Historically, classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas is based upon cultural regions, geography, and linguistics. Anthropologists have named various cultural regions, with fluid boundaries, that are generally agreed upon with some variation. These cultural regions are broadly based upon the locations of the

Indigenous peoples of the Americas In the Americas, Indigenous peoples comprise the two continents' pre-Columbian inhabitants, as well as the ethnic groups that identify with them in the 15th century, as well as the ethnic groups that identify with the pre-Columbian population of ...

from early European and African contact beginning in the late 15th century. When Indigenous peoples have been forcibly removed by nation-states, they retain their original geographic classification. Some groups span multiple cultural regions. Peoples can also be classified by genetics, technology, and social structure.

Canada, Greenland, United States, and northern Mexico

In the

United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...

and

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun ...

ethnographers Ethnography is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures. It explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study. Ethnography is also a type of social research that involves examining ...

commonly classify

Indigenous peoples There is no generally accepted definition of Indigenous peoples, although in the 21st century the focus has been on self-identification, cultural difference from other groups in a state, a special relationship with their traditional territ ...

into ten geographical regions with shared

cultural Culture ( ) is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and Social norm, norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, Social norm, customs, capabilities, Attitude (psychology), attitudes ...

traits, called cultural areas.

Greenland Greenland is an autonomous territory in the Danish Realm, Kingdom of Denmark. It is by far the largest geographically of three constituent parts of the kingdom; the other two are metropolitan Denmark and the Faroe Islands. Citizens of Greenlan ...

is part of the

Arctic region The Arctic (; . ) is the polar region of Earth that surrounds the North Pole, lying within the Arctic Circle. The Arctic region, from the IERS Reference Meridian travelling east, consists of parts of northern Norway (Nordland, Troms, Finnmar ...

. Some scholars combine the Plateau and Great Basin regions into the Intermontane West, some separate Prairie peoples from Great Plains peoples, while some separate Great Lakes tribes from the Northeastern Woodlands.

Arctic

Paleo-Eskimo The Paleo-Eskimo meaning ''"old Eskimos"'', also known as, pre-Thule people, Thule or pre-Inuit, were the peoples who inhabited the Arctic region from Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Chukotka (e.g., Chertov Ovrag) in present-day Russia across North Am ...

, precontact cultures, Russia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, 2500 BCE–1500 CE ** Arctic small tool tradition, precontact culture, 2500 BCE, Bering Strait **

Pre-Dorset The Pre-Dorset is a loosely defined term for a Paleo-Eskimo culture or group of cultures that existed in the Eastern Canadian Arctic from c. 3200 to 850 cal BC, and preceded the Dorset culture. Due to its vast geographical expanse and to histor ...

, eastern Arctic, 2500–500 BCE **

Saqqaq culture The Saqqaq culture was a Paleo-Eskimo culture in southern Greenland. It was named after the settlement of Saqqaq, the site of many archaeological finds. The Saqqaq were the longest-residing residents of Greenland in all of history. Timeframe T ...

, Greenland, 2500–800 BCE **

Independence I Independence I was a culture of Paleo-Eskimos who lived in northern Greenland and the Canadian Arctic between 2400 and 1900 BC. There has been much debate among scholars on when Independence I culture disappeared, and, therefore, there is a margi ...

, northeastern Canada and Greenland, 2400–1800 BCE **

Independence II culture Independence II was a Paleo-Eskimo culture that flourished in northern and northeastern Greenland from around 700 to 80 BC, north and south of the Independence Fjord. The Independence II culture existed in roughly the same areas of Greenland as ...

, northeastern Canada and Greenland, 800–1 BCE) **

Groswater culture The Groswater culture was a Paleo-Eskimo culture that existed in Newfoundland and Labrador, as well as Quebec from 800 BC to 200 BC. The culture was of Arctic origin and migrated south after the decline of the Maritime Archaic people following ...

, Labrador and Nunavik, Canada **

Dorset culture The Dorset was a Paleo-Eskimo culture, lasting from to between and , that followed the Pre-Dorset and preceded the Thule people (proto-Inuit) in the North American Arctic. The culture and people are named after Cape Dorset (now Kinngait) in ...

, 500 BCE–1500 CE, Alaska, Canada *

Aleut Aleuts ( ; (west) or (east) ) are the Indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands, which are located between the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. Both the Aleuts and the islands are politically divided between the US state of Alaska ...

(

Unangan Aleuts ( ; (west) or (east) ) are the Indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands, which are located between the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. Both the Aleuts and the islands are politically divided between the US state of Alaska a ...

), Aleutian Islands of Alaska, and Kamchatka Krai, Russia *

Inuit Inuit (singular: Inuk) are a group of culturally and historically similar Indigenous peoples traditionally inhabiting the Arctic and Subarctic regions of North America and Russia, including Greenland, Labrador, Quebec, Nunavut, the Northwe ...

