Andre Asriel (22 February 1922 – 28 May 2019) was an Austrian-German composer.

Life

Born in Vienna, Asriel first attended the Akademisches Gymnasium and then the Bundesgymnasium IX (

Gymnasium Wasagasse The Gymnasium Wasagasse (''Bundesgymnasium Wien IX'', in short ''BG9'') is a secondary school in Alsergrund, the 9th district of Vienna. Alumni of the school include two Nobel laureates, an Academy Award winner and many notable politicians, artis ...

) in Vienna, where the later

Oscar Oscar, OSCAR, or The Oscar may refer to: People * Oscar (given name), an Irish- and English-language name also used in other languages; the article includes the names Oskar, Oskari, Oszkár, Óscar, and other forms. * Oscar (Irish mythology), ...

winner and composer Ernest Gold was his classmate. Here he pursued musical studies at the same time, studying piano with Grete Hinterhofer and theory with Richard Stöhr at the State Academy of Music in Vienna from 1936 to 1938. He was extraordinarily gifted and an outstanding pianist even at a young age. After the

Anschluss The (, or , ), also known as the (, en, Annexation of Austria), was the annexation of the Federal State of Austria into the Nazi Germany, German Reich on 13 March 1938. The idea of an (a united Austria and Germany that would form a "Ger ...

Nazi Germany Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...

, his mother ensured that her 16-year-old son Andre was able to emigrate to England with a

Kindertransport The ''Kindertransport'' (German for "children's transport") was an organised rescue effort of children (but not their parents) from Nazi-controlled territory that took place during the nine months prior to the outbreak of the Second Worl ...

as a racially persecuted person at the end of 1938. She herself did not manage to escape. With the beginning of the war in September 1939, all ties to the old homeland and the family were severed. Music was Asriel's interest even in a foreign country, but he did not know how to start and finance a suitable course of study. Through an encounter with the later poet

Erich Fried Erich Fried (6 May 1921 – 22 November 1988) was an Austrian-born poet, writer, and translator. He initially became known to a broader public in both Germany and Austria for his political poetry, and later for his love poems. As a writer, he m ...

- also a former pupil of Wasagymnasium - he found contact with the exile organisation ''

Freie Deutsche Jugend The Free German Youth (german: Freie Deutsche Jugend; FDJ) is a youth movement in Germany. Formerly, it was the official youth movement of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the Socialist Unity Party of Germany. The organization was meant ...

'' (FDJ), which also financed his studies. Asriel took over the leadership of the London FDJ choir and made friends among its members. As Licentiate of the

Royal Academy of Music The Royal Academy of Music (RAM) in London, England, is the oldest conservatoire in the UK, founded in 1822 by John Fane and Nicolas-Charles Bochsa. It received its royal charter in 1830 from King George IV with the support of the first Duke ...

(L.R.A.M.), he continued his studies from 1941 with Franz Osborn (piano) and

Ernst Hermann Meyer Ernst Hermann Ludimar Meyer (8 December 1905 – 8 October 1988) was a German composer and musicologist, noted for his expertise on seventeenth-century English chamber music. Life Meyer was born in Berlin. He received his first piano lessons ...

(composition). His gratitude to the FDJ led Asriel to destroyed Germany in 1946 to help build socialism there. In 1946 he continued his music studies, which had been interrupted in exile, at the Hochschule für Musik in the western part of Berlin with

Reinhard Schwarz-Schilling Reinhard Schwarz-Schilling (9 May 1904 in Hannover – 9 December 1985 in Berlin) was a German composer. The son of a chemical manufacturer, Schwarz-Schilling embarked upon his musical studies in 1922, first in Munich and – interrupted by sev ...

and Hermann Wunsch (composition) and

Richard Rössler Richard Rössler, also ''Roessler'' or ''Rößler'' (14 November 1880 – 23 June 1962) was a Baltic German pianist, organist, composer and music educator (academic teacher). In 1910, he married the pianist Dora Charlotte Mayer (1887–1951), a ...

