Amphinomidae, also known as the fireworms, bristle worms or sea mice, are a

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

of marine polychaetes, many species of which bear

chaeta A chaeta or cheta (; ) is a chitinous bristle or seta found on annelid worms, although the term is also frequently used to describe similar structures in other invertebrates such as arthropods. Polychaete annelids (''polychaeta'' literally me ...

e mineralized with carbonate. The best-known amphinomids are the fireworms, which can cause great pain if their toxin-coated chaetae are touched or trodden on. Their relationship to other polychaete groups is somewhat poorly resolved.

Complanine

Complanine is a

quaternary ammonium salt In organic chemistry, quaternary ammonium cations, also known as quats, are positively-charged polyatomic ions of the structure , where R is an alkyl group, an aryl group or organyl group. Unlike the ammonium ion () and the primary, secondary, ...

that has been isolated from the marine fireworm '' Eurythoe complanata''. It causes an inflammatory effect upon contact with the skin or mucous membranes. It was previously known that handling the fireworm caused it to release a chemical that induces

inflammation Inflammation (from ) is part of the biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. The five cardinal signs are heat, pain, redness, swelling, and loss of function (Latin ''calor'', '' ...

of the skin of marine predators and mammals (including humans). Complanine was the first compound isolated from the fireworm which causes these effects. It is presumed that this compound's function is to deter predators of the fireworm.

Species

Most genera in ''Amphinomidae '' are divided into two subfamilies: Amphinominae, and Archinominae. * '' Ankitokazoa'' Alessandrello & Bracchi, 2005† ** '' Ankitokazoa bezanozanoi'' Alessandrello & Bracchi, 2005† * '' Bathynotopygos'' Kucheruk, 1981 ** '' Bathynotopygos abyssalis'' Kucheruk, 1981 * '' Pherecardites'' Horst, 1912 ** '' Pherecardites parva'' Horst, 1912 ** '' Pherecardites quinquemaculata'' Augener, 1927 * '' Sangiria'' Horst, 1911 ** '' Sangiria hystrix'' Horst, 1911 * '' Zothea'' Risso, 1826 ** '' Zothea meridionalis'' Risso, 1826

Amphinominae Lamarck, 1818

* '' Alleurythoe'' Sun & Li, 2017 ** '' Alleurythoe tenuichaeta'' Sun & Li, 2017 * ''

Amphinome In Greek mythology, the name Amphinome () may refer to the following deity and women: * Amphinome, the Nereid who feeds Poseidon's flock. As one of the 50 marine-nymphs, she was a daughter of the ' Old Man of the Sea' Nereus and the Oceanid Dor ...

'' Bruguière, 1789 ** '' Amphinome bruguieresi'' Quatrefages, 1866 ** '' Amphinome carnea'' Grube, 1856 ** '' Amphinome nigrobranchiata'' Horst, 1912 ** '' Amphinome praelonga'' Haswell, 1878 ** '' Amphinome rostrata'' (Pallas, 1766) ** '' Amphinome savignyi'' Brulle, 1832 ** '' Amphinome stylifera'' Grube, 1860 ** '' Amphinome umbo'' Grube, 1870 ** '' Amphinome vagans'' (Savigny, 1822) * '' Benthoscolex'' Horst, 1912 ** '' Benthoscolex coecus'' Horst, 1912 ** '' Benthoscolex cubanus'' Hartman, 1942 **'' Benthoscolex microcarunculata'' (Treadwell, 1901) ** '' Benthoscolex seisuiae'' Jimi, Kimura, Ogawa & Kajihara, 2018 * '' Branchamphinome'' Hartman, 1967 ** '' Branchamphinome antarctica'' Hartman, 1967 ** '' Branchamphinome islandica'' Detinova, 1986 ** '' Branchamphinome tropicalis'' Barroso, Ranauro & Kudenov, 2017 * '' Cryptonome'' Borda, Kudenov, Bienhold & Rouse, 2012 ** '' Cryptonome barbada'' Barroso, Kudenov, Halanych, Saeedi, Sumida & Bernardino, 2018 ** '' Cryptonome conclava'' Borda, Kudenov, Bienhold & Rouse, 2012 ** '' Cryptonome parvecarunculata'' (Horst, 1912) ** '' Cryptonome turcica'' (Çinar, 2008) * ''

Eurythoe In Greek mythology, Eurythoe is one of the Danaïdes. She is one of the possible mothers of Oenomaus by Ares;Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, ''Argonautica'' 1.752. she is alternatively the mother of Hippodamia by Oenomaus.Tzetzes on Lycophron L ...

