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Andalusian nationalism is the
nationalism Nationalism is an idea or movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement, it presupposes the existence and tends to promote the interests of a particular nation, Smith, Anthony. ''Nationalism: Theory, I ...
that asserts that
Andalusians The Andalusians () are the people of Andalusia, an autonomous community in southern Spain. Andalusia's statute of autonomy defines Andalusians as the Spanish citizens who reside in any of the municipalities of Andalusia, as well as those Spani ...
are a
nation A nation is a type of social organization where a collective Identity (social science), identity, a national identity, has emerged from a combination of shared features across a given population, such as language, history, ethnicity, culture, t ...
and promotes the cultural unity of
Andalusians The Andalusians () are the people of Andalusia, an autonomous community in southern Spain. Andalusia's statute of autonomy defines Andalusians as the Spanish citizens who reside in any of the municipalities of Andalusia, as well as those Spani ...
. In the past it was considered to be represented primarily by the Andalusian Party, but the party disbanded in 2015. In 2021, the left-wing Andalusian nationalist party Adelante Andalucía was formed, obtaining representation in the 2022 regional election. Some political forces without parliamentary presence like ''Nación Andaluza'' and ''Asamblea Nacional de Andalucía'' may be found advocating
independence Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state, in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the status of ...
. There is also a movement defending the idea that Andalusian is not a dialect of Spanish, but a language of its own.


Brief history

The predecessor of Andalusian nationalism is the peasant anarchism which was quite active during the 19th century. During the reign of
Isabella II of Spain Isabella II (, María Isabel Luisa de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias; 10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904) was Queen of Spain from 1833 until her deposition in 1868. She is the only queen regnant in the history of unified Spain. Isabella wa ...
,
Andalusia Andalusia ( , ; , ) is the southernmost autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community in Peninsular Spain, located in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, in southwestern Europe. It is the most populous and the second-largest autonomou ...
was a hotbed of anarchist insurgency. Later, these anarchist cores became protagonists in conflicts between local people and
Madrid Madrid ( ; ) is the capital and List of largest cities in Spain, most populous municipality of Spain. It has almost 3.5 million inhabitants and a Madrid metropolitan area, metropolitan area population of approximately 7 million. It i ...
. With the declaration of the
First Spanish Republic The Spanish Republic (), historiographically referred to as the First Spanish Republic (), was the political regime that existed in Spain from 11 February 1873 to 29 December 1874. The Republic's founding ensued after the abdication of King ...
in 1873, various nationalist currents began to emerge in Andalusia. In 1883, an assembly gathered at
Antequera Antequera () is a city and municipality in the Comarca de Antequera, province of Málaga, part of the Spain, Spanish autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Andalusia. It is known as "the heart of Andalusia" (''el corazón de An ...
drafted a constitution styling Andalusia as an autonomous republic inside a federal state (''República Andaluza o Estado libre o autónomo de Andalucía'', in Spanish). This constitution is known as ''Constitución Federal de Antequera''.
Blas Infante Blas Infante Pérez de Vargas (5 July 1885 – 11 August 1936) was an Andalusian socialist politician, Georgist, writer, historian and musicologist. He is considered the "father of Andalusia" by Andalusian nationalists. He initiated an Andal ...
, a socialist idealist and founder of modern Andalusian nationalism, initiated an assembly at
Ronda Ronda () is a Municipalities in Spain, municipality of Spain belonging to the province of Málaga, within the autonomous community of Andalusia. Its population is about 35,000. Ronda is known for its cliffside location and a deep canyon that ca ...
