Abbreviations
*3T – Three Ts *CBL – Cross-body lead *CBM – Contra body movement *CBMP – Contra body movement position *COG – Center of gravity *CPB – Center point of balance *CPP – Counter promenade position *DC – Diagonally to center *DW – Diagonally to wall *IDSF – International DanceSport Federation *IDTA – International Dance Teachers Association *ISTD – Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing *J&J – Jack and Jill *LOD – Line of dance *MPM – Measures per minute *NFR – No foot rise *OP – Outside partner or open position *PP – Promenade position *Q – Quick *S – SlowA–C
Alignment
Alignment can mean: * the directions the feet face in relationship to the room. See Direction of movement. * the positioning of the body's "building blocks" (head, shoulders, abdomen, hips) in top of each other.Amalgamation
A combination of two or more figures; more generally: a sequence of figures that a couple wants to dance.American Rhythm
A category of dances in American Style ballroom competitions. It includes cha-cha-cha, rumba, East Coast swing, bolero, and mambo. Sometimes it may include samba and West Coast swing. This category loosely corresponds to theAmerican Smooth
A category of dances in American Style ballroom competitions. It includesAmerican Style
The term describes a particular style of ballroom dances developed in the United States that contrasts with theBackleading
In social dancing strongly relying on leading and following, this term means that the follower executes steps without waiting for or contrary to the lead of the leader. This is also called ''anticipation'' and usually considered bad dancing habit. An exception would be to avoid a collision with another couple the leader hasn't seen (but this is usually just to stop the leader performing specific steps rather than the follower actively executing steps). Sometimes this term is used in the meaning of hijacking, which is not exactly the same.Ballroom
Body contact
Body contact is a style of closed position in partner dancing (''closed position with body contact''); it is also a type of physical connection, mainly of the right-hand sides of the partners' costal arches.Body flight
Body flight is a property of many movements in dances such as theBody support
Support of the partner's body is largely avoided in ballroom dancing. The exception would be "lifts" – often featured in some forms of swing dancing, and ballroom showdance presentations, but banned in ordinary ballroom competition and rarely seen in social dancing.Call
A call in square dancing is a command by a caller to execute a particular dance figure. In round dancing, calls are called ''cues''. See " Caller" for the explanation of the difference. Voice calls may be complemented by hand signs. See also Voice cue.Caller
A caller or a cuer is a person that calls/cues dance figures to be executed in square dances and round dances.Center
When indicating a direction of movement during a dance, the term "center" means the direction perpendicular to the line of dance (LOD) pointing towards the center of the room. If one stands facing the LOD, then the center direction is to their left. The term ''center'' may also be used as shorthand for the center point of balance.Center point of balance
Together with the center of gravity (COG), the center point of balance (CPB) helps the dancer to better understand and control their movements. CPB differs from the two other centers in two respects. The exact location of the COG is always well-defined, however it significantly depends on the shape the body assumes. In contrast, the CPB during normal dancing (head up, feet down on the floor) is always at the same place of the dancer's body, although defined in a loose way. It is said that the CPB is in the general area of the solar plexus for the gentlemen, and navel for the women.Chassé
A chassé is a figure of three steps in which the feet are closed on the second step.Check
A pronounced discontinuation of movement through the feet. This is created by locking the back of one knee into the front of the other knee. A check position is created in Latin Ballroom dances such as rumba and cha-cha-cha, as well as inClosed dance figure
The term has at least two meanings: regarding dance position and regarding footwork. *A figure performed in closed position. *A figure in which at the last step the moving foot closes to rest at the support foot. Examples are box step in American StyleClosed position
The ordinary position of ballroom dancing in which the partners face each other with their bodies approximately parallel. In Standard and Smooth the bodies are also offset about a half body width such that each person has their partner on their right side, with their left side somewhat unobstructed; in tango, the offset is somewhat larger. Contrast promenade position and open position.Compression