, Russia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland **

Thule Thule ( ; also spelled as ''Thylē'') is the most northerly location mentioned in ancient Greek and Roman literature and cartography. First written of by the Greek explorer Pytheas of Massalia (modern-day Marseille, France) in about 320 BC, i ...

, proto-Inuit, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, 900–1500 CE ***

Birnirk culture The Birnirk culture was a prehistoric Inuit culture dating from the 6th to 12th centuries of the Chukchi Peninsula of Russia and the Alaska North Slope. The Birnirk culture first appeared on the American side of the Bering Strait, descending from ...

, precontact Inuit culture, Alaska, 500 CE–900 CE **

Greenlandic Inuit The Greenlandic Inuit or sometimes simply the Greenlandic are an ethnic group and nation Indigenous peoples of the Americas, indigenous to Greenland, where they constitute the largest ethnic population. They share a common #History, ancestry, ...

, Greenland ***

Kalaallit Kalaallit are a Greenlandic Inuit ethnic group, being the largest group in Greenland, concentrated in the west. It is also a contemporary term in the Greenlandic language for the Indigenous of Greenland ().Hessel, 8 The Kalaallit (singular: ) a ...

, west Greenland ***

Avanersuarmiut The Inughuit (singular: Inughuaq), Inuhuit, or Smith Sound Inuit, historically called Arctic Highlanders or Polar Eskimos, are an ethnic subgroup of the Greenlandic Inuit. They are the northernmost group of Inuit and the northernmost people in No ...

(

Inughuit The Inughuit (singular: Inughuaq), Inuhuit, or Smith Sound Inuit, historically called Arctic Highlanders or Polar Eskimos, are an ethnic subgroup of the Greenlandic Inuit. They are the northernmost group of Inuit and the northernmost people in No ...

), north Greenland ***

Tunumiit Iivit or Tunumiit are Indigenous Greenlandic Inuit from Iivi Nunaa, Tunu in the area of Kangikajik and Ammassalik, the eastern part of Inuit Nunaat (East Greenland). The Iivit live now mainly in Tasiilaq and Ittoqqortoormiit and are a part o ...

, east Greenland **

Inuvialuit The Inuvialuit (sing. Inuvialuk; ''the real people'') or Western Canadian Inuit are Inuit who live in the western Canadian Arctic region. They, like all other Inuit, are descendants of the Thule who migrated eastward from Alaska. Their homelan ...

, western Canadian Arctic **

Iñupiat The Inupiat (singular: Iñupiaq), also known as Alaskan Inuit, are a group of Alaska Natives whose traditional territory roughly spans northeast from Norton Sound on the Bering Sea to the northernmost part of the Canada–United States borde ...

, north and northwest Alaska *

Yupik peoples The Yupik (; ) are a group of Indigenous or Aboriginal peoples of western, southwestern, and southcentral Alaska and the Russian Far East. They are related to the Inuit and Iñupiat. Yupik peoples include the following: * Alutiiq, or Sugp ...

(

Yup'ik The Yupʼik or Yupiaq (sg & pl) and Yupiit or Yupiat (pl), also Central Alaskan Yupʼik, Central Yupʼik, Alaskan Yupʼik ( own name ''Yupʼik'' sg ''Yupiik'' dual ''Yupiit'' pl; Russian: Юпики центральной Аляски), are an ...

), Alaska and Russia **

Alutiiq The Alutiiq (pronounced in English; from Promyshlenniki Russian Алеутъ, "Aleut"; plural often "Alutiit"), also called by their ancestral name ( or ; plural often "Sugpiat"), as well as Pacific Eskimo or Pacific Yupik, are a Yupik ...

(

Sugpiaq The Alutiiq (pronounced in English; from Promyshlenniki Russian Алеутъ, "Aleut"; plural often "Alutiit"), also called by their ancestral name ( or ; plural often "Sugpiat"), as well as Pacific Eskimo or Pacific Yupik, are a Yupik ...

, Pacific Yupik), Alaska Peninsula, coastal and island areas of south central Alaska **

Central Alaskan Yup'ik people The Yupʼik or Yupiaq (sg & pl) and Yupiit or Yupiat (pl), also Central Alaskan Yupʼik, Central Yupʼik, Alaskan Yupʼik ( own name ''Yupʼik'' sg ''Yupiik'' dual ''Yupiit'' pl; Russian: Юпики центральной Аляски), are an ...

, west central Alaska ***

Cup'ik The Yupʼik or Yupiaq (sg & pl) and Yupiit or Yupiat (pl), also Central Alaskan Yupʼik, Central Yupʼik, Alaskan Yupʼik (Central Alaskan Yupʼik language, own name ''Yupʼik'' sg ''Yupiik'' dual ''Yupiit'' pl; Russian language, Russian: Юп� ...