'' Kinberg, 1857 ** '' Eurythoe brasiliensis'' Hansen, 1882 ** '' Eurythoe clavata'' Baird, 1868 ** '' Eurythoe complanata'' (Pallas, 1766) ** '' Eurythoe dubia'' Horst, 1912 ** '' Eurythoe encopochaeta'' (Schmarda, 1861) ** '' Eurythoe hedenborgi'' Kinberg, 1857 ** '' Eurythoe indica'' (Schmarda, 1861) ** '' Eurythoe karachiensis'' Bindra, 1927 ** '' Eurythoe laevisetis'' Fauvel, 1914 ** '' Eurythoe longicirra'' (Schmarda, 1861) ** '' Eurythoe matthaii'' Bindra, 1927 ** '' Eurythoe paupera'' (Grube, 1856) ** '' Eurythoe rullieri'' Fauvel, 1953 ** '' Eurythoe syriaca'' Kinberg, 1857 * ''

Hermodice ''Hermodice'' is a genus of annelids belonging to the family Amphinomidae. The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography, a cosmopolitan distribution is the range of a taxon that extends across most or all of the surface ...

'' Kinberg, 1857 ** ''

Hermodice carunculata ''Hermodice carunculata'', the bearded fireworm, is a type of marine bristleworm belonging to the Amphinomidae family, native to the tropical Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Description Bearded fireworms are usually in average len ...

'' (Pallas, 1766) ** '' Hermodice sanguinea'' (Schmarda, 1861) ** '' Hermodice savignyi'' (Brulle, 1832) ** '' Hermodice smaragdina'' (Schmarda, 1861) * '' Hipponoe'' Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1830 ** '' Hipponoe gaudichaudi'' Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1830 * '' Linopherus'' Quatrefages, 1866 ** '' Linopherus abyssalis'' (Fauchald, 1972) ** '' Linopherus acarunculatus'' (Monro, 1937) ** ''

Linopherus ambigua ''Linopherus'' is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Amphinomidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. They are common in shallow tropical and subtropical waters, but species have been described also from abyssal The abyssal ...

'' (Monro, 1933) ** '' Linopherus annulata'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965) ** ''

Linopherus beibuwanensis ''Linopherus'' is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Amphinomidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. They are common in shallow tropical and subtropical waters, but species have been described also from abyssal The abyssal ...

'' Sun & Li, 2016 ** '' Linopherus brevis'' (Grube, 1878) ** '' Linopherus canariensis'' Langerhans, 1881 ** '' Linopherus fauchaldi'' San Martín, 1986 ** ''

Linopherus hemuli ''Linopherus'' is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Amphinomidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. They are common in shallow tropical and subtropical waters, but species have been described also from abyssal and polar areas ...

'' (Fauchald, 1972) ** '' Linopherus hirsuta'' (Wesenberg-Lund, 1949) ** ''

Linopherus incarunculata ''Linopherus'' is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Amphinomidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. They are common in shallow tropical and subtropical waters, but species have been described also from abyssal The abyssal ...

'' (Peters, 1854) ** ''

Linopherus kristiani ''Linopherus'' is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Amphinomidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. They are common in shallow tropical and subtropical waters, but species have been described also from abyssal and polar areas ...

'' Salazar-Vallejo, 1987 ** ''

Linopherus microcephala ''Linopherus'' is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Amphinomidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. They are common in shallow tropical and subtropical waters, but species have been described also from abyssal The abyssal ...

'' (Fauvel, 1932) ** ''

Linopherus minuta ''Linopherus'' is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Amphinomidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. They are common in shallow tropical and subtropical waters, but species have been described also from abyssal The abyssal ...

'' (Knox, 1960) ** ''

Linopherus oculata ''Linopherus'' is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Amphinomidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. They are common in shallow tropical and subtropical waters, but species have been described also from abyssal and polar areas ...

'' (Treadwell, 1941) ** ''

Linopherus oculifera ''Linopherus'' is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Amphinomidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. They are common in shallow tropical and subtropical waters, but species have been described also from abyssal The abyssal ...

'' (Augener, 1913) ** ''

Linopherus oligobranchia ''Linopherus'' is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Amphinomidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. They are common in shallow tropical and subtropical waters, but species have been described also from abyssal The abyssal ...

'' (Wu, Shen & Chen, 1975) ** ''

Linopherus paucibranchiata ''Linopherus'' is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Amphinomidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. They are common in shallow tropical and subtropical waters, but species have been described also from abyssal The abyssal ...

'' (Fauvel, 1932) ** ''

Linopherus reducta ''Linopherus'' is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Amphinomidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. They are common in shallow tropical and subtropical waters, but species have been described also from abyssal The abyssal ...

'' (Kudenov & Blake, 1985) ** ''

Linopherus spiralis ''Linopherus'' is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Amphinomidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. They are common in shallow tropical and subtropical waters, but species have been described also from abyssal The abyssal ...

'' (Wesenberg-Lund, 1949) ** ''

Linopherus tripunctata ''Linopherus'' is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Amphinomidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. They are common in shallow tropical and subtropical waters, but species have been described also from abyssal The abyssal ...

'' (Kudenov, 1975) * '' Paramphinome'' M. Sars in G. Sars 1872 ** '' Paramphinome australis'' Monro, 1930 ** '' Paramphinome besnardi'' Temperini in Amaral & Nonato, 1994 ** '' Paramphinome grandis'' Gustafson, 1930 ** '' Paramphinome indica'' Fauvel, 1932 ** '' Paramphinome jeffreysii'' (McIntosh, 1868) ** '' Paramphinome pacifica'' Fauchald & Hancock, 1981 ** '' Paramphinome posterobranchiata'' Barroso & Paiva, 2008 ** '' Paramphinome splendens'' Gustafson, 1930 ** '' Paramphinome trionyx'' Intes & Le Loeuff, 1975 * '' Pareurythoe'' Gustafson, 1930 ** '' Pareurythoe americana'' Hartman, 1951 ** '' Pareurythoe borealis'' (M. Sars, 1862) ** '' Pareurythoe californica'' (Johnson, 1897) ** '' Pareurythoe chilensis'' (Kinberg, 1857) ** '' Pareurythoe elongata'' (Treadwell, 1931) ** '' Pareurythoe gracilis'' Gustafson, 1930 ** '' Pareurythoe japonica'' Gustafson, 1930 ** '' Pareurythoe parvecarunculata'' (Horst, 1912) ** '' Pareurythoe pitipanaensis'' De Silva, 1965 ** '' Pareurythoe spirocirrata'' (Essenberg, 1917) * '' Pherecardia'' Horst, 1886 ** '' Pherecardia maculata'' Imajima, 2003 ** '' Pherecardia parva'' Monro, 1924 ** '' Pherecardia polylamellata'' Silva, 1960 ** '' Pherecardia striata'' (Kinberg, 1857)

Archinominae Kudenov, 1991

* '' Archinome'' Kudenov, 1991 ** '' Archinome jasoni'' Borda, Kudenov, Chevaldonné, Blake, Desbruyères, Fabri, Hourdez, Pleijel, Shank, Wilson, Schulze & Rouse, 2013 ** '' Archinome levinae'' Borda, Kudenov, Chevaldonné, Blake, Desbruyères, Fabri, Hourdez, Pleijel, Shank, Wilson, Schulze & Rouse, 2013 ** '' Archinome rosacea'' (Blake, 1985) ** '' Archinome storchi'' Fiege & Bock, 2009 ** '' Archinome tethyana'' Borda, Kudenov, Chevaldonné, Blake, Desbruyères, Fabri, Hourdez, Pleijel, Shank, Wilson, Schulze & Rouse, 2013 * '' Bathychloeia'' Horst, 1910 ** '' Bathychloeia balloniformis'' Böggemann, 2009 ** '' Bathychloeia sibogae'' Horst, 1910 * ''

Chloeia ''Chloeia'' is a genus of marine polychaete worms. Members of this genus are morphologically characterized by an elliptical body composed of certain number of segments, depending on the species, with external gills situated on both lateral sid ...

'' Lamarck, 1818 ** '' Chloeia amphora'' Horst, 1910 ** '' Chloeia australis'' Kudenov, 1993 ** '' Chloeia bengalensis'' Kinberg, 1867 ** '' Chloeia bistriata'' Grube, 1868 ** ''

Chloeia candida ''Chloeia'' is a genus of marine polychaete worms. Members of this genus are morphologically characterized by an elliptical body composed of certain number of segments, depending on the species, with external gills situated on both lateral sid ...

'' Kinberg, 1857 ** '' Chloeia conspicua'' Horst, 1910 ** '' Chloeia egena'' Grube, 1855 ** '' Chloeia entypa'' Chamberlin, 1919 ** ''

Chloeia flava ''Chloeia flava'', also known as the golden fireworm, is a segmented bristleworm belonging to the Family (biology), family Amphinomidae. Description The golden fireworm has an elongated body. Its size varies between long, and between wide, exc ...

'' (Pallas, 1766) ** ''

Chloeia furcigera ''Chloeia'' is a genus of marine polychaete worms. Members of this genus are morphologically characterized by an elliptical body composed of certain number of segments, depending on the species, with external gills situated on both lateral sid ...

'' Quatrefages, 1866 ** ''

Chloeia fusca ''Chloeia'' is a genus of marine polychaete worms. Members of this genus are morphologically characterized by an elliptical body composed of certain number of segments, depending on the species, with external gills situated on both lateral sid ...

'' McIntosh, 1885 ** ''

Chloeia inermis ''Chloeia'' is a genus of marine polychaete worms. Members of this genus are morphologically characterized by an elliptical body composed of certain number of segments, depending on the species, with external gills situated on both lateral sid ...

