Anadyr Highway
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The Anadyr Highway is a highway on the territory of
Magadan Oblast Magadan Oblast is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. It is geographically located in the Russian Far East, Far East region of the country, and is administratively part of the Far Eastern Federal District. Magadan ...
and the
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Chukotka ( ; ), officially the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, is the easternmost federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia. It is an Autonomous okrugs of Russia, autonomous okrug situated in the Russian Far East, and shares a border wi ...
from the
R504 Kolyma Highway The R504 Kolyma Highway (, ''Federal'naya Avtomobil'naya Doroga «Kolyma»,'' "Federal Automobile Highway 'Kolyma'"), part of the M56 route, is a road through the Russian Far East. It connects Magadan with the town of Nizhny Bestyakh, located ...
to the city of
Anadyr Anadyr may refer to: *Anadyr (town), a town and the administrative center of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia * Anadyr District * Anadyr Estuary * Anadyr (river), a river in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia * Anadyr Highlands * Anadyr Lowlands * A ...
with branches to
Bilibino Bilibino () is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, town and the administrative center of Bilibinsky District in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is located northwest of Anadyr (town), Anadyr, the administrative center of the autonomo ...
, Komsomolsky and
Egvekinot Egvekinot (; Chukchi language, Chukchi: , ''Èrvyḳynnot'', lit. ''sharp, hard land'')Fute, p. 125 is an types of inhabited localities in Russia, urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Iultinsky District in ...
. In the Magadan Region it is numbered 44H-3; in Chukotka the existing segments have the number 77K-022. The new highway will ensure the year-round connection of the Chukotka Autonomous District with the rest of Russia. Construction of the road in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug began in 2012. Construction in the Magadan Region began in 2015. The original plan estimated that it would require 30 years to complete. In some parts of the build, winter lasts 10 months and its temperatures can go below -60C.


Route

The route starts from the
R504 Kolyma Highway The R504 Kolyma Highway (, ''Federal'naya Avtomobil'naya Doroga «Kolyma»,'' "Federal Automobile Highway 'Kolyma'"), part of the M56 route, is a road through the Russian Far East. It connects Magadan with the town of Nizhny Bestyakh, located ...
, revitalizing the old road to
Omsukchan Omsukchan () is an types of inhabited localities in Russia, urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Omsukchansky District of Magadan Oblast, Russia, located north of Magadan. Population: History Omsukchan was ...
, then passes through
Omolon The Omolon (; , ''Omoloon'') is the principal tributary of the Kolyma in northeast Siberia. The length of the river is . The area of its basin is . The Omolon freezes up in October and stays under ice until late May through early June. The lower ...
,
Ilirney Ilirney (; Chukchi: , ''Iḷirňèj'', lit. ''mountain island'') is a rural locality (a '' selo'') in Bilibinsky District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia, located southeast of Bilibino, on the banks of the Maly Anyuy River. The population of ...
, Palyavaam, then along the existing extended winter road to Valunistoye mine, where it turns south towards Anadyr. The total length is about , of which pass through the
Magadan Region Magadan Oblast is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. It is geographically located in the Far East region of the country, and is administratively part of the Far Eastern Federal District. Magadan Oblast has a population of 136,085 ( 2021 Cen ...
, and about through Chukotka.


Features

The road has the lowest technical category, without asphalt. The roadway will be treated with binder additives, which increase the resistance of the upper layer. The width of the single-lane roadway is , with passing areas. The roadsides are equipped with snow protection fences, signal posts and road signs. The maximum speed is limited to .


Construction

The whole route passes through a territory bounded by
permafrost Permafrost () is soil or underwater sediment which continuously remains below for two years or more; the oldest permafrost has been continuously frozen for around 700,000 years. Whilst the shallowest permafrost has a vertical extent of below ...
, therefore, the laying of the roadbed is done without disrupting the integrity of the moss-vegetation layer of the tundra, which is a good heat insulator that does not allow defrosting of the upper layer of permafrost, which can lead to the destruction of the road. In the marshy areas,
geotextiles Geotextiles are versatile permeable fabrics that, when used in conjunction with soil, can effectively perform multiple functions, including separation, filtration, reinforcement, protection, and drainage. Typically crafted from polypropylene or ...
and
geogrids A geogrid is geosynthetic material used to reinforce soils and similar materials. Soils pull apart under tension. Compared to soil, geogrids are strong in tension. This fact allows them to transfer forces to a larger area of soil than would other ...
are also used; the slopes of the embankment and the culverts are strengthened by multicellular mattresses. Aggregate for the roadbed is mined in roadside quarries, while in some places drilling and blasting are necessary. Engineering materials are imported during the period of summer navigation from the central regions of the country. Due to extreme climatic conditions, construction is suspended in summer during heavy rains, in winter in cases of particularly low air temperature and severe snowstorms.


Current state

A bridge across the
Palyavaam River The Palyavaam () is a river in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russian Far East. It is long, and has a drainage basin of . There is a small populated place in its basin also called Palyavaam. The Humpback whitefish, the East Siberian Grayling, Pin ...
was built in 2003, by the Artel of Miners of Chukotka LLC. A contract was signed with Stroydor company about building the Omsukchan–Omolon road and fixing the older Gerba–Omsukchan road, for RUB 1.53 bn. Works have been started at Omsukchan. By 2018, the total length of the constructed sections of the route should be . In October 2017, the first was finished, although, in 2018, the road was considered of bad quality. In early 2016, a design procedure was announced, which will plan the Omolon–
Ilirney Ilirney (; Chukchi: , ''Iḷirňèj'', lit. ''mountain island'') is a rural locality (a '' selo'') in Bilibinsky District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia, located southeast of Bilibino, on the banks of the Maly Anyuy River. The population of ...
–Anadyr section with branches to
Bilibino Bilibino () is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, town and the administrative center of Bilibinsky District in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is located northwest of Anadyr (town), Anadyr, the administrative center of the autonomo ...
, Komsomolsky and
Egvekinot Egvekinot (; Chukchi language, Chukchi: , ''Èrvyḳynnot'', lit. ''sharp, hard land'')Fute, p. 125 is an types of inhabited localities in Russia, urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Iultinsky District in ...
. As of 2018, it is possible to drive in summer in cross-country vehicles Egvekinot – Valunistoye – Palyavaam – Bilibino, in winter there is a convoy. Travel to Omolon and Omsukchan, as well as from Valunistoye mine to Anadyr is possible only by the winter road.


Financing

The project is financed under the federal target program "Economic and Social Development of the Far East and Trans-Baikal Region for the Period until 2013" and "Improvement and Development of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Road Network for 2010–2013". The total construction budget in 2012 prices is about 150 billion rubles. For comparison, the cost of an annual
Northern delivery The Northern delivery () is a set of annual measures to provide the population of the Russian Far North with basic goods (primarily food and fuel) for long and harsh polar winter. Northern delivery as a phenomenon is due to three reasons: *Absenc ...
to the territory of Chukotka is estimated at 3 billion rubles (excluding storage).


Criticism

There are opinions that the implementation of the project will be extremely inefficient due to the enormous financial costs and technological complexity of this project. Due to the long distances and low road quality, passenger travel will still use aircraft most of the time. There is also a very low amount of motorization in the region (5 times less than Moscow). The savings in freight cost (even measured over multiple decades) will be less than the road construction cost.


References

{{reflist Roads in the Russian Far East Transport in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Transport in Magadan Oblast