(piano). This was followed by the state examination in piano in 1948. From 1950 to 1951, Andre Asriel was a master student at the Deutsche Akademie der Künste (East Berlin) with

Hanns Eisler Hanns Eisler (6 July 1898 – 6 September 1962) was an Austrian composer (his father was Austrian, and Eisler fought in a Hungarian regiment in World War I). He is best known for composing the national anthem of East Germany, for his long artisti ...

. From 1950 to 1967, he was a lecturer and then professor of composition at the

Hochschule für Musik "Hanns Eisler" ' (, plural: ') is the generic term in German for institutions of higher education, corresponding to ''universities'' and ''colleges'' in English. The term ''Universität'' (plural: ''Universitäten'') is reserved for institutions with the right to ...

( DDR). He retired in 1980. Asriel became known above all for his political songs. But film music was also an important field of activity for him. He wrote the music for more than 30 films. Furthermore, he composed chansons, ballads, chamber, vocal and instrumental music. Many of his compositions were influenced by jazz music. He was married to the Germanist Gertrud (Katja) Asriel from 1951 and had two children. In 1951, Asriel was awarded the National Prize of the GDR, in 1970 the , and in 1974 and 1982 the

Patriotic Order of Merit The Patriotic Order of Merit (German: ''Vaterländischer Verdienstorden'', or VVO) was a national award granted annually in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). It was founded in 1954 and was awarded to individuals and institutions for outstanding ...

Chamber music (1964–1972)

*''20 Variationen über "Ich hab mein Feinsliebchen"'', for flute and guitar *''Shakespeare-Suite'', for two trumpets and two trombones, 1993,

Neue Musik Neue Musik (English ''new music'', French ''nouvelle musique'') is the collective term for a wealth of different currents in composed Western art music from around 1910 to the present. Its focus is on compositions of 20th century music. It is char ...

*''Katzenwalzer'', for violin and piano

Music for keyboard instruments (1962–1988)

*''Sonate'', for piano *''Fuge in C'', for piano *''Toccata und Fuge'', for organ

Music for concert guitar (1962-1988)

*''Baroque in Blue'', for solo guitar *''A Little Jazz Music'', for guitar solo *''Prelude and Toccata'', for 2 guitars *''Etudes and Recital Pieces'', for solo guitar *''Four Pieces'', for 2 guitars *''Suite in E'', for 2 guitars *''Cinque pezzi obbligati'', for solo guitar

Choral music (1951–1977)

*''Mahle, Mühle mahle'' ( Walter Dehmel), for

mixed choir A choir ( ; also known as a chorale or chorus) is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral music, in turn, is the music written specifically for such an ensemble to perform. Choirs may perform music from the classical music repertoire, which s ...

*''Suite in Scat'', für gemischten Chor und Rhythmusgruppe *''Sechs Fabeln nach

Aesop Aesop ( or ; , ; c. 620–564 BCE) was a Greek fabulist and storyteller credited with a number of fables now collectively known as ''Aesop's Fables''. Although his existence remains unclear and no writings by him survive, numerous tales cre ...

'', for mixed choir *''Drei Chöre nach lateinischen Texten'', for mixed choir *''Drei Kommentare zu „Moro lasso“ by

Carlo Gesualdo Carlo Gesualdo da Venosa ( – 8 September 1613) was Prince of Venosa and Count of Conza. As a composer he is known for writing madrigals and pieces of sacred music that use a chromatic language not heard again until the late 19th cent ...

'', for chamber choir and six instruments *''Drei ernste Gesänge'' (

Bertolt Brecht Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht (10 February 1898 – 14 August 1956), known professionally as Bertolt Brecht, was a German theatre practitioner, playwright, and poet. Coming of age during the Weimar Republic, he had his first successes as a ...

), for male choir

Mass Lieder (1941–1983)

*''Wir lieben das Leben'' (Erich Fried) *''Viel Blut ward hingegeben'' (

Kurt Barthel Kurt Barthel (1884–1969) is the father of the modern United States nudist movement. Introduction He began the American League for Physical Culture in 1929 with an ad, first in the leading German nudist magazines published in Berlin by R ...

