Andal

Andal (ISO 15919: Āṇḍāḷ), also known as Godhai, Nachiyar, and Godha Devi, is the only female Alvar. (Orthodoxy posits the number of Alvars as ten, though there are other references that include Andal and Madhurakavi Alvar, making the number twelve.) She is an avatara of the earth goddess Bhumi, consort of the preserver god Vishnu. As with the other Alvars, she was affiliated with the Sri Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism. She was raised by Periyalvar in Srivilliputhur, where she grew up as an ardent devotee of Vishnu as Krishna. Active in the 8th-century CE, Andal is credited with two great Tamil works, '' Tiruppavai'' and '' Nachiyar Tirumoli'', which are still recited by devotees during the winter festival season of Margali. Andal is a prominent figure for women in South India and has inspired several women's groups such as Goda Mandali.

History

According to literary and religious tradition, Periyalvar, originally called Vishnuchithan, was an ardent devotee of Vishnu and he used to string garlands to Vishnu every day. He was childless and he prayed to Vishnu to save him from the longing for a child. One day, he found a girl under a Tulasi plant in the garden inside Srivilliputhur Andal Temple. This child is an avatara of Bhumi herself. He named the child as Gothai, who grew up as a devotee of Krishna, an avatara of Vishnu. She is believed to have worn the garland before dedicating it to the presiding god of the temple. Periyalvar, who later found it, was highly upset and remonstrated her. Vishnu appeared in his dream and asked him to dedicate only the garland worn by Andal to him because when the new garland was put on Vishnu's idol, it fell down but when the garland was worn by Andal, Vishnu turned into gold. The girl Godhai was thus named Andal and was referred to as "Chudikodutha Sudarkodi", meaning the woman who wore and gave her garland to Vishnu. Periyalvar took Andal to the Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam where Andal was reunited with Vishnu as his bride. The practice is followed during modern times when the garland of Andal from Srivilliputhur Andal Temple is sent to Venkateshvara Temple, Tirumala and Padmavati Temple on Garudotsavam during the Tamil month of '' Purattaasi'' (September – October) and Kallalagar Sundaravalli Koyil during Chitra Pournami. Andal is also called as Nachiyar or Andal Nachiyar.

Godhai was brought up by Periyalvar in an atmosphere of love and devotion. As she grew into a beautiful maiden, her fervor for Vishnu grew to the extent that she decided to marry only Vishnu himself. As time passed, her resolve strengthened and she thought constantly about marrying Ranganatha (the reclining form of Vishnu on Shesha) of Srirangam in Tiruchirapalli. It was at Srirangam where Vishnu as Ranganatha as Rangamannar married Lakshmi as Bhumi as Andal. Andal is credited with two great Tamil works, '' Tiruppavai'' and '' Nachiyar Tirumoli,'' which are still recited by devotees during the winter festival season of Margali''.''

In Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, Andal is remembered for her pure love and devotion. In the Tiruppavai, Andal, as a Gopi in Ayarpadi (Vrindavana), emphasizes that the ultimate goal of life is to seek surrender and refuge at Vishnu's feet. Ranganatha of Srirangam married Ranganayaki as Andal, both of whom miraculously went to Vaikuntha, the highest heaven. Her birthday is celebrated as Adi Puram during the Adi month and her wedding day and subsequent ascension is celebrated as Panguni Uthiram in the Panguni month.

Iconography

Andal's hairstyle and ornamentation are unique to ancient Tamil culture. The tuft of the hair is bunned to the side and adorned with jasmine flowers and elaborate jewellery.

Srivilliputhur Andal's hand-crafted parrot is made with fresh green leaves each and every day. This parrot is kept in the left hand of Andal. A pomegranate flower for beak and mouth, bamboo sticks for legs, a banana fruit for the body, petals of pink oleander flowers for feathers, a pinwheelflower for the head are used to prepare this parrot.

Literary works

Andal composed two literary works, both of which are in the rich Tamil verse form and express literary, philosophical, religious, and aesthetic content.