in 1918. This assembly adopted a
charter A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified. It is implicit that the granter retains superiority (or sovereignty), and that the ...
based on Antequera Constitution and also adopted the current
flag A flag is a piece of textile, fabric (most often rectangular) with distinctive colours and design. It is used as a symbol, a signalling device, or for decoration. The term ''flag'' is also used to refer to the graphic design employed, and fla ...
and
emblem An emblem is an abstract art, abstract or representational pictorial image that represents a concept, like a moral truth, or an allegory, or a person, like a monarch or saint. Emblems vs. symbols Although the words ''emblem'' and ''symbol'' ...
as "
national symbol A national symbol is a manifestation of a nation or community, serving as a representation of their National identity, identity and values. National symbols may be not only applied to sovereign states but also nations and countries in a state of ...
s". During the
Second Spanish Republic The Spanish Republic (), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (), was the form of democratic government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931 after the deposition of Alfonso XIII, King Alfonso XIII. ...
, the ''Andalucismo'' was represented by the ''Junta Liberalista'', a federalist political party led by Infante. As the leading figure of Andalusian nationalism, Infante gave the movement a distinct agrarian socialist character, as he sought to break the power of landowners in Andalusia. While also considered a separatist by some scholars, publicly Infante limited his proposals to the creation of extensively autonomous Andalusia within federal or confederal Spain. Infante also greatly contributed to the development of Andalusian identity, describing Andalusia as a nation with distinct history and unique identity, and outlined land reform, education reform, identity and patriotism as objectives essential for the regeneration of Andalusia. Infante argued that socioeconomic problems of Andalusia were a direct result of colonial policies implemented by Madrid after the Catholic Reconquest in 1492, resulting in regional degradation and isolation of Andalusia. He also idealized the
Al-Andalus Al-Andalus () was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula. The name refers to the different Muslim states that controlled these territories at various times between 711 and 1492. At its greatest geographical extent, it occupied most o ...
era of Andalusia, describing it as the "golden age" of Andalusian history and an important marker of regional identity. However, Infante also defined Andalusians as ethnic Christians and traces Andalusian roots to the pro-Islamic, Christian population. As a left-wing activist, socialist and a republican, Blas Infante was executed by Spanish Nationalists in August 1936, in the beginning of the
Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War () was a military conflict fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republican faction (Spanish Civil War), Republicans and the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalists. Republicans were loyal to the Left-wing p ...
. Andalusian nationalism was revived when ''Alianza Socialista de Andalucía'' or ''ASA'' (Socialist Alliance of Andalusia) was founded in 1971, at the last period of
Francoism Francoist Spain (), also known as the Francoist dictatorship (), or Nationalist Spain () was the period of Spanish history between 1936 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title . After his death i ...
in Spain. Andalusian nationalism drew limited but considerable support from the western part of Andalusia, particularly from provincial capitals like
Cádiz Cádiz ( , , ) is a city in Spain and the capital of the Province of Cádiz in the Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Andalusia. It is located in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula off the Atlantic Ocean separated fr ...
and
Seville Seville ( ; , ) is the capital and largest city of the Spain, Spanish autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville. It is situated on the lower reaches of the Guadalquivir, River Guadalquivir, ...
. In recent years, there has been a current arguing that the Andalusian dialect is actually an independent language and not a subset of Spanish.


The road to autonomy

After dictator
Francisco Franco Francisco Franco Bahamonde (born Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco Bahamonde; 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general and dictator who led the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalist forces i ...
's death, the new
Spanish Constitution of 1978 The Spanish Constitution () is the supreme law of the Kingdom of Spain. It was enacted after its approval in 1978 in a constitutional referendum; it represents the culmination of the Spanish transition to democracy. The current version was a ...
established in its Article 2 the right of "regions and nationalities" to self-government. This followed a popular outcry in Andalusia for its own right to autonomy, with a total of over a million and a half people demonstrating in the streets of most Andalusian towns and cities on 4 December 1977, while the constitution was still being drafted. This campaign would lead to the inclusion of two articles regarding autonomy in the finished constitution text: ''Article 143'', which would give all Spanish regions the chance to become autonomous communities, with fewer devolved powers; and ''Article 151'', that would set the roles of autonomous communities with a higher degree of autonomy. Article 151 was automatically applicable to the so-called historic nationalities, which have previously enjoyed autonomy during the
Second Spanish Republic The Spanish Republic (), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (), was the form of democratic government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931 after the deposition of Alfonso XIII, King Alfonso XIII. ...
, as reflected in the
Spanish Constitution of 1931 The Spanish Constitution of 1931 was approved by the Constituent Cortes, Constituent Assembly on 9 December 1931. It was the constitution of the Second Spanish Republic (founded 14 April 1931) and was in force until 1 April 1939. This was the sec ...
. Nevertheless, this article also offered the possibility of other regions or nationalities accessing the same level of autonomy if approved on referendum. A separate statute of autonomy for Andalusia had been written by Blas Infante and submitted, approved by parliament in June 1936, to be voted in referendum in September 1936. However the start of the Civil War in July and the assassination of Infante by Franco's rebels in August of the same year put an end to the autonomist project for Andalusia. In spite of this, Andalusia was never recognised as a "historic nationality" in the 1978 constitution. This caused a great deal of indignation at the time and fired the fuse of a popular campaign which would lead the region seeking autonomy under the ''vía rápida'' (fast route) proposed for the historic nationalities by article 151 of the Spanish constitution. The "fast route" required an approved referendum by an
absolute majority A majority is more than half of a total; however, the term is commonly used with other meanings, as explained in the " Related terms" section below. It is a subset of a set consisting of more than half of the set's elements. For example, if a gr ...
of all eligible voters in the region as well as in each constituent province. The referendum vote on 28 February 1980 did succeed in gaining the absolute majority of eligible voters in the proposed region, and in all provinces except for
Almería Almería (, , ) is a city and municipalities in Spain, municipality of Spain, located in Andalusia. It is the capital of the province of Almería, province of the same name. It lies in southeastern Iberian Peninsula, Iberia on the Mediterranean S ...
, where it fell just short of a majority of all "eligible voters". Due to this, Andalusia could not achieve autonomous status under the "fast route" proposed by the Spanish constitution. In response to this situation, where a clear majority of voters wished for autonomy to be granted to the region but fell short of the actual requirements of the chosen autonomy process, the Spanish
Congress of Deputies The Congress of Deputies () is the lower house of the , Spain's legislative branch, the upper house being the Senate of Spain, Senate. The Congress meets in the Palacio de las Cortes, Madrid, Palace of the Parliament () in Madrid. Congress has ...
passed "Ley 13/1980" allowing for the substitution of the approval by the deputies and senators of Almeria province instead the required approval of an absolute majority of the voters of the province. The new Statute of Autonomy was approved by the Spanish parliament in 1981 under the requirements of article 151. A proposal for the reform of the Statute of Autonomy for Andalusia was finalised by the Andalusian Parliament in May 2006. After being debated and posteriorly approved in the Spanish Parliament, the original wording of the statute was amended to define Andalusia as a "Nacionalidad" (''Historic Nationality''). This has led to severe criticism by the Andalusist Party and other political forces for falling short of the steps taken in the 2006 Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, where this territory defined itself as a ''Nation''. The amended text was approved by both the
Senate of Spain The Senate () is the upper house of the , which along with the Congress of Deputies – the lower chamber – comprises the Parliament of the Kingdom of Spain. The Senate meets in the Palace of the Senate in Madrid. The presiding officer of the ...
and the
Congress of Deputies of Spain A congress is a formal meeting of the representatives of different countries, constituent states, organizations, trade unions, political parties, or other groups. The term originated in Late Middle English to denote an encounter (meeting of ...
and was voted in referendum on February 18, 2007. Orden PRE/3908/2006, de 22 de diciembre, por la que se da publicidad al Acuerdo de Consejo de Ministros por el que se autoriza la convocatoria del referéndum para la reforma del Estatuto de Autonomía de Andalucí

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Gallery

Image:Bandera de Andalucia.svg, Andalusian flag, designed by
Blas Infante Blas Infante Pérez de Vargas (5 July 1885 – 11 August 1936) was an Andalusian socialist politician, Georgist, writer, historian and musicologist. He is considered the "father of Andalusia" by Andalusian nationalists. He initiated an Andal ...
Image:Bandera Andalucía Libre.svg, Left nationalist and pro-independence flag, used by ''Nación Andaluza'' and other groups Image:Andnac3.svg, Another nationalist flag using traditional
Tartessos Tartessos () is, as defined by archaeological discoveries, a historical civilization settled in the southern Iberian Peninsula characterized by its mixture of local Prehistoric Iberia, Paleohispanic and Phoenician traits. It had a writing syste ...
8-point star Image:Andnac2.svg, Flag of the Andalucista Youth ( Andalusian Party youth wing)


See also

*
Autonomous communities of Spain The autonomous communities () are the first-level political divisions of Spain, administrative divisions of Spain, created in accordance with the Constitution of Spain, Spanish Constitution of 1978, with the aim of guaranteeing limited autonom ...
* Andalusist Party * Andalusian language movement * Nationalities in Spain * Andalusian Liberation *
Unitarian Candidacy of Workers The Unitarian Candidacy of Workers (Spanish: ''Candidatura Unitaria de Trabajadores'', CUT) is a Libertarian communism, libertarian communist and Andalusian nationalism, Andalusian nationalist party in Andalusia, Spain. Founded in 1979 with the na ...


References


External links


History


History of Andalucismo


Blas Infante Memorial Foundation


Political parties and unions


Andalucista Party
in Spanish.
Socialist Party of Andalusia
(refounded), in Spanish.
''Asamblea Nacional de Andalucía''
in Spanish.
''Nación Andaluza''
in Spanish.

(in English) * , a nationalist trade union, in Spanish.
Somos Andaluces
{{DEFAULTSORT:Andalusian Nationalism