) *''Freundschaft, Einheit, Frieden'' (Herbert Keller) *''Es lebe das Brot'' (KuBa) *''Tapfer lacht die junge Garde'' (Kurt Barthel) *''Roter Oktober'' (KuBa) *''Schlacht am Galgenberg'' (

Manfred Bieler ''Manfred: A dramatic poem'' is a closet drama written in 1816–1817 by Lord Byron. It contains supernatural elements, in keeping with the popularity of the ghost story in England at the time. It is a typical example of a Gothic fiction. Byr ...

) *''Matrosen von Kiel'' (Bodo Krautz) *''Lied der Republik'' (

Heinz Kahlau Heinz Kahlau (6 February 1931 - 6 April 2012) was a German writer. He is remembered as one of the best known lyric poets in the German Democratic Republic. He wrote song lyrics, dramas and prose pieces. He was particularly well known for hi ...

) *''Die rote Fahne'' (Helmut Kontauts)

Songs and Chansons (1948–1975)

*''Lied vom St.Nimmerleinstag'' (Bertolt Brecht) *''Gegen den Krieg'' (KuBa) *''Ungarisches Largo'' (Jens Gerlach) *''Lied von der Eile'' (Heinz Kahlau) *''Atomraketenlied'' (Jens Gerlach) *''Lehmhaus-Blues'' (Jens Gerlach) *''Lied vom Glück'' (Bertolt Brecht) *''Limericks'' (

Peter Hacks Peter Hacks (21 March 1928 – 28 August 2003) was a German playwright, author, and essayist. Hacks was born in Breslau (Wrocław), Lower Silesia. Displaced by World War II, Hacks settled in Munich in 1947, where he made acquaintance with T ...

) *''Argumentation'' (Jens Gerlach) *''Dukatenlied'' (Jens Gerlach) *''Treue'' (

Heinrich Heine Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (; born Harry Heine; 13 December 1797 – 17 February 1856) was a German poet, writer and literary critic. He is best known outside Germany for his early lyric poetry, which was set to music in the form of '' Lie ...

) *''Abend in einer großen Stadt'' ( Louis Fürnberg) *''Auf der Sonnenseite'' ( Manfred Krug) *''Shimmy in grün'' (Peter Hacks) *''Auf dem Bergarbeiterball'' (Peter Hacks) *''Die Oliven gedeihen'' (Peter Hacks) *''Oktober'' (

Alfred Kerr Alfred Kerr (''né'' Kempner; 25 December 1867 – 12 October 1948, surname: ) was an influential German theatre critic and essayist of Jewish descent, nicknamed the ''Kulturpapst'' ("Culture Pope"). Biography Youth Kerr was born in Breslau, ...

) *''Der September'' (

Erich Kästner Emil Erich Kästner (; 23 February 1899 – 29 July 1974) was a German writer, poet, screenwriter and satirist, known primarily for his humorous, socially astute poems and for children's books including ''Emil and the Detectives''. He received ...

) *''Der Monarch'' (Peter Hacks) *''Das Osterhuhn'' (Heinz Kahlau) *''Mondlied'' (Peter Hacks) *''Lied von den Kranichen'' (

Kurt Demmler Kurt Demmler (12 September 1943 Posen – 3 February 2009 Berlin) was a German songwriter, who in the earlier part of his life was a dissident East German songwriter. Accused of alleged sexual abuse of underage girls during castings for a fem ...

) *''Karl I.'' (Heinrich Heine) *''So muss es sein'' (

Volker Braun Volker Braun (born 7 May 1939 in Dresden) is a German writer. His works include ''Provokation für mich'' (''Provocation for me'') – a collection of poems written between 1959 and 1964 and published in 1965, a play, ''Die Kipper'' (''The Dumpers ...

nach Béranger)

Piano Lieder (1940–1971)

*''Childe Harold'' (Heinrich Heine) *''Drei Gesänge'' (

Langston Hughes James Mercer Langston Hughes (February 1, 1901 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. One of the earliest innovators of the literary art form called jazz poetry, H ...

) *''Zwei Sprüche'' (Bertolt Brecht) *''Der Tod'' (

Matthias Claudius Matthias Claudius (15 August 1740 – 21 January 1815) was a German poet and journalist, otherwise known by the pen name of “Asmus”. Life Claudius was born at Reinfeld, near Lübeck, and studied at Jena. He spent the greater part of his li ...