, Hooper Bay and Chevak, Alaska ***

Nunivak Cup'ig people The Yupʼik or Yupiaq (sg & pl) and Yupiit or Yupiat (pl), also Central Alaskan Yupʼik, Central Yupʼik, Alaskan Yupʼik (Central Alaskan Yupʼik language, own name ''Yupʼik'' sg ''Yupiik'' dual ''Yupiit'' pl; Russian language, Russian: Юп� ...

(Cup'ig), Nunivak Island, Alaska **

Siberian Yupik Siberian Yupiks, or Yuits (), are a Yupik peoples, Yupik people who reside along the coast of the Chukchi Peninsula in the far Russian Far East, northeast of the Russia, Russian Federation and on St. Lawrence Island in Alaska. They speak Si ...

, Russian Far East and St. Lawrence Island, Alaska *** Chaplino *** Naukan ***

Sirenik Sirenik Yupik, Sireniki Yupik (also Old Sirenik or Vuteen), Sirenik, or Sirenikskiy is an extinct Eskimo–Aleut language. It was spoken in and around the village of Sireniki (Сиреники) in Chukotka Peninsula, Chukotka Autonomous Okru ...

, Siberia

Subarctic

Ahtna The Ahtna (also Ahtena, Atna, Ahtna-kohtaene, or Copper River) are an Alaska Native Athabaskan people of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group. The people's homeland called Atna Nenn', is located in the Copper River area of southern ...

(Ahtena, Nabesna), Alaska *

Anishinaabe The Anishinaabe (alternatively spelled Anishinabe, Anicinape, Nishnaabe, Neshnabé, Anishinaabeg, Anishinabek, Aanishnaabe) are a group of culturally related Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous peoples in the Great Lakes region of C ...

– ''see also

Northeastern Woodlands Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands include Native American tribes and First Nation bands residing in or originating from a cultural area encompassing the northeastern and Midwest United States and southeastern Canada. It is part ...

'' **

Oji-Cree The Anisininew or Oji-Cree are a First Nation in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba, residing in a band extending from the Missinaibi River region in Northeastern Ontario at the east to Lake Winnipeg at the west. The Oji-Cree pe ...

(Anishinini, Severn Ojibwa) Ontario, Manitoba **

Ojibwa The Ojibwe (; syll.: ᐅᒋᐺ; plural: ''Ojibweg'' ᐅᒋᐺᒃ) are an Anishinaabe people whose homeland (''Ojibwewaki'' ᐅᒋᐺᐘᑭ) covers much of the Great Lakes region and the northern plains, extending into the subarctic and thro ...

( Chippewa,

Ojibwe The Ojibwe (; Ojibwe writing systems#Ojibwe syllabics, syll.: ᐅᒋᐺ; plural: ''Ojibweg'' ᐅᒋᐺᒃ) are an Anishinaabe people whose homeland (''Ojibwewaki'' ᐅᒋᐺᐘᑭ) covers much of the Great Lakes region and the Great Plains, n ...

) Ontario, Manitoba, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota *

Atikamekw The Atikamekw are an Indigenous people in Canada. Their historic territory, ('Our Land'), is in the upper Saint-Maurice River valley of Quebec (about north of Montreal). One of the main communities is Manawan, about northeast of Montreal. ...

, Quebec *

Chipewyan The Chipewyan ( , also called ''Denésoliné'' or ''Dënesųłı̨né'' or ''Dënë Sųłınë́'', meaning "the original/real people") are a Dene group of Indigenous Canadian people belonging to the Athabaskan language family, whose ancest ...

, Alaskan interior, Western Canada *

Cree The Cree, or nehinaw (, ), are a Indigenous peoples of the Americas, North American Indigenous people, numbering more than 350,000 in Canada, where they form one of the country's largest First Nations in Canada, First Nations. They live prim ...

, Central and Eastern Canada, North Dakota *

Dakelh The Dakelh (pronounced ) or Carrier are a First Nations in Canada, First Nations Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous people living a large portion of the British Columbia Interior, Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada. The Dakel ...

( Carrier), British Columbia **

Babine {{Infobox ethnic group , group = Nadot'en , image = , image_caption = , poptime = , popplace = British Columbia, Canada , langs = English, Babine-Witsuwitʼen , rels = Christianity, Animism , related = Other DeneEspecially Tsilhqotʼin, D ...

, British Columbia ** Wet'suwet'en, British Columbia * Deg Hit’an (Deg Xinag, Degexit’an, Kaiyuhkhotana), Alaska * Dena’ina ( Tanaina), Alaska *

Dane-zaa The Dane-zaa (ᑕᓀᖚ, also spelled Dunne-za, or Tsattine) are an Athabaskan languages, Athabaskan-speaking group of First Nations in Canada, First Nations people. Their traditional territory is around the Peace River (Canada), Peace River in A ...

