Andreas Musculus (also Andreas Meusel; 29 November 1514 – 29 September 1581) was a German

Lutheran Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and Protestant Reformers, reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Cathol ...

theologian and Protestant reformer. The name Musculus is a

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power ...

ized form of Meusel. Musculus was born in Schneeberg, "generally called only Musculus" and educated in

Leipzig Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as ...

and

Wittenberg Wittenberg ( , ; Low Saxon: ''Wittenbarg''; meaning ''White Mountain''; officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg (''Luther City Wittenberg'')), is the fourth largest town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Wittenberg is situated on the River Elbe, north of ...

. He became professor at the university of

Frankfurt an der Oder Frankfurt (Oder), also known as Frankfurt an der Oder (), is a city in the German state of Brandenburg. It has around 57,000 inhabitants, is one of the easternmost cities in Germany, the fourth-largest city in Brandenburg, and the largest German ...

. As a theologian he was Gnesio-Lutheran and wrote polemics against the Interim,

Andreas Osiander Andreas Osiander (; 19 December 1498 – 17 October 1552) was a German Lutheran theologian and Protestant reformer. Career Born at Gunzenhausen, Ansbach, in the region of Franconia, Osiander studied at the University of Ingolstadt before ...

the Elder,

Franciscus Stancarus Francesco Stancaro (also Latin: Franciscus Stancarus) (1501 in Mantua – 1574 in Stopnica) was an Italian Catholic priest, theologian, Protestant convert, and Protestant reformer who became professor of Hebrew at the University of Königsberg. ...

Philipp Melanchthon Philip Melanchthon. (born Philipp Schwartzerdt; 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, intellectual leader of the L ...

and

John Calvin John Calvin (; frm, Jehan Cauvin; french: link=no, Jean Calvin ; 10 July 150927 May 1564) was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system ...

. Musculus was one of the co-authors of the

Formula of Concord Formula of Concord (1577) (German, ''Konkordienformel''; Latin, ''Formula concordiae''; also the "''Bergic Book''" or the "''Bergen Book''") is an authoritative Lutheran statement of faith (called a confession, creed, or "symbol") that, in its t ...

. He was also one of the most remarkable defenders of Eucharistic adoration in early Lutheranism. His main work on this subject is ''Propositiones de vera, reali et substantiali praesentia, Corporis & Sanguinis IESU Christi in Sacramento Altaris, Francofordiae ad Oderam, 1573'' (thesis IX: ''An adoratio Christi praesentis in coena sit approbanda''). He also edited prayer books with the classical hymns for the adoration of the Sacramen

E.g. his ''Precationes ex veteribus orthodoxis'' included Lauda Sion and Pange lingua.Hardt, Tom G. A. Venerabilis et adorabilis Eucharistia. En Studie i den lutherska Nattvardsläran under 1500-talet. Acta Universitatis Uppsaliensis, Studia Doctrinae Christianae Upsaliensia 9 (Uppsala 1971.) p. 249 He died in

Works

* ''Vom Hosen Teuffel. Gedruckt zu Franckfurt an der Oder durch Johann Eichorn'',
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1555. * ''Wider den Ehteuffel. Gedruckt zu Franckfurt an der Oder durch Johann Eichorn'',
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1556. * ''Vom Gotslestern.''
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1556. * ''Beider Antichrist, des Constantinopolitanischen / vnd Römischen / einstimmig vnd gleichfoermig Leer Glauben und Religion Wieder Christum den Son deß lebendigen Gottes durch D. Andream Musculum.''
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1557. * ''Vom jüngsten Tage.'' Kolophon: ''Gedruckt zu Erffurt / durch Georgium Bawman / zum bunten Lawen / bey Sanct Paul.''
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1557. * ''Wider den Fluchteufel. Von dem Unchristlichen, erschrecklichen und grausamen Fluchen und Gottslesterung, trewe und wolmeinede Vermanung und Warnung.''
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1561. * ''Von des Teufels Tyranney, Macht vnd Gewalt, sonderlich in diesen letzten tagen, vnterrichtung. Gedruckt zu Erffurdt durch Georgium Bawmann bey St. Paul.'' Anno 1561
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* ''Bedencks Ende.'' Kolophon: ''Gedruckt zu Franckfurt an der Oder / durch Johan Eichorn 1572.''
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References

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Musculus, Andreas 1514 births 1581 deaths People from Schneeberg, Saxony German Lutheran theologians Lutheran Eucharistic theology Leipzig University alumni University of Wittenberg alumni European University Viadrina faculty 16th-century German Protestant theologians German male non-fiction writers 16th-century German male writers