) *''Halt an dein Boot'' (Wolfram Dietrich) *''Sechs Lieder'' (Bertolt Brecht) *''Acht Liebeslieder'' (Jens Gerlach) *''Schön Dorindgen'' (Peter Hacks) *''Narrenlied'' (

William Shakespeare William Shakespeare ( 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's natio ...

) *''Wer ist Sylvia'' (William Shakespeare) *''Baumlige Lieder'' (Helmut Stöhr) * Numerous folk song arrangements, including ::''Jiddische Volkslieder – Kinder- und Wiegenlieder'', Verlag Neue Musik, Berlin ::''Jiddische Volkslieder – Berufs- und Ständelieder'', Verlag Neue Musik, Berlin ::''Jiddische Volkslieder – Liebeslieder'', Verlag Neue Musik, Berlin

Film scores and theatre music (1955-1986)

Film scores

= Feature films

= *'' Der Lotterieschwede'' (1958),

Joachim Kunert Joachim Kunert (24 September 1929 – 18 September 2020) was a German film director and screenwriter. He directed more than 20 films between 1954 and 1989. His 1965 film '' The Adventures of Werner Holt'' was entered into the 4th Moscow Inte ...

(after

Martin Andersen Nexø Martin Andersen Nexø (26 June 1869 – 1 June 1954) was a Danish writer. He was one of the authors in the Modern Breakthrough movement in Danish art and literature. He was a socialist throughout his life and during the second world war moved t ...

) *'' Ehesache Lorenz'' (1959), Joachim Kunert *''Wo der Zug nicht lange hält …'' (1960), Joachim Hasler *'' Seilergasse 8'' (1960), Joachim Kunert *''Die letzte Nacht'' (1961), Joachim Kunert (TV film) *'' On the Sunny Side'' (1961), Ralf Kirsten *''Die unbekannte Größe'' (1961), Baumert (TV film) *''Der Schwur des Soldaten Pooley'' (1961), (TV film) *'' Follow Me, Scoundrels'' (1962), Heinz Thiel *'' Geheimarchiv an der Elbe'' (1962), Kurt Jung-Alsen *''Der Dieb von San Marengo'' (1963),

Günter Reisch Günter Reisch (24 November 1927 – 24 February 2014) was a German film director and screenwriter. He served in the German Army during the last stage of World War II. On 20 April 1944 he became a member of the Nazi Party. After his release from a ...

*''

Mir nach, Canaillen! ''Follow Me, Scoundrels'' (german: Mir nach, Canaillen!) is a 1964 East German historical adventure film directed by Ralf Kirsten and starring Manfred Krug, Monika Woytowicz, and Fred Düren. The film's sets were designed by the art director ...

'' (1964), Ralf Kirsten *''

Der verlorene Engel Der or DER may refer to: Places * Darkənd, Azerbaijan * Dearborn (Amtrak station) (station code), in Michigan, US * Der (Sumer), an ancient city located in modern-day Iraq * d'Entrecasteaux Ridge, an oceanic ridge in the south-west Pacific Ocea ...

'' (1966/1971), Ralf Kirsten *'' Frau Venus und ihr Teufel'' (1967), Ralf Kirsten *'' Netzwerk'' (1970), Ralf Kirsten *''Zwei Briefe an Pospischiel'' (1970), Ralf Kirsten (TV film) *'' Die Elixiere des Teufels'' (1973), Ralf Kirsten (after E. T. A. Hoffmann) *''

Unterm Birnbaum {{Short description, Utility which translates U.N. terminology and nomenclature The United Nations Multilingual Terminology Database (UNTERM) is a linguistic tool which translates terminology and nomenclature used within the United Nations (UN) i ...

'' (1973), Ralf Kirsten (after

Theodor Fontane Theodor Fontane (; 30 December 1819 – 20 September 1898) was a German novelist and poet, regarded by many as the most important 19th-century German-language realist author. He published the first of his novels, for which he is best known tod ...