(

Beaver Beavers (genus ''Castor'') are large, semiaquatic rodents of the Northern Hemisphere. There are two existing species: the North American beaver (''Castor canadensis'') and the Eurasian beaver (''C. fiber''). Beavers are the second-large ...

Dunneza The Dane-zaa (ᑕᓀᖚ, also spelled Dunne-za, or Tsattine) are an Athabaskan-speaking group of First Nations people. Their traditional territory is around the Peace River in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. Today, about 1,600 Dane-zaa res ...

), Alberta, British Columbia * Gwich'in ( Kutchin, Loucheaux), Alaska, Yukon *

Hän The Hän, Han or Hwëch'in / Han Hwech’in (meaning "People of the River, i.e. Yukon River", in English also Hankutchin) are a First Nations people of Canada and an Alaska Native Athabaskan people of the United States; they are part of the At ...

, Alaska, Yukon * Holikachuk, Alaska *

Innu The Innu/Ilnu ('man, person'), formerly called Montagnais (French for ' mountain people'; ), are the Indigenous Canadians who inhabit northeastern Labrador in present-day Newfoundland and Labrador and some portions of Quebec. They refer to ...

(

Montagnais The Innu/Ilnu ('man, person'), formerly called Montagnais (French for 'mountain people'; ), are the Indigenous Canadians who inhabit northeastern Labrador in present-day Newfoundland and Labrador and some portions of Quebec. They refer to t ...

), Labrador, Quebec *

Kaska Dena The Kaska or Kaska Dena are a First Nations people of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group living mainly in northern British Columbia and the southeastern Yukon in Canada. The Kaska language, originally spoken by the Kaska, is an Athaba ...

(

Nahane Nahani (Nahane, Nahanni) is an Athabaskan languages, Athabaskan word used to designate First Nations in Canada, First Nations groups located in British Columbia, the Northwest Territories and Yukon between the upper Liard River and the 64th paralle ...

), Yukon * Kolchan ( Upper Kuskokwim) *

Koyukon The Koyukon, Dinaa, or Denaa ( Denaakk'e: ''Tl’eeyegge Hut’aane'') are an Alaska Native Athabascan people of the Athabascan-speaking ethnolinguistic group. Their traditional territory is along the Koyukuk and Yukon rivers where they sub ...

, Alaska *

Naskapi The Naskapi (Nascapi, Naskapee, Nascapee) are an Indigenous people of the Subarctic native to the historical region St'aschinuw (ᒋᑦ ᐊᔅᒋᓄᐤ, meaning 'our Clusivity, nclusiveland'), which was located in present day northern Qu ...

, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador *

Sekani Sekani or Tse’khene are a First Nations people of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group in the northern interior of British Columbia. Their territory includes the Finlay and Parsnip River drainages of the Rocky Mountain Trench. The n ...

( Tse'khene), British Columbia * Sahtú ( North Slavey, Bearlake,

Hare Hares and jackrabbits are mammals belonging to the genus ''Lepus''. They are herbivores and live Solitary animal, solitarily or in pairs. They nest in slight depressions called forms, and their young are precociality, able to fend for themselves ...

Mountain A mountain is an elevated portion of the Earth's crust, generally with steep sides that show significant exposed bedrock. Although definitions vary, a mountain may differ from a plateau in having a limited summit area, and is usually higher t ...

), Northwest Territories *

Slavey The Slavey (also Awokanak, Slave, and South Slavey) are a First Nations in Canada, First Nations group of Indigenous peoples in Canada. They speak the Slavey language, a part of the Athabaskan languages. Part of the Dene people, their homeland ...

( Awokanak,

Slave Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour. Slavery typically involves compulsory work, with the slave's location of work and residence dictated by the party that holds them in bondage. Enslavemen ...

, Deh Gah Got'ine, Deh Cho), Alberta, British Columbia *

Tagish The Tagish or Tagish Khwáan ( Tagish: ; ) are a First Nations people of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group that lived around Tagish Lake and Marsh Lake, in Yukon Yukon () is a Provinces and territories of Canada, territory ...

, Yukon *

Tahltan The Tahltan or Nahani are a First Nations people of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group who live in northern British Columbia around Telegraph Creek, Dease Lake, and Iskut. The Tahltan constitute the fourth division of the ''Nahan ...

, British Columbia *

Tanana Athabaskans The Tanana Athabaskans, Tanana Athabascans, or Tanana Athapaskans are an Alaskan Athabaskan people from the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group. They are the original inhabitants of the Tanana River (in Tanana languages , literally 'st ...

(

Tanacross Tanacross (also Transitional Tanana) is an endangered Athabaskan language spoken by fewer than 60 people in eastern Interior Alaska. Overview The word Tanacross (from " Tanana Crossing") has been used to refer both to a village in eastern ...

