship
An ironclad was a steam-propelled warship protected by steel or iron armor constructed from 1859 to the early 1890s. The ironclad was developed as a result of the vulnerability of wooden warships to explosive or incendiary shells. The firs ...
. He was also involved in the discovery of the wreck of the British Royal Mail Steamship ''Tweed'', which sank on
Scorpion Reef in 1847, and the English merchantman ''Holiday'' that sank there in 1823.
Awards Rechnitzer received included the
Academy of Underwater Arts and Sciences
The NOGI Awards is an award presented annually by the Academy of Underwater Arts and Sciences (AUAS) to Underwater diving, diving luminaries and is "considered the Oscar of the ocean world." Selection of recipients is based on their record of ac ...
'
NOGI Award
The NOGI Awards is an award presented annually by the Academy of Underwater Arts and Sciences (AUAS) to diving luminaries and is "considered the Oscar of the ocean world." Selection of recipients is based on their record of accomplishments and e ...
for sciences in 1968, for distinguished Service in 1989, and for sports and education in 1999 and 2007.
He is the only person to have won the NOGI award three times.
He was made an honorary citizen of the city of
San Diego
San Diego ( , ) is a city on the Pacific coast of Southern California, adjacent to the Mexico–United States border. With a population of over 1.4 million, it is the List of United States cities by population, eighth-most populous city in t ...
and an honorary life member of the
National Geographic Society
The National Geographic Society, headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, is one of the largest nonprofit scientific and educational organizations in the world.
Founded in 1888, its interests include geography, archaeology, natural sc ...
. He was the Diego Chamber of Commerce's Outstanding Man of the Year in 1960 and 1961.
Death
Rechnitzer died at
Grossmont Hospital in
La Mesa, California
La Mesa () is a city in San Diego County, California, United States, located east of downtown San Diego in Southern California. The population was 61,121 at the 2020 census, up from 57,065 at the 2010 census. Its civic motto is "the Jewel of ...
, on August 22, 2005.
He was survived by his wife Alice, daughter Andrea, and sons, David, Martin and Michael.
See also
*
:Taxa named by Andreas Rechnitzer
Notes
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rechnitzer, Andreas
1924 births
2005 deaths
People from Escondido, California
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Michigan State University alumni
Scripps Institution of Oceanography alumni
Underwater divers
American oceanographers
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award