''Anacamptis'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...

s in the orchid

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

(

Orchidaceae Orchids are plants that belong to the family (biology), family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Orchids are cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan plants that ...

); it is often abbreviated as Ant in

horticulture Horticulture (from ) is the art and science of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, trees, shrubs and ornamental plants. Horticulture is commonly associated with the more professional and technical aspects of plant cultivation on a smaller and mo ...

. This genus was established by

Louis Claude Richard Louis Claude Marie Richard (19 September 1754 – 6 June 1821) was a French botanist and botanical illustration, botanical illustrator. Biography Richard was born at Versailles (city), Versailles. Between 1781 and 1789 he collected botanical s ...

in 1817; the

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

is the pyramidal orchid (''A. pyramidalis'') and it nowadays contains about one-third of the

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

placed in the " wastebin genus" ''

Orchis ''Orchis'' is a genus in the orchid family (Orchidaceae), occurring mainly in Europe and Maghreb, Northwest Africa, and ranging as far as Tibet, Mongolia, and Xinjiang. The name is from the Ancient Greek ὄρχις ''orchis'', meaning "testicl ...

'' before this was split up at the end of the 20th century,Bateman & Hollingsworth (2004) among them many that are of hybrid origin. The genus'

scientific name In Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin gramm ...

is derived from the Greek word ''anakamptein'', meaning "to bend backwards". These terrestrial orchids occur on

grassland A grassland is an area where the vegetation is dominance (ecology), dominated by grasses (Poaceae). However, sedge (Cyperaceae) and rush (Juncaceae) can also be found along with variable proportions of legumes such as clover, and other Herbaceo ...

limestone Limestone is a type of carbonate rock, carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material Lime (material), lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different Polymorphism (materials science) ...

chalk Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock. It is a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite and originally formed deep under the sea by the compression of microscopic plankton that had settled to the sea floor. Ch ...

deposits, or on

dune A dune is a landform composed of wind- or water-driven sand. It typically takes the form of a mound, ridge, or hill. An area with dunes is called a dune system or a dune complex. A large dune complex is called a dune field, while broad, flat ...

s in

Eurasia Eurasia ( , ) is a continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. According to some geographers, Physical geography, physiographically, Eurasia is a single supercontinent. The concept of Europe and Asia as distinct continents d ...

, from the

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea ( ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the Levant in West Asia, on the north by Anatolia in West Asia and Southern ...

region to

Central Asia Central Asia is a region of Asia consisting of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the Persian language, Pers ...

Systematics

Except the pyramidal orchid (''A. pyramidalis''), all species of ''Anacamptis'' seem to form a

clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...

around the green-veined orchid (''A. morio''). They have a

diploid Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Here ''sets of chromosomes'' refers to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, ...

chromosome A chromosome is a package of DNA containing part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes, the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with nucleosome-forming packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the most import ...

number of 32 or 36. A useful character for distinguishing ''Anacamptis'' from ''

'' – where the green-veined orchid clade was formerly included – is the basal fusion of the three

sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 Etymology The term ''sepalum'' ...

s in ''Anacamptis''.Bateman ''et al.'' (2003), Bateman & Hollingsworth (2004) The few bigeneric hybrids are typically between closely related genera, in particular '' Serapias''. Hybrids between the pyramidal orchid and the early purple orchid (''Orchis mascula''), found in

Cumbria Cumbria ( ) is a ceremonial county in North West England. It borders the Scottish council areas of Dumfries and Galloway and Scottish Borders to the north, Northumberland and County Durham to the east, North Yorkshire to the south-east, Lancash ...

( UK) in 1997, proved short-lived because of the highly divergent

genomic Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of molecular biology focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes. A genome is an organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes as well as its hierarchical, ...

lineages of the parents.

Species

, the

World Checklist of Selected Plant Families The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (usually abbreviated to WCSP) was an "international collaborative programme that provides the latest peer reviewed and published opinions on the accepted scientific names and synonyms of selected p ...

accepts 11 species, two with subspecies: *'' Anacamptis boryi'' (Rchb.f.) R.M.Bateman (S Greece, Crete) *'' Anacamptis collina'' (Banks & Sol. ex Russell) R.M.Bateman (Mediterranean to S Turkmenistan) *'' Anacamptis coriophora'' (L.) R.M.Bateman (Europe, Mediterranean to W Asia) *'' Anacamptis cyrenaica'' (E.A.Durand & Barratte) H.Kretzschmar *'' Anacamptis israelitica'' (H.Baumann & Dafni) R.M.Bateman (N. Israel, Palestine) *'' Anacamptis laxiflora'' (Lam.) R.M.Bateman – loose-flowered orchid, lax-flowered orchid, Jersey orchid (WC Europe, Mediterranean to C Asia) *'' Anacamptis morio'' (L.) R.M.Bateman – green-winged orchid, green-veined orchid **''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''caucasica'' (K.Koch) H.Kretzschmar **''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''champagneuxii'' (Barnéoud) H.Kretzschmar (W Mediterranean) ** ''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''longicornu'' (Poir.) H.Kretzschmar (W & C Mediterranean) **''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''morio'' **''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''picta'' (Loisel.) Jacquet & Scappat. ** ''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''syriaca'' (E.G.Camus) H.Kretzschmar *'' Anacamptis palustris'' (Jacq.) R.M.Bateman(Europe, Mediterranean to C Asia) **''Anacamptis palustris'' subsp. ''elegans'' (Heuff.) R.M.Bateman (Europe to C Asia) **''Anacamptis palustris'' subsp. ''palustris'' (WC Europe, Mediterranean to Iran) **''Anacamptis palustris'' subsp. ''robusta'' (T.Stephenson) R.M.Bateman (W Morocco) *'' Anacamptis papilionacea'' (L.) R.M.Bateman – butterfly orchid (Mediterranean to Iran) *'' Anacamptis pyramidalis'' (L.) Rich. – pyramidal orchid *'' Anacamptis sancta'' (L.) R.M.Bateman (E Mediterranean to Caucasus)

Selected nothospecies

* ''Anacamptis'' × ''timbali'' nothosubsp. ''albuferensis'' (''A. coriophora'' × ''A. palustris'' subsp. ''robusta'') (Mallorca) * ''Anacamptis'' × ''gennarii'' nothosubsp. ''bornemanniae'' (''A. morio'' subsp. ''longicornu'' × ''A. papilionacea'') (N Africa, Sardinia) * ''Anacamptis'' × ''duquesnei'' (''A. palustris'' × ''A. pyramidalis'') (France) * ''Anacamptis'' × ''feinbruniae'' (''A. israelitica'' × ''A. papilionacea'') * ''Anacamptis'' × ''gennarii'' (''A. morio'' × ''A. papilionacea'') (W Mediterranean) * ''Anacamptis'' × ''laniccae'' (''A. morio'' × ''A. pyramidalis'') (Switzerland, France, Italy) * ''Anacamptis'' × ''lesbiensis'' (''A. pyramidalis'' × ''A. sancta'') (E Aegean Islands) * ''Anacamptis'' × ''simorrensis'' (''A. coriophora'' × ''A. pyramidalis'') (France, Italy, Greece) * ''Anacamptis'' × ''van-lookenii'' (''A. papilionacea'' × ''A. pyramidalis'') (France)

Intergeneric hybrids

* '' × Anacamptiplatanthera'' (''Anacamptis'' × ''

Platanthera The genus ''Platanthera'' belongs to the subfamily Orchidoideae of the family Orchidaceae, and comprises about 150 species of orchids. The members of this genus, known as the butterfly orchids or fringed orchids, were previously included in the ...

'') – accepted name * ''× Anacamptorchis'' (''Anacamptis'' × ''

'') – unplaced name * '' × Dactylocamptis'' (''Anacamptis'' × ''

Dactylorhiza ''Dactylorhiza'' is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae. Its species are commonly called marsh orchids or spotted orchids. ''Dactylorhiza'' were previously classified under ''Orchis'', which has two round tubers. Descrip ...

'') – accepted name * '' × Gymnanacamptis'' (''Anacamptis'' × '' Gymnadenia'') – accepted name * ''× Ophramptis'' (''Anacamptis'' × '' Ophrys'') – unplaced name * '' × Serapicamptis'' (''Anacamptis'' × '' Serapias'') – accepted name

References

Notes

* (2004): Morphological and molecular investigation of the parentage and maternity of ''A. × albuferensis'' (''A. robusta'' × ''A. fragrans''), a new hybrid from Mallorca, Spain. ''

Taxon In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; : taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and ...

'' 53(1): 43–54
HTML abstract
* (2003): Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of Orchidinae and selected Habenariinae (Orchidaceae). '' Bot. J. Linn. Soc.'' 142(1): 1–40. PDF fulltext

External links

*
Kew Scientist, issue 12, October 1997
{{Authority control Orchideae genera Flora of Central Asia