), Alaska :*

Lower Tanana Lower Tanana (also Tanana and/or Middle Tanana) is an endangered language spoken in Interior Alaska in the lower Tanana River villages of Minto and Nenana. Of about 380 Tanana people in the two villages, about 30 still speak the language. As o ...

, Alaska :*

Middle Tanana The Tanana Athabaskans, Tanana Athabascans, or Tanana Athapaskans are an Alaskan Athabaskan people from the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group. They are the original inhabitants of the Tanana River (in Tanana languages , literally 'st ...

, Alaska :*

Upper Tanana Upper Tanana (also known as Tabesna, Nabesna or Nee'aanèegn') is an endangered language, endangered Alaskan Athabaskans, Athabaskan language spoken in eastern Interior Alaska, United States, mainly in the villages of Northway, Alaska, Northway ...

, Alaska * Tasttine (

, Beaver), Alberta *

Tłı̨chǫ The Tłı̨chǫ (, ) people, sometimes spelled Tlicho and also known as the Dogrib, are a Dene First Nations people of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group living in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Name The name ''Dogrib' ...

( Tlicho), Northwest Territories *

Inland Tlingit Inland may refer to: Places Sweden * Inland Fräkne Hundred, a hundred of Bohuslän in Sweden * Inland Northern Hundred, a hundred of Bohuslän in Sweden * Inland Southern Hundred, a hundred of Bohuslän in Sweden * Inland Torpe Hundred, a hundred ...

, Alaska, British Columbia *

Tsetsaut The Tsetsaut (Nisga'a language: ''Jits'aawit''; in the Tsetsaut language: ''Wetaŀ'' or ''Wetaɬ'') were an Athabaskan-speaking group whose territory was around the head of the Portland Canal, straddling what is now the boundary between the US sta ...

(extinct), formerly Alaska, British Columbia * Tsilhqot'in ( Chilcotin), British Columbia *

Northern Tutchone The Northern Tutchone, or Dän k'í, is an Athabaskan-speaking First Nation who primarily lived in the central Yukon in Western Canada. Language The Northern Tutchone language, originally spoken by the Northern Tutchone people, is a variet ...

, Yukon *

Southern Tutchone The Southern Tutchone are a First Nations people of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group living mainly in the southern Yukon in Canada. The Southern Tutchone language, traditionally spoken by the Southern Tutchone people, is a variety ...

, Yukon *

Yellowknives The Yellowknives, Yellow Knives, Copper Indians, Red Knives or T'atsaot'ine (Wíílíídeh dialect: ''Tetsǫ́t'ınę'') are indigenous peoples in Canada, indigenous peoples of Canada, one of the five main groups of the First Nations in Canada, F ...

( T'atsaot'ine), Northwest Territories

Pacific Northwest coast

Alsea The Alsea are a Native American tribe of Western Oregon. They are (since 1856), confederated with other Tribes on the Siletz Reservation, Oregon, and are members of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz. Their origin story says that the Yaquina, A ...

, Oregon *

Heiltsuk The Heiltsuk , sometimes historically referred to as ''Bella Bella'', or ''Híɫzaqv'' are an Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, Indigenous people of the Central Coast Regional District, Central Coast region in British Columbia, ...

Nuxalk The Nuxalk people (Nuxalk language, Nuxalk: ''Nuxalkmc''; pronounced )'','' also referred to as the Bella Coola, Bellacoola or Bilchula, are an Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, Indigenous First Nations in Canada, First Nation ...

Tsleil-Waututh First Nation The Tsleil-Waututh Nation (, ), formerly known as the Burrard Indian Band or Burrard Inlet Indian Band, is a First Nations band government in the Canadian province of British Columbia. The Tsleil-Waututh Nation ("TWN") are Coast Salish peoples w ...

* Upper Chehalis *

Lower Chehalis Lower Chehalis () is a member of the Tsamosan (or Olympic Peninsula) branch of the Coast Salish family of Salishan languages. In some classifications, Lower Chehalis is placed closer to Quinault Quinault may refer to: * Quinault people, an Indi ...

* Chehalis (BC), Fraser Valley * Chemakum, Washington (extinct) * Chetco – see ''Tolowa'' *

Chinook Chinook may refer to: Chinook peoples The name derives from a settlement of Indigenous people in Oregon and Washington State. * Chinookan peoples, several groups of Indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest ** Chinook Indian Nation, an organiza ...

Dialects: (

Lower Chinook Lower Chinook is a Chinookan language spoken at the mouth of the Columbia River on the west coast of North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North Am ...

, Upper Chinook, Clackamas, Wasco) * Clallam – see ''

Klallam The Klallam (; also known as the S'Klallam or Clallam) are a Coast Salish people Indigenous to the northern Olympic Peninsula. The language of the Klallam is the Klallam language (), a language closely related to the North Straits Salish lang ...