) *'' Eine Pyramide für mich'' (1975), Ralf Kirsten

= Short films

= *''Lebendes Eisen'' (1955), Berthold Beissert (Popular science film) *''Märkische Novelle'' (1957), Max Jaap (documentary) *''Das Faschingskostüm'' (1958), Kurt Weiler (animated film) *''Martin Andersen Nexö'' (1959), Joachim Kunert (documentary) *''Der Bankraub'' (1961), Hans Joachim Hildebrandt (magazin) *''Die Füchsin und der Biber'' (1961), Ralf Kirsten (magazin) *''Moderne Grafik'' (1961), (popular science film) *''Dorfkinder'' (1962), Heinz Müller (documentary) *''Pasaremos'' (1962), (popular science film) *''Hase und Igel'' (1963), Horst Seemann (magazin) *''Gleisbau'' (1963), (popular science film) *''Hüben und drüben'' (1964),

Walter Heynowski Walter may refer to: People * Walter (name), both a surname and a given name * Little Walter, American blues harmonica player Marion Walter Jacobs (1930–1968) * Gunther (wrestler), Austrian professional wrestler and trainer Walter Hahn (born 19 ...

(documentary) *''Geschlechter'' (1964), (popular science film) *''O.K.'' (1965), Walter Heynowski (documentary) *''Borinage'' (1983/84),

Joris Ivens Georg Henri Anton "Joris" Ivens (18 November 1898 – 28 June 1989) was a Dutch documentary filmmaker. Among the notable films he directed or co-directed are ''A Tale of the Wind'', ''The Spanish Earth'', ''Rain'', ''...A Valparaiso'', '' Mi ...

Henri Storck Henri Storck (5 September 1907 – 17 September 1999) was a Belgian writer, filmmaker and documentarist. In 1933, he directed, with Joris Ivens, '' Misère au Borinage'', a film about the miners in the Borinage area. In 1938, with Andre Thirifa ...

documentary (1933,

silent film A silent film is a film with no synchronized Sound recording and reproduction, recorded sound (or more generally, no audible dialogue). Though silent films convey narrative and emotion visually, various plot elements (such as a setting or era) ...

, E.P.I., Club de l’Ecran, Brüssel) *''Drifters'' (1984/86),

John Grierson John Grierson (26 April 1898 – 19 February 1972) was a pioneering Scottish documentary maker, often considered the father of British and Canadian documentary film. In 1926, Grierson coined the term "documentary" in a review of Robert J. Fl ...

documentary (1929, silent film, E.M.B.Film Unit, GB)

Theater music

* 1949: Friedrich Wolf: ''Tai Yang erwacht'' – director: Wolfgang Langhoff ( Deutsches Theater Berlin) * 1962:

(after

Aristophanes Aristophanes (; grc, Ἀριστοφάνης, ; c. 446 – c. 386 BC), son of Philippus, of the deme Kydathenaion ( la, Cydathenaeum), was a comic playwright or comedy-writer of ancient Athens and a poet of Old Attic Comedy. Eleven of his fo ...

): ''Der Frieden'' – director:

Benno Besson Benno Besson (born René-Benjamin Besson; 4 November 1922 in Yverdon-les-Bains – 16 February 2006 in Berlin, Germany) was a Swiss actor and director. He had great success as director at Volksbühne Berlin, Deutsches Theater and Berliner ...

(Deutsches Theater Berlin) *1963:

Rolf Schneider Rolf Georg Schneider (born 17 March 1940, Hagen, Germany) is a mathematician. Schneider is a professor emeritus at the University of Freiburg. His main research interests are convex geometry and stochastic geometry. Career Schneider completed his ...

: ''Prozeß Richard Waverly'' – director: Wolf-Dieter Panse (Deutsches Theater Berlin – Kammerspiele) *1963: Peter Hacks (after

John Gay John Gay (30 June 1685 – 4 December 1732) was an English poet and dramatist and member of the Scriblerus Club. He is best remembered for '' The Beggar's Opera'' (1728), a ballad opera. The characters, including Captain Macheath and Polly ...

): ''Polly oder Die Bataille am Bluewater Creek'' * 1980:

Mikhail Shatrov Mikhail Shatrov (1932-2010) was a Soviet playwright. In 1958 he was admitted to the Union of Soviet Writers. Member of the CPSU since 1961. In a series of historical plays, he shook up the genre of Leniniana. (Faina Ranevskaya sarcastically remar ...