The term has several meanings. *Compression is a type of physical connection, opposite to leverage, in which the dance partners lean together while being connected. In other words, a stress exists at the point(s) of contact directed towards the contact point(s) of the dance partner. The term is frequently used, e.g., in the swing dance community. * Compression is lowering the body by bending the knees in a preparation for a step. The term is mostly used in describing the rises and falls technique of ballroom dances of Standard (International style) and Smooth (American style) categories:Connection
A means of communication between dancers in the couple. Physical and visual types of connection are distinguished. Physical connection, sometimes referred to as resistance or tone, involves slightly tensing the upper-body muscles, often in the context of a frame, thus enabling leader to communicate intentions to follower. See compression and tension, two basic associated actions/reactions.Contra body movement
Refers to the action of the body in turning figures; turning the opposite hip and shoulder towards the direction of the moving foot.Contra body movement position
Contra body movement position occurs when the moving foot is brought across (behind or in front) the standing foot the body turning. Applies to every step taken outside partner; occurs frequently in tango and in promenade figures.Counter promenade position
In ballroom dances, the dance couple moves (or intends to move) sidewise to the leader's right while the bodies form a V-shape, with leader's left and follower's right sides are closer than the leader's right and follower's left. In other dances, there are other definitions.Cuban hip motion
Cue
A signal to execute a dance figure. See Call and Voice cue.D–J
Dance formation
:Dance move
Dance pattern
Dancesport
'' Dancesport'' is an official term to denote dance as competitive,Dance step
For one meaning, see Dance move, for another one, see Step. See also Glossary of dance steps.Direction of movement
Direction of step
Direction of turn
Fallaway
Both dance partners take (at least) a step backwards into promenade position.Figure
A completed set of steps. More explicitly: a small sequence of steps comprising a meaningful gestalt, and given a name, for example '' whisk'' or '' spin turn''.Follower
Footwork
In a wider sense, the term footwork describes dance technique aspects related to feet: ''foot position'' and ''foot action''. In a narrow sense, e.g., in descriptions of ballroom dance figures, the term refers to the behavior of the foot when it is in contact with the floor. In particular, it describes which part of the foot is in contact with the floor: ball, heel, flat, toe, high toe, inside/outside edge, etc. In the Smooth and Standard dances, it is common for the body weight to progress through multiple parts of the foot during the course of a step. Customarily, parts of the foot reached only after the other foot has passed to begin a new step are implied but not explicitly mentioned.Formation
# A ''formation'' or ''dance formation'' is a team of dance couples. # ''Formation'' of a dance team is the specification of #* positions of dancers or dance couples on the floor relative to each other and #* directions the dancers face or move with respect to others.Formation dance
Formation dance is a choreographed dance of a team of couples, e.g., ballroom sequence or ballroom formation dance/team.Full weight
''Full weight'' or '' full-weight transfer'' means that at the end of the step the dancer's center of gravity is directly over the support foot. A simple test for a full weight transfer is that you can freely lift the second foot off the floor.Frame
Dance frames are the positions of the upper bodies of the dancers (hands, arms, shoulders, neck, head, and upper torso). A strong frame is where your arms and upper body are held firmly in place without relying on your partner to maintain your frame nor applying force that would move your partner or your partner's frame. In swing and blues dances, the frame is a dancer's body shape, which provides connection with the partner and conveys intended movement. Major types of dance frames are Latin, smooth, and swing.Guapacha
Guapacha timing is an alternative rhythm of various basic cha-cha steps that are normally counted "<1>, 2, 3, cha-cha-1" whereas "cha-cha-1" is counted musically "4-&-1". In Guapacha, the step that normally occurs on count "2" is delayed an extra half-beat, to the "&" of 2, making the new count "<1>, <hold>-&-3, 4-&-1".Handhold
Handhold is an element of dance connection: it is a way the partners hold each other by hands.Heel lead
Landing on the heel of the foot in motion during a step before putting weight on the remainder of the foot. As in normal walking, much of the swing of the foot is accomplished with its midpart closest to the floor, emphasis shifting to the heel only as the final placement is neared.Heel turn
A heel turn is an action danced by the partner on the inside of turn in certain figures in Standard or Smooth. During the course of rotation, the dancer's weight moves from toe to heel of one foot while the other foot swings to close to it, then forward from heel towards the toe of the just closed foot. Follower's heel turns feature body rise coincident with the first step, which leads her foot to close next to the standing one rather than swing past. In contrast, when the leader is dancing a heel turn the rise is delayed until the conclusion of the turn, as he can better lead the amount of turn from a more grounded position. The heel turn is distinguished from other members of the family of heel pull actions which do not require complete closure of the feet. Follower's heel turns are commonly found in the double reverse spin and the open or closed telemark, and the natural and reverse turns of international style foxtrot, while leader's heel turns form the basis of the open or closed impetus.Hijacking
In social dancing strongly reliant on leading and following, hijacking means temporary assuming the leading role by the follower. Also known as ''stealing the lead''. Contrast backleading.International Latin
International Latin is category of dances inInternational Standard
A category of dances inInternational Style
The term describes a particular style of ballroom dances that contrasts with American Style. In a narrower sense, it denotes the group of dances danced in International Style ballroom competitions. The group consists of two categories: Standard andJack and Jill
Jack and Jill (J&J) is a format of competition in partner dancing, where the competing couples are the result of random matching of leaders and followers. Rules of matching vary. The name comes from the popular English nursery rhyme, " Jack and Jill". In venues with same-gender dance partners, the ambiguous names "Pat and Chris" have been used, or event could be called "Mix and Match". In dance competitions J&J is included as a separate division (or divisions, with additional gradations). J&J is popular at swing conventions, as well as at ballroom dance competitions in the United States.L–R
Latin
As applied to dances, Latin dance is any type ofLatin hip motion
A characteristic type of hip motion found in the technique of performing a step inLeader
Leading and following
Lead stealing
Leverage
The term describes type of physical connection, opposite to compression, in which the dance partners lean away from each other while being connected. In other words, a stress exists at the point(s) of contact directed away from the contact point(s) of the dance partner. Predominantly used in the swing dance community. See also tension.Line of dance
Line of foot
An imaginary straight line passing through the foot in the heel-toe direction.Measures per minute
Measures per minute, or MPM, refers to the tempo of the music according to the number of measures or bars occurring in one minute of music. This can vary from as low as 25–27 MPM for international style rumba to as fast as 58–60 MPM for international style Viennese waltz.Moving foot
The foot that is in action (tap, ronde, etc.) while most or all of the body's weight is being supported by the standing foot. Compare Supporting foot.Musicality
New Vogue
No foot rise
In descriptions of the footwork of step patterns the abbreviation NFR stands for ''no foot rise'' (or ''no foot-rise'') and means that the heel of the support foot remains in contact with the floor until the weight is transferred onto the other foot. The rise is felt in body (i.e. theOpen dance figure
The term has at least two meanings: regarding dance position and regarding footwork. *A figure performed in open position. *A figure in which during the last step the moving foot passes the support foot. Examples are the feather step in foxtrot or the open reverse turn, e.g. in tango.Open position
Open position is any dance position in couple dances, in which the partners stand apart in contrast to closed position. They may face inwards or outwards, and hold one or both hands or stand independently.Outside partner position
A step into outside partner position occurs when the moving foot of the forward travelling partner moves on a track outside of their partner's standing foot when it would ordinarily move on a track aimed between their partner's feet. Due to the offset of the hold, this generally applies to a step with the right foot. (The term ''left side outside'' is often used for the rare occurrences when the left foot crosses to pass outside, as in the Hover cross). Steps into outside partner position are also required to be in contra body movement position, and are often preceded by a step with a strong side lead. The term "inline" is occasionally used when it is necessary to clarify that an outside partner position is not involved.Pat and Chris
:Physical connection, physical lead
A dance connection by means of physical contact. Types of physical connection are body contact, compression, leverage.Pinched shoulder
Pinched shoulder is the position seen when promenade position is incorrectly danced with an outward rotation of the upper bodies, rather than a rotational stretch in each body. It is characterized by one or both partners having their trailing elbow behind the line of their shoulders, with a resulting break in the arm line at the trailing shoulder.Progressive dance
:Promenade position
The promenade position is described differently in various dance categories. In ballroom dances their common trait is that the dance couple moves (or intends to move) essentially sidewise to the leader's left while partners nearly face each other, with the leader's right side of the body and the follower's left side of the body are closer than the respective opposite sides (forming a V-shape when looking from above). Steps of both partners are basically sidewise or diagonally forward with respect to their bodies. Normally the dancers look in the direction of the intended movement. In square dances it is a close side-by-side position in various handholds with the general intention to move together forward, "inReplace
In brief descriptions of dance figures, ''replace'' means replacing the weight to the previous support foot while keeping it in place. For example, a " rock back" figure may be described as "step back, replace". Notice that it doesn't require to "replace" the moving foot to the place from where it come in the previous step.Rhythm
*See American Rhythm. *See Rhythm.Rise and fall
Rises and falls refer to the body ascending and descending by use of feet, ankles, and legs, to create dynamic movement.S–Z
Shadow position
Both partners face the same general direction, one of them (the man) behind and slightly shifted leftwards ("in the shadow"). Handholds vary. Variants: sweetheart position, cuddle position.Side lead
A body position or action during a step, sometimes also called ''same side lead''. ''Side-leading'' refers to a movement during which the side of the body corresponding to the moving foot is consistently in advance as a result of a previous contra body movement or ''body turns less'' action. A step with side lead will often precede or follow a step of the opposite foot taken into contra body movement position (in which the leading side is that opposite the moving foot) without requiring intervening rotation of the body. Due to the offset position of the partners in the hold, a left side lead may be quite pronounced whereas a right side lead will be more subtle if taken in closed position.Slot
In slotted dances, the '' dance slot'' is an imaginary narrow rectangle along which the follower moves back and forth with respect to the leader, who is more or less stationary. As a rule, the leader mostly stays in the slot as well, leaving it only to give way for the follower to pass him. Some slots are fixed, some can rotate, some are only from close hold to open hold with one arm, or double from one side of the man to his full reach on the other (as in hustle), depending on the dance floor space available and the specific dance. The leader in social and performance/exhibition dancing is more free to step out from the slot, more in some dances, and dance styles (such as hustle and salsa), than in others.Slotted dance
A dance style in which the couple's movements are generally confined to a slot. The most typical slotted dance is west coast swing. Some other dances, e.g., hustle and salsa, may be danced in slotted style. Compare spot dance, travelling dance.Smooth
:Spot dance
A dance that is generally danced in a restricted area of the dance floor. Examples are rumba, salsa, east coast swing. Compare travelling dance, slotted dance.Spotting
A technique used during turns. The dancer chooses a reference point (such as their partner or a distant point along the line of travel) and focuses on it as long as possible. When during the turn it is no longer possible to see it, the head flips as fast as possible to "spot" the reference point again. This technique guides the body during the turn, makes it easier to determine when to stop turning, and helps prevent dizziness. It must be done by rotating the head as close to perfectly in the horizontal plane as possible so as not to defeat the purpose of minimizing dizziness in those so predisposed. The most common spotting is 180° to and away from one's partner, or the line of dance (LOD) and a full 360° from the original spot, be it LOD, outside line of dance (OLOD), or toward or away from one's partner, a wall for example. It can be done in apart/free position or less frequently in closed position.Standard
:Stationary dance
:Stealing the lead
In social dancing strongly reliant on leading and following, stealing the lead means temporary assuming the leading role by the follower. Also known as ''hijacking''. Contrast backleading.Step