'' *

Clatsop The Clatsop ( Lower Chinook: ) are a Chinookan-speaking Indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest of the United States. In the early 19th century they inhabited an area of the northwestern coast of present-day Oregon from the mouth of the Co ...

Coast Salish The Coast Salish peoples are a group of ethnically and linguistically related Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, living in the Canadian province of British Columbia and the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon. They speak on ...

, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon * Comox, Vancouver Island/BC Georgia Strait *

Coos Coos may refer to: People *Cowasuck, also known as Cowass or Coös, an Algonquian-speaking Native American tribe in northeastern North America *Coos people, an Indigenous people of the Northwest Plateau in Oregon *Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower ...

, Hanis, Oregon *

Lower Coquille Coos people are an indigenous people of the Northwest Plateau, living in Oregon. They live on the southwest Oregon Pacific coast. Today, Coos people are enrolled in the following federally recognized tribes: * Confederated Tribes of the Coos, ...

( Miluk), Oregon * Upper Coquille * Cowichan, Southern Vancouver Island and Georgia Strait ** Quwutsun **

Somena The Somena (or S’amuna’) are one of several Hul̓q̓umín̓um̓-speaking indigenous peoples living in the Cowichan Valley- Duncan region of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The Somena were one of seven tribes or nations that were ...

Quamichan Quamichan (or Kwʼamutsun) is a traditional nation of the Coast Salish people, commonly referred to by the English adaptation of ''Quʼwutsun'' ("warm place") as the Cowichan Indians, or First Nations, of the Cowichan Valley on Vancouver Island, ...

* Lower Cowlitz, Washington *

Duwamish Duwamish may refer to: People * Duwamish people, a Lushootseed-speaking Indigenous people in Washington state * Duwamish Tribe, an unrecognized tribe of Duwamish descendants Places * Duwamish Head, a promontory jutting into Elliott Bay * Duw ...

, Washington *

Eyak The Eyak are an Alaska Native people historically located on the Copper River Delta and near the town of Cordova, Alaska. They are Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Coast. Today, Eyak people live in Cordova, Yakutat, across Alaska, and the U ...

, Alaska * Galice *

Gitxsan Gitxsan (also spelled Gitksan and Kitksan) are an Indigenous people in Canada whose home territory comprises most of the area known as the Skeena Country in English (: means "people of" and : means "the River of Mist"). Gitksan territory enco ...

, British Columbia *

Haida Haida may refer to: Haida people Many uses of the word derive from the name of an indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America. * Haida people, an Indigenous ethnic group of North America (Canada) ** Council of the Haida Nati ...

(Dialects: Kaigani,

Skidegate Skidegate () is a Haida people, Haida community in in British Columbia, Canada. It is on the southeast coast of Graham Island, the largest island in the archipelago, and is approximately west of mainland British Columbia across Hecate Strait. ...

Masset Masset (; formerly Massett) is a village in the Haida Gwaii archipelago in British Columbia, Canada. It is located on Masset Sound on the northern coast of Graham Island, the largest island in the archipelago, and is approximately west of mainl ...

), BC & Alaska *

Haisla Haisla may refer to: * Haisla people, an indigenous people living in Kitamaat, British Columbia, Canada. * Haisla language, their northern Wakashan language. * Haisla Nation The Haisla Nation is the Indian Act-mandated band government which repr ...

BC North/Central Coast **

Haihai The Kalachuris of Ratnapura, also known as the Haihayas of Ratanpur, were a dynasty that ruled in Central India during the 12th and 13th centuries. They ruled parts of present-day Chhattisgarh from their capital at Ratnapura (modern Ratanpur in ...

Kimsquit Kimsquit is a former village of the Nuxalk at the mouth of the Dean River on the northeast side of Dean Channel in the Central Coast region of British Columbia, Canada. Kemsquit Indian Reserve No. 1 is nearby at , which is on Kimsquit Bay; Kimsqu ...

Kitimaat Kitimat is a district municipality in the North Coast region of British Columbia, Canada. It is a member municipality of the Regional District of Kitimat–Stikine regional government. The Kitimat Valley is part of the most populous urban distr ...

BC Central Coast *

Hoh Water () is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart from an inherent hint of blue. It is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the "univer ...

Washington *

Kalapuya The Kalapuya are a Native American people, which had eight independent groups speaking three mutually intelligible dialects. The Kalapuya tribes' traditional homelands were the Willamette Valley of present-day western Oregon in the United Sta ...

(Calapooia, Calapuya, Tfalatim, Yamel, Yaquina,

Yoncalla Yoncalla is a city in Douglas County, Oregon, United States. The population was 1,047 at the 2010 census. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land and is water. History Settle ...