'' Quatrefages, 1866 ** ''

Chloeia kudenovi ''Chloeia'' is a genus of marine polychaete worms. Members of this genus are morphologically characterized by an elliptical body composed of certain number of segments, depending on the species, with external gills situated on both lateral sid ...

'' Barroso & Paiva, 2011 ** ''

Chloeia macleayi ''Chloeia'' is a genus of marine polychaete worms. Members of this genus are morphologically characterized by an elliptical body composed of certain number of segments, depending on the species, with external gills situated on both lateral sid ...

'' Haswell, 1878 ** ''

Chloeia maculata ''Chloeia'' is a genus of marine polychaete worms. Members of this genus are morphologically characterized by an elliptical body composed of certain number of segments, depending on the species, with external gills situated on both lateral sid ...

'' Potts, 1909 ** ''

Chloeia malaica ''Chloeia'' is a genus of marine polychaete worms. Members of this genus are morphologically characterized by an elliptical body composed of certain number of segments, depending on the species, with external gills situated on both lateral sid ...

'' Kinberg, 1867 ** ''

Chloeia nuda ''Chloeia'' is a genus of marine polychaete worms. Members of this genus are morphologically characterized by an elliptical body composed of certain number of segments, depending on the species, with external gills situated on both lateral sid ...

'' Quatrefages, 1866 ** ''

Chloeia parva ''Chloeia'' is a genus of marine polychaete worms. Members of this genus are morphologically characterized by an elliptical body composed of certain number of segments, depending on the species, with external gills situated on both lateral sid ...

'' Baird, 1868 ** ''

Chloeia pinnata ''Chloeia'' is a genus of marine polychaete worms. Members of this genus are morphologically characterized by an elliptical body composed of certain number of segments, depending on the species, with external gills situated on both lateral sid ...

'' Moore, 1911 ** '' Chloeia pseudeuglochis'' Augener, 1922 ** '' Chloeia quatrefagesii'' Baird, 1868 ** '' Chloeia rosea'' Potts, 1909 ** '' Chloeia rupestris'' Risso, 1826 ** ''

Chloeia tumida ''Chloeia'' is a genus of marine polychaete worms. Members of this genus are morphologically characterized by an elliptical body composed of certain number of segments, depending on the species, with external gills situated on both lateral sid ...

'' Baird, 1868 ** '' Chloeia venusta'' Quatrefages, 1866 ** ''

Chloeia violacea ''Chloeia'' is a genus of marine polychaete worms. Members of this genus are morphologically characterized by an elliptical body composed of certain number of segments, depending on the species, with external gills situated on both lateral sid ...

'' Horst, 1910 ** '' Chloeia viridis'' Schmarda, 1861 * '' Chloenopsis'' Fauchald, 1977 ** '' Chloenopsis atlantica'' (McIntosh, 1885) * '' Notopygos'' Grube, 1855 ** '' Notopygos albiseta'' Holly, 1939 ** '' Notopygos andrewsi'' Monro, 1924 ** '' Notopygos caribea'' Yáñez-Rivera & Carrera-Parra, 2012 ** '' Notopygos cirratus'' Horst, 1911 ** '' Notopygos crinita'' Grube, 1855 ** '' Notopygos flavus'' Haswell, 1878 ** '' Notopygos gardineri'' Potts, 1909 ** '' Notopygos gigas'' Horst, 1911 ** '' Notopygos gregoryi'' Holly, 1939 ** '' Notopygos hispida'' Potts, 1909 ** '' Notopygos horsti'' Monro, 1924 ** '' Notopygos kekooa'' Borda, Yanez-Rivera, Ochoa, Kudenov, Sanchez-Ortiz, Schulze & Rouse, 2017 ** '' Notopygos labiatus'' McIntosh, 1885 ** '' Notopygos megalops'' McIntosh, 1885 ** '' Notopygos mitsukurii'' Izuka, 1910 ** '' Notopygos ornata'' Grube, 1856 ** '' Notopygos parvus'' Haswell, 1878 ** '' Notopygos rayneri'' (Baird, 1868) ** '' Notopygos splendens'' (Kinberg, 1857) ** '' Notopygos subpragigas'' Uschakov & Wu, 1962 ** '' Notopygos variabilis'' Potts, 1909 * '' Parachloeia'' Horst, 1912 ** '' Parachloeia marmorata'' Horst, 1912

Subfamily not assigned

* †'' Rollinschaeta'' Parry, Wilson, Sykes, Edgecombe & Vinther, 2015 ** †'' Rollinschaeta myoplena'' Parry, Wilson, Sykes, Edgecombe & Vinther, 2015

Notes

References

External links

* {{Authority control Polychaetes Annelid families