Tiruppavai

Her first work is the Tiruppavai, a collection of 30 verses in which Andal imagines herself to be a gopi, one of the cowherd girls known for their unconditional devotion to Vishnu's incarnation as Krishna. In Tiruppavai, Andal idolized Radha as the ideal gopi and also invoked the gopis of Vrindavana. Rukmini is a form of Lakshmi, who is accorded the status of the supreme consort of Vishnu in Sri Vaishnavism. In these verses, she describes the yearning to serve Vishnu and achieve happiness not just in one lifetime, but for all eternity. She also describes the religious vows (pavai) that she and her fellow cowherd girls will observe for this purpose. It is said that Tiruppavai is the nectar of Vedas and teaches philosophical values, moral values, ethical values, pure love, devotion, dedication, single-minded aim, virtues, and the ultimate goal of life.

Andal extols Vishnu's incarnation as Krishna thus in this text:

Nachiyar Tirumoli

The second work by Andal is the Nachiyar Tirumoli, a poem of 140 verses. "Tirumoli" literally means "Sacred Sayings" in a Tamil poetic style and "Nachiyar" means Goddess. Therefore, the title means "Sacred Sayings of the Goddess." This poem fully reveals Andal's intense longing for Vishnu, her lover. Utilising classical Tamil poetic conventions and interspersing stories from the Vedas and Puranas, Andal creates imagery that is possibly unparalleled in the whole gamut of Indian religious literature.

In ''Nachiyar Tirumoli'', Andal wants to marry Vishnu and she marries him as Rangamannar and says she would offer Vishnu 1000 pots of akkaravadisal when he marries her, which was later fulfilled by Ramanuja in the 12th century CE.

Nevertheless, conservative Vaishnava institutions do not encourage the propagation of Nachiyar Tirumoli as much as they encourage Tiruppavai because Nachiyar Tirumoli belongs to an erotic genre of spirituality that is similar to Jayadeva's Gita Govinda.

Significance in Southern India

Andal is one of the reputed poet-saints of the Tamils. Pious tradition holds her to be the incarnation of Bhumi (Lakshmi as the Earth goddess) to show humanity the way to Vishnu's lotus feet. In South India, representations of her next to Vishnu are present in Vaishnava temples, many temples also have a separate shrine for Andal. During the month of ''Margali'', discourses on the Tiruppavai in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Hindi take place all over India.

The Srivilliputhur Andal Temple at Srivilliputhur consists of twin temples, one of which is to Andal and another temple to Rangamannar. There are a number of festivals dedicated to Andal, among the most notable being the Pavai Nonbu in the Tamil month of '' Margaḻi'' (December – January), Andal Rangamannar Thirukalyanam in ''Panguni'', ''Pagalpathu'', ''Rapathu'', ''Adi Thiruviḻa'', when Andal is depicted seated in the lap of Ranganathar. Andal is known for her unwavering devotion to Vishnu, the preserver god. Adopted by her caretaker, Periyalvar, Andal avoided earthly marriage, the normal and expected path for women of her culture, to marry Vishnu, both spiritually and physically. In many places in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu, Andal is treated more than a saint and a goddess herself and a shrine for Andal is dedicated in several Vishnu temples.

Thousands of people from the state of Tamil Nadu participate in the "Adi Puram" festival celebrated in the Srivilliputhur Andal Temple. After early morning special pujas, the presiding deities, Rangamannar and Andal are taken in decorated palanquins to the car. The festival marks the adoption of presiding goddess, Andal, by Periyalvar after he found her near a Tulsi plant in the garden of Andal Temple at Srivilliputhur on the eighth day of the Tamil month of ''Adi''. For Srivari Brahmotsavam, garlands worn to Andal in Srivilliputhur temple are sent to Venkateshvara Temple, Tirumala at Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh. These traditional garlands are made of tulasi, chrysanthemum, tuberose flowers. These garlands are worn by Venkateshvara during the Garudaseva procession. Every year, Tirupati Venkateswara's garland is sent to Srivilliputtur Andal for marriage festival of Andal. Andal garland is also sent to Madurai Kallalagar Sundaravalli Temple for the Chithirai Festival.

In poetry, 8th-century CE Andal became a well-known Bhakti movement poet, states Pintchman, and historical records suggest that by 12th century CE, she was a major inspiration to Hindu women in South India and elsewhere. Andal continues to inspire hundreds of classical dancers in modern times choreographing and dancing Andal's songs. Andal is also called Godhai, and her contributions to the arts have created Goda Mandali (circle of Andal) in the Vaishnava tradition.

