Anat-her (also 'Anat-Har) may have been the first ruler of the Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt, reigning over some part of

Lower Egypt Lower Egypt ( ') is the northernmost region of Egypt, which consists of the fertile Nile Delta between Upper Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea, from El Aiyat, south of modern-day Cairo, and Dahshur. Historically, the Nile River split into sev ...

during the Second Intermediate Period as a vassal of the Hyksos kings of the

15th Dynasty The Fifteenth Dynasty was a foreign dynasty of ancient Egypt. It was founded by Salitis, a Hyksos from West Asia whose people had invaded the country and conquered Lower Egypt. The 15th, Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt, 16th, and Seventeenth Dynasty o ...

. Jürgen von Beckerath: ''Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen'', Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : P. von Zabern, 1999, , p. 116–117 This is contested however, with the Egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrel Baker believing that 'Anat-Har was a

Canaan CanaanThe current scholarly edition of the Septuagint, Greek Old Testament spells the word without any accents, cf. Septuaginta : id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interprets. 2. ed. / recogn. et emendavit Robert Hanhart. Stuttgart : D ...

ite chieftain contemporary with the powerful 12th Dynasty. K.S.B. Ryholt: ''The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC'', Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997
excerpts available online here.
/ref> Others such as Nicholas Geoffrey Lempriere Hammond contend that he was a prince of the 15th Dynasty. 'Anat-Har's name means "

Anat Anat (, ), Anatu, classically Anath (; ''ʿnt''; ''ʿĂnāṯ''; ; ; Egyptian language, Egyptian: ''wikt:ꜥntjt, ꜥntjt'') was a goddess associated with warfare and hunting, best known from the Ugaritic texts. Most researchers assume tha ...

is content" and refers to the Semitic goddess Anat, showing that he was of Canaanite descent.

Attestations

'Anat-Har is attested by two scarab-seals, one of which is made of steatite and possibly originates from Bubastis in the Nile Delta. 'Anat-Har is not listed in the Turin canon, a king list redacted during the Ramesside period and which serves as primary historical source for the kings of the Second Intermediate Period.

Ruler, prince or chieftain

Ruler

The seals credit 'Anat-Har with the title of ''Heka-chasut'', "Ruler of the foreign lands", the title born by the early Hyksos kings. Consequently, Jürgen von Beckerath proposed that 'Anat-Har was a member of the 16th Dynasty and a vassal of the Hyksos kings of the 15th Dynasty. The interpretation of the 16th Dynasty as regrouping vassals of the Hyksos is debated however, with some Egyptologists including Ryholt, Darrell Baker and Janine Bourriau believing that the 16th Dynasty ruled an independent Theban kingdom c. 1650–1580 BC.

Prince

These seals are significant for 'Anat-Har's name is not found within a cartouche and there is no evidence, therefore, that he reigned as

pharaoh Pharaoh (, ; Egyptian language, Egyptian: ''wikt:pr ꜥꜣ, pr ꜥꜣ''; Meroitic language, Meroitic: 𐦲𐦤𐦧, ; Biblical Hebrew: ''Parʿō'') was the title of the monarch of ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty of Egypt, First Dynasty ( ...

. Nicholas Geoffrey Lempriere Hammond therefore proposed that he may simply have been an Hyksos prince Nicholas Geoffrey Lempriere Hammond, Cyril John Gadd, Edmond Sollberger, History of the Middle East and the Aegean region C. 1800-1380 B.C., Cambridge University Press, 1970 p 58 under the authority of the

15th dynasty The Fifteenth Dynasty was a foreign dynasty of ancient Egypt. It was founded by Salitis, a Hyksos from West Asia whose people had invaded the country and conquered Lower Egypt. The 15th, Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt, 16th, and Seventeenth Dynasty o ...

at AvarisThomas Schneider: ''Lexikon der Pharaonen'', Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, , p. 73

Chieftain

Following the lack of cartouche, Kim Ryholt also argues that 'Anat-Har never reigned as a ruler of Lower Egypt. Furthermore Ryholt points to the style and design of 'Anat-Har's seals which are typically of seals produced during the 12th Dynasty. Thus Ryholt argues that 'Anat-Har was a Canaanite chieftain contemporary with this dynasty and who may have had commercial relations with Egypt. According to Ryholt the title of ''Heka-chasut'', which constitutes the main argument for a 15th Dynasty date, is also found in seals of the 12th and 14th Dynasties and cannot be used to precisely date 'Anat-Har's life.

References