*In a strict sense, a ''step'', or a ''footstep'', is a single move of one foot, usually involving full or partial weight transfer to the moving foot. However foot actions, such as ''tap'', ''kick'', etc., are also sometimes called "steps". For example, in a description: "step forward, replace, together" all three actions are steps. : Sometimes it is important to define the exact limits of one (foot)step, i.e., exactly when it begins and ends. In describing the detailed technique in Standard and Smooth dances (Standing foot
Same as Supporting foot.Supporting foot
It is also called ''support foot'' or ''standing foot'', a foot which bears the full or nearly full weight while the other foot does some action (step, tap, ronde, etc.). Compare moving foot.Sway
The term '' sway'' has a specific meaning in the technique of ballroom dancing. Basically, it describes a body position in which its upper part gracefully deflects from the vertical. The direction of sway is usually away from the standing foot and the direction of movement.Syncopation
In dancing, the term '' syncopation'' has two meanings. The first one is similar to the musical terminology: stepping on an unstressed musical beat. The second one is making more (and/or different) steps than required by the standard description of a figure, to address more rhythmical nuances of the music. The latter usage is considered incorrect by many dance instructors, but it is still in circulation, a better term lacking.Tension
Describes a physical connection, opposite to compression, in which a stress exists at the point(s) of contact directed away from the contact point(s) between partners. People frequently resort to describing the actions as "push" (compression, towards partner) and "pull" (tension, away from partner) to get the idea across. See also leverage.Three ''T''s
''Technique, timing, and teamwork''. The criteria for evaluation of dance mastery in the swing dancing community.Timing
The relation of the elements of a dance step or dance figure with respect to musical timing: bars and beats. Also the synchronizing of movements between the dance partners, or between the parts of a dancer's body.Toe lead
Landing on the toe of the foot in motion during a step before putting weight on the remainder of the foot.Top line
The top line is the way dancers hold their head, neck, shoulders, arms, hands, and upper back.Tracking, track of foot
The trajectory of the moving foot visualized as a narrow imaginary track, forward and backward of the foot rather than a line. For the standing foot, its track is determined by its current orientation on the floor which may be noted on the inside of turns where the feet often point in differing directions.Travelling (progressive) dance
A dance that significantly travels over the dance floor, generally in the direction of the line of dance. Examples areVisual connection, visual lead
A dance connection by means of visual awareness of partners in a couple. Visual connection by no means should replace the physical connection, and some consider it to be an inferior form of connection. However it does have its proper usages. Most important are the coordination of styles (arms, etc.) and when dancing without physical contact. An important example of the latter is spotting the partner during turns, especially free spins. This type of connection is essential for "shine position patterns", commonly found in Latin dances like the cha-cha-cha, mambo, and salsa as well as "side by side position patterns".Voice cue
Voice cues help match rhythmic patterns of steps (or other moves) with the music. There are different types of voice cues. *The most common example is the usage of "quick" and "slow" words: "quick-quick-slow" (pronounced as "quick quick slo-o-o-ow") immediately tells you that the third step takes twice the time of the first one (and of the second one). *Some East Coast Swing instructors cue the basic step as " shuf-fle-STEP, shuf-fle-STEP, rock BACK", to indicate both the rhythmic pattern of the figure (1&2, 3&4, 5, 6) and the syncopated character of swing music: every second syllable is stressed. *Still another example: the box step of American-style rumba may be cued as "forward-...-side-together, back-...-side-together", to indicate the directions of (leader's) steps and their timing. *Finally, for more advanced dancers voice cues are actually names of dance figures and standard variations: **"Two walks, link, closed promenade" ( tango). **" Open Telemark, natural fallaway, whisk, quick wing" (Wall
When indicating a direction of movement during a dance, the term "wall" means the direction perpendicular to the line of dance (LOD) pointing towards the wall of the room (possibly imaginary). If one stands facing the LOD, then the wall direction is to their right.Weight transfer
See also
* List of dance organizations * Musical terminology * List of musical topicsReferences
* List of partner dance booksExternal links