Ampullaria

''Pila'' is a genus of large freshwater snails with an operculum, African and Asian apple snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Ampullariidae, the apple snails.

Description

(Described in Latin as ''Pachystoma'') Head and sensory organs:

The head is proboscis-shaped, free, large, and transversely wrinkled. Its cheeks expand into two tentacle-like lobes. The aperture is anterior, with folded lips. The mandibles are cartilaginous and appear swollen with strong muscles. The tongue is covered by elongated skin, and features numerous transverse ossicles in the middle, with anteriorly winged sides. The eyes are pedunculated (stalked), located at the external base of the tentacles. Two true tentacles are present, which are very long, bristly, and somewhat contractile.

Foot and operculum:

The foot is flattened and broad, with a subtriangular sole that is anteriorly margined and truncated. The operculum is horny, located on the dorsal side of the foot; it displays subtly concentric folds and a lateral-median nucleus.

Mantle and respiration:

The mantle is large and free; under the neck, it transforms into an elongated, flattened, retractor white muscle. The respiratory opening is large, situated under the mantle above the left siphon. The gills are comb-shaped, right-sided, and located under the mantle. An elongated fringe runs parallel to the rectum and oviduct. The respiratory organ (or respiratory antrum) is very large, dorsal, and sac-like, perforated above the very long siphon. The neck is equipped on both sides with broad, flattened wings, which are almost convoluted into two siphons. The left siphon, situated before the respiratory opening, inhales air, while the right, located under the anus, exhales and expels feces.

Anus and reproductive organ:

The anus is contractile, with an elongated rectum. The penis is exserted, very large, and fleshy, situated under the mantle margin on the right side near the anus (in males). Its apex is attenuated, and its base is appendiculated and gland-bearing; the appendix is perforated.

Shell characteristics:

The shell is right-handed, covered, delicate, longitudinally plicate, globose, and very ventricose (swollen). The spire is depressed or short; the body whorl is very large, and the base is broadly umbilicated. The peristome is simple, always thin, and rarely somewhat reflexed. The aperture is entire, oblong, very large, and expanded.

Movement and habits:
Its movement is sluggish. When it needs to breathe, it seeks the surface and convolutes the left wing of the neck into a rigid tube. While it inhales, it flexes its tentacles and slowly retracts its head, receiving air at the tip of the siphon. It is tenacious of life.

Distribution

Distribution of the genus ''Pila'' include Africa, Madagascar, southern Asia and Indo-Pacific islands. It is amphibious in nature and can undergo summer sleep or aestivation under drought condition. It is generally found in lakes, pools, and sometimes even in the river streams where aquatic vegetation like ''Vallisneria'', ''Pistia'' are found in large amount for food.

External features

When viewed from ventral side facing the columella towards the observer, the columella rotates clockwise or dextral.

Species

Species within the genus ''Pila'' include:

* '' Pila africana'' (v. Martens, 1886)"''Pila''"
The apple snail website, Accessed 16 May 2011.
* '' Pila ampullacea'' (Linnaeus, 1758) - type species
* '' Pila aperta'' (Philippi, 1849)
* † '' Pila assermoensis'' (Jodot, 1953)
* '' Pila bruguieri'' (Deshayes, 1830)
* † '' Pila busserti'' Harzhauser & Neubauer in Harzhauser et al., 2017
* '' Pila cecillei'' (Philipi, 1848)
* † '' Pila celebensis'' (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
* † '' Pila colchesteri'' Cox, 1933
* '' Pila decocta'' (Mabille, 1887)
* † '' Pila falloti'' (Jodot, 1953)
* † '' Pila faujasii'' (Serres, 1829)
* † '' Pila fukamiensis'' Iwasaki, 1980
* † '' Pila gauthieri'' (Jodot, 1953)
* '' Pila globosa'' (Swainson, 1822)
* '' Pila gracilis'' (I. Lea, 1856)
* † '' Pila lapparenti'' (J.-C. Fischer, 1963)
* '' Pila mizoramensis'' Sil, Basak, Karanth & Aravind, 2021
* † '' Pila mutungi'' Van Damme & Pickford, 1995
* † '' Pila neuberti'' Harzhauser & Neubauer in Harzhauser et al., 2016
* '' Pila nevilliana'' (Annandale & Prashad, 1921)
* † '' Pila nipponica'' T. Kobayashi & K. Suzuki, 1937
* '' Pila occidentalis'' (Mousson, 1887)
* '' Pila olea'' (Reeve, 1856)
* '' Pila ovata'' (Olivier, 1804)Brown D. S. (1994). ''Freshwater Snails of Africa and their Medical Importance''. Taylor & Francis. .
* '' Pila pesmei'' (Morelet, 1889)
* '' Pila pygmaea'' (Récluz, 1851)
* '' Pila robsoni'' Prashad, 1925
* '' Pila saxea'' (Reeve, 1856)
* '' Pila scutata'' (Mousson, 1848)
* '' Pila speciosa'' (Philippi, 1849)
* † '' Pila tikarkasensis'' (J.-C. Fischer, 1963)
* '' Pila turbinis'' (I. Lea, 1856)
* '' Pila virens'' (Lamarck, 1822)
* '' Pila virescens'' (Deshayes, 1824)
* '' Pila wernei'' (Philipi, 1851)