: ''Blaue Pferde auf rotem Gras'' – director: Christoph Schroth (

Berliner Ensemble The Berliner Ensemble () is a German theatre company established by actress Helene Weigel and her husband, playwright Bertolt Brecht, in January 1949 in East Berlin. In the time after Brecht's exile, the company first worked at Wolfgang Langho ...

) * 1981: Carl Sternheim: ''Die Schule von Uznach'' – director: Gertrud-Elisabeth Zillmer ( Volksbühne Berlin – Sternfoyer) *''Faust I'' (

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic. His works include plays, poetry, literature, and aesthetic criticism, as well as tr ...

)

Radio play music

* 1950: Herbert Horn: ''Unsere Brücke'' – director: Rudolph Pallas (

Berliner Rundfunk The Berliner Rundfunk (BERU) was a radio station set in East Germany. It had a political focus and discussed events in East Berlin. Today it is a commercial radio station broadcast with the name "Berliner Rundfunk 91.4". History The Berliner Ru ...

) * 1950:

Anna Seghers Anna Seghers (; born ''Anna Reiling,'' 19 November 1900 – 1 June 1983), is the pseudonym of a German writer notable for exploring and depicting the moral experience of the Second World War. Born into a Jewish family and married to a Hungarian ...

: ' – director: Herwart Grosse (

Deutschlandsender Deutschlandsender (, ''Radio Germany''), abbreviated DLS or DS, was one of the longest-established radio broadcasting stations in Germany. The name was used between 1926 and 1993 to denote a number of powerful stations designed to achieve all-Ger ...

) * 1964: Ernst Röhl (after

Johann Peter Hebel Johann Peter Hebel (10 May 1760 – 22 September 1826) was a German short story writer, dialectal poet, Lutheran theologian and pedagogue, most famous for a collection of Alemannic lyric poems (''Allemannische Gedichte'') and one of Germ ...

): ''Zundelfrieders Abenteuer'' – director: Maritta Hübner (Kinderhörspiel –

Rundfunk der DDR Rundfunk der DDR (, 'GDR Broadcasting'; from about 1948 to 1972 Deutscher Demokratischer Rundfunk, 'German Democratic Broadcasting') was the collective designation for radio broadcasting organized by the State Broadcasting Committee in the Germa ...

Publications

*''Jazz – Analysen und Aspekte'', VEB Lied der Zeit, Berlin 1966 (4th, revised and expanded ed. 1985)

References

External links

* * .
OeML, Asriel_Andre, Asriel, Andre Asriel
on ''

Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon The ''Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon'Oesterreichisch'' with ''Oe'' is the spelling of the print and online output. is a five-volume music encyclopedia founded by the Austrian Academy of Sciences' Commission for Music Research. It was officiall ...

'', Online-Edition, Vienna 2002 ff., ; Print edition: vol. 1, Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften publishing house, Vienna 2002, .
''Wunsch und Wirklichkeit''
Porträt im

Neues Deutschland ''Neues Deutschland'' (''nd''; en, New Germany, sometimes stylized in lowercase letters) is a left-wing German daily newspaper, headquarters, headquartered in Berlin. For 43 years it was the official party newspaper of the Socialist Unity Par ...

, 23 January 2012.
Andre Asriel
on ''

Lexikon verfolgter Musiker und Musikerinnen der NS-Zeit The ''Lexikon verfolgter Musiker und Musikerinnen der NS-Zeit'' (LexM) is an Online encyclopedia of the University of Hamburg, which has been developed as a work in progress since 2005. Publication/contents The editors today are Sophie Fetthau ...

'' {{DEFAULTSORT:Asriel, Andre 20th-century German composers Austrian composers 20th-century classical composers Male film score composers Academic staff of the Hochschule für Musik Hanns Eisler Berlin Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold Austrian emigrants to Germany Nazi concentration camp survivors 1922 births 2019 deaths Musicians from Vienna 20th-century German male musicians Austrian expatriates in the United Kingdom