), Oregon **

Central Kalapuya The Kalapuya are a Native American people, which had eight independent groups speaking three mutually intelligible dialects. The Kalapuya tribes' traditional homelands were the Willamette Valley of present-day western Oregon in the United Sta ...

, Oregon *** Ahantchuyuk *** Mary's River *** Lakmiut ***

Mohawk Mohawk may refer to: Related to Native Americans *Mohawk people (Kanien’kehá:ka), an indigenous people of North America (Canada and New York) *Mohawk language (Kanien’kéha), the language spoken by the Mohawk people *Mohawk hairstyle, from a ...

, Oregon *** Santiam ** North Kalapuya, Oregon ***

Tfalati The Atfalati , also known as the Tualatin or Wapato Lake IndiansRobert H. Ruby, John A. Brown & Cary C. Collins, Atfalati, in ''A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest'' (3d ed. 2010, University of Oklahoma Press) are a tribe of the ...

(

Atfalati The Atfalati , also known as the Tualatin or Wapato Lake IndiansRobert H. Ruby, John A. Brown & Cary C. Collins, Atfalati, in ''A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest'' (3d ed. 2010, University of Oklahoma Press) are a tribe of the ...

) *** Tualatin *** Yamhill (Yamel) **

South Kalapuya The Kalapuya are a Native American people, which had eight independent groups speaking three mutually intelligible dialects. The Kalapuya tribes' traditional homelands were the Willamette Valley of present-day western Oregon in the United Sta ...

( Yonkalla,

), Oregon *

(Clallam, Dialects: Klallam (Lower Elwha),

S'Klallam (Jamestown) The Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe is a federally recognized tribe of S'Klallam or Klallam Native Americans in the United States, Native Americans. They are on the northern Olympic Peninsula of Washington (state), Washington state in the northwestern ...

S'Klallam (Port Gamble) The Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe, formerly known as the Port Gamble Indian Community of the Port Gamble Reservation or the Port Gamble Band of S'Klallam Indians is a federally recognized tribe of S'Klallam people, located on the Kitsap Peninsula ...

) * Klickitat * Kwalhioqua * Kwakwaka'wakw, British Columbia ** Koskimo ** 'Namgis **

Laich-kwil-tach Laich-kwil-tach (also spelled Liǧʷiłdaxʷ), is the Anglicization of the Kwak'wala autonomy by the "Southern Kwakiutl" people of Quadra Island and Campbell River in British Columbia, Canada. There are today two main groups (of perhaps five ...

(Euclataws or Yuculta) *

Lower Skagit The Lower Skagit (sometimes called Whidbey Island Skagits) are a tribe of the Lushootseed Native American people living in the U.S. state of Washington. Today they are enrolled in the federally recognized tribe, the Swinomish Indians of the S ...

, Washington *

Lummi Lummi most commonly refers to: Lummi people *Lummi people, a Coast Salish people located in western Washington state **Lummi Nation The Lummi Nation ( ; Lummi dialect, Lummi: ' or '';'' officially known as the Lummi Tribe of the Lummi ...

, Washington *

Makah The Makah (; Makah: ') are an Indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast living in Washington, in the northwestern part of the continental United States. They are enrolled in the federally recognized Makah Indian Tribe of the Makah I ...

, Washington *

Muckleshoot The Muckleshoot Indian Tribe ( ; ), also known as the Muckleshoot Tribe, is a federally-recognized tribe located in Auburn, Washington. The tribe governs the Muckleshoot Reservation and is composed of descendants of the Duwamish, Stkamish, ...

, Washington *

Musqueam The Musqueam Nation ( Hunquminum: ) is a First Nation whose traditional territory encompasses the western half of what is now Greater Vancouver, in British Columbia, Canada. It is governed by a band council and is known officially as the Musq ...

, BC Lower Mainland (Vancouver) *

Nisga'a The Nisga’a (; ), formerly spelled Nishga or Niska, are an Indigenous people in British Columbia, Canada. They reside in the Nass River valley of northwestern British Columbia. The origin of the term ''Niska'' is uncertain. The spelling ' ...

, British Columbia *

Nisqually Nisqually, Niskwalli, or Nisqualli may refer to: People * Nisqually people, a Coast Salish ethnic group * Nisqually Indian Tribe of the Nisqually Reservation, federally recognized tribe ** Nisqually Indian Reservation, the tribe's reservation in ...

, Washington *

Nooksack Nooksack ( Nooksack: ''Noxwsʼáʔaq'') or Nootsack may refer to: * Nooksack people, an American Indian tribe in Whatcom County, Washington ** Nooksack language, the language of this tribe Places *Nooksack River, a river in Whatcom County, Washing ...

, Washington *

Nuu-chah-nulth The Nuu-chah-nulth ( ; ), also formerly referred to as the Nootka, Nutka, Aht, Nuuchahnulth or Tahkaht, are one of the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast in Canada. The term Nuu-chah-nulth is used to describe fifteen related tri ...