Through poetry of saints (such as Andal) women are thought to be able to connect with Vishnu directly and those words are thought to encapsulate their personal emotions.

Godha Mandali (circle) which was named after Andal was formed in 1970 and reorganized in 1982, spreads Andal songs widely through TV and radio programs. The group would gather weekly to learn songs and would sing at events such as festivals where they would raise money for shrines.

Poetry and Literature

Bhakti poetry

In contemporary commentaries on Tamil ''bhakti'' poetry, A. K. Ramanujan's work remarks on how many other religious traditions would keep and treat passionate love and devotion to Vishnu as separate, while in the ''bhakti'' tradition, they can be in resonance with one another:

"All devotional poetry plays on the tension between saguna and nirguna, Vishnu as person and Vishnu as principle. If he were entirely a person, he would not be divine, and if he were entirely a principle, a god, one could not make poems about him. The Vaishnavas, too, say that Vishnu is characterized by both 'paratva, 'otherness' and soulabhaya, 'ease of access'; he is both here and beyond, both tangible as a person and intangible as a principle-such is the nature of the ground of all being. It is not or, but both and; myth, bhakti, poetry would be impossible without the presence of both attitudes".

Feminist interpretations

Several contemporary interpretations view her act of marrying Vishnu as feminist. Divine marriages and virginity allowed women's subjectivity, as she is able to choose her husband, and given an "aristocratic freedom". It is said that by devoting herself to Vishnu and rejecting to marry humans, she avoided the regular works involved with being a wife that would inhibit her freedom.

In one of her poems, Andal says that her voluptuous breasts will swell for Vishnu alone, and hates the idea of marrying people, comparing that with the Yajnas made by Brahmanas being attempted to be violated by jackals and driven away and completed in the forests, and in another verse she dedicates her swelling breasts to Vishnu who carries a conch and a discus.

Feminist interpretations look at some of Andal's verses as her open acknowledgement of her love for Vishnu, written with bold sensuality and startlingly savage longing, hunger, inquiry as widely found in Tamil Sangam literature that express women's longings and their separation from their men which ends in their union; even today, her most desirous poems are rarely rendered publicly. In one such verse Andal dispenses with metaphor and imagines herself lying in the arms of Vishnu, making love to him:

My life will be spared, Only if he will come, To stay for me for one night, If he will enter me, So as to leave, The imprint of his saffron paste, Upon my breasts, Mixing, churning, maddening me inside, Gathering my swollen ripeness, Spilling nectar, As my body and blood, Bursts into flower!
William Dalrymple- In search of Tamil Nadu's poet-preachers.

Quoted from ''Feminism and world religions'' by Arvind Sharma, Katherine K. Young: "What Andal and other women poets did by living the way they did was to negotiate a space within a marriage-dominated society and made at least some sections of society make room for them".

Andal fulfilled the expectation of becoming a wife by marrying Vishnu, but since her husband is a god, she gained her freedom. This act is referred to as virginal feminism by numerous scholars in patristic and matristic theology. Virginity is viewed as giving women the option to avoid childbearing, male domination and live a new life of devotion to deities.

Amuktamalyada

Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire composed the epic poem Amuktamalyada in Telugu, which is considered as a masterpiece. Amuktamalyada translates to ''one who wears and gives away garlands'', and describes the story of Andal, the companion of Periyalvar.

Amuktamalyada describes worries of separation experienced by Andal, who is an incarnation of Lakshmi, the wife of Vishnu who marries him ultimately. Further, the poem describes Andal's glory in 30 verses written in the keśādi-pādam style, starting from her hair, going down her body till her feet.

Mangalasasanam

Mangalasasanam by Divyadesam: Andal has sung in praise of eleven holy sites:

Notes

References

External links

Andal's Thirupavai meaning in EnglishAndal's Varanam Aayiram

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* http://www.advaita.org.uk/discourses/teachers/andal_marvelly.htm

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Alvars
Hindu female religious leaders
Tamil deities
Bhakti movement
Vaishnava saints
Women mystics
Tamil Hindu saints
7th-century Hindus
8th-century Hindus
Deified Indian women