;Synonyms:
* ''Pila aldersoni'' Pain, 1946: synonym of '' Pomacea aldersoni'' (Pain, 1946) (original combination)
* ''Pila angelica'' (Annandale, 1920): synonym of '' Pila celebensis'' (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
* ''Pila brohardi'' (Granger, 1892): synonym of '' Pila virescens'' (Deshayes, 1824)
* ''Pila conica'' (Wood, 1828): synonym of '' Pila scutata'' (Mousson, 1848)
* ''Pila gradata'' (E. A. Smith, 1881): synonym of '' Pila ovata'' (Olivier, 1804)
* ''Pila hollingsworthi'' T. Pain, 1946: synonym of '' Pomacea hollingsworthi'' (Pain, 1946) (original combination)
* ''Pila polita'' (Deshayes, 1830): synonym of '' Pila virescens'' (Deshayes, 1824)
* † ''Pila selvensis'' (Vidal, 1917) †: synonym of † '' Selvovum selvense'' (Vidal, 1917)

;Taxa inquirenda:
* ''Pila congoensis'' Pilsbry & Bequaert, 1927
* ''Pila huberi'' Thach, 2020 (debated synonym)
* ''Pila microglypta'' Pilsbry & Bequaert, 1927
* † ''Pila pisum'' (Coquand, 1860)
* ''Pila theobaldi'' (Hanley, 1876)

Ecology

''Pila'' species are a host of a trematode '' Multicotyle purvisi''.

Human use

The shells of ''Pila'' are used in traditional ethnomedicine for weakness by Saharia people in Rajasthan, India.

'' Pila ampullacea'' and '' Pila pesmei'' are some of the rice field snail species traditionally eaten in Thailand that have been displaced by the invasive golden apple
snail, '' Pomacea canaliculata''.''Heavy Predation on Freshwater Bryozoans by the Golden Apple Snail, Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck, 1822 (Ampullariidae)''; The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University 6(1): 31-36, May 2006

References

External links

Swainson, W. (1840). A treatise on malacology or shells and shell-fish. London, Longman. viii + 419 pp.

Repelin, J. (1902). Description des faunes et des gisements du Cénomanien saumâtre ou d'eau douce du Midi de la France. Annales du Musée d'histoire naturelle de Marseille. Section de Géologie. 7: 1-133

Lamarck, J.B.M. (1799). Prodrome d'une nouvelle classification des coquilles, comprenant une rédaction appropriée des caractères géneriques, et l'établissement d'un grand nombre de genres nouveaux. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. 1: 63-91

Montfort P. (Denys de). (1808-1810). Conchyliologie systématique et classification méthodique des coquilles. Paris: Schoell. Vol. 1: pp. lxxxvii + 409 [1808]. Vol. 2: pp. 676 + 16 ,1810

Cowie, R. H. & Thiengo, S. C. (2003). The apple snails of the Americas (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Asolene, Felipponea, Marisa, Pomacea, Pomella): A nomenclatural and type catalog. Malacologia. 45(1): 41-100.

Cowie R.H. (2015). The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda. Zootaxa. 3940(1): 1-92

enson, W. H. (1829). Description of the animal of Ampullaria, a genus of freshwater Testacea, with a notice of two species inhabiting the freshwaters of the Gangetic Provinces. Gleanings in Science. 1(2): 52-54.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pila (gastropod)

Taxa named by Peter Friedrich Röding