West Coast of Vancouver Island *

(Bella Coola) – BC Central Coast * Oowekeno – see

Wuikinuxv The Wuikinuxv (, ("Backbone people"); also Oweekano (Pre-1976); ''Oowekeeno'' (1976-2003) (variations: ''Oweekeno, Owekano, Oweekayno, Wuikenukv, Wikeno, Owikeno, Awikenox'', or the Rivers Inlet people) are an Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Nor ...

* Pentlatch, Vancouver Island and Georgia Strait *

Puyallup Puyallup may refer to: * Puyallup people, a Coast Salish people * Puyallup Tribe of Indians, a federally-recognized tribe * Puyallup, Washington, a city ** Puyallup High School ** Puyallup School District ** Puyallup station, a Sounder commuter ...

, Washington *

Quileute The Quileute () are a Native American people in western Washington state in the United States, with 808 enrolled citizens in 2018. They are a federally recognized tribe: the ''Quileute Tribe of the Quileute Reservation''. The Quileute people ...

, Washington *

Quinault Quinault may refer to: * Quinault people, an Indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast **Quinault Indian Nation, a federally recognized tribe ** Quinault language, their language People * Quinault family of actors, including: * Jean-Bapt ...

, Washington * Rivers Inlet – see

* Rogue River or Upper Illinois ( Chasta Costa), Oregon, California * Saanich Southern Vancouver Island/Georgia Strait *

Samish The Samish people are a Central Coast Salish people, who live in the U.S. state of Washington. It may also refer to: Places * Lake Samish in Whatcom County * Samish Bay in Puget Sound * Samish River * Samish Island, Washington, an unincorporated ...

, Washington * Sauk-Suiattle, Washington * Shishalh, Sechelt, BC Sunshine Coast/Georgia Strait (Shishalh) * Shoalwater Bay Tribe, Washington * Siletz people, Siletz, Oregon * Siuslaw people, Siuslaw, Oregon * Skokomish people, Skokomish, Washington * Sliammon, BC Sunshine Coast/Georgia Strait (Mainland Comox) * Snohomish people, Snohomish * Snoqualmie people, Snoqualmie * Snuneymuxw (Nanaimo), Vancouver Island * Songhees (Songish), Southern Vancouver Island/Strait of Juan de Fuca * T'Sou-ke Nation, Sooke, Southern Vancouver Island/Strait of Juan de Fuca * Squamish people, Squamish (Skwxwu7mesh), British Columbia * Squaxin Island Tribe Washington * Spokane (people), Spokane Washington * Stillaguamish (tribe), Stillaguamish Washington * Sto:lo, BC Lower Mainland/Fraser Valley ** Kwantlen First Nation, Kwantlen ** Katzie * Steilacoom people, Steilacoom,

, Puget Sound, Washington (extinct) * Suquamish, Washington * Swinomish, Washington * Tait people, Tait * Takelma people, Takelma Oregon * Talio people, Talio * Tillamook people, Tillamook (Nehalem) Oregon * Tlatlasikoala * Tlingit people, Tlingit, Alaska * Tolowa-Tututni, Northern California * Tsimshian * Tsleil-waututh (Burrard), British Columbia * Tulalip, Washington * Twana, Washington * Tzouk-e (Sooke), Vancouver Island * Umpqua people, Lower Umpqua, Oregon * Umpqua people, Upper Umpqua, Oregon * Upper Skagit, Washington *

(Owekeeno), BC Central Coast

Northwest Plateau

* Chinook peoples :* Clackamas (tribe), Clackamas, OR :*

, OR :* Kathlamet (Cathlamet people, Cathlamet), Washington :* Multnomah tribe, Multnomah :* Wasco-Wishram, OR and WA :* Watlata, WA * Interior Salish :* Chelan (tribe), Chelan :* Coeur d'Alene Tribe, ID, MT, WA :* Entiat (tribe), Entiat, WA :* Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation, Flathead (Selisch or Salish), ID, MT :** Bitterroot Salish :* Kalispel people, Kalispel (Pend d'Oreilles), MT, WA :** Lower Kalispel, WA :** Upper Kalispel, MT :* In-SHUCK-ch, BC (Lower Lillooet) :* Lil'wat, BC (Lower Lillooet) :* Methow (tribe), Methow, WA :* Nespelem (tribe), Nespelem, WA :* Nlaka'pamux (Thompson people), BC :* Nicola people (Thompson-Okanagan confederacy) :* Sanpoil, WA :* Secwepemc, BC (Shuswap people) :* Sinixt (Lakes), BC, ID, and WA :* Sinkayuse (Sinkiuse-Columbia), WA (extinct) :* Spokane people, WA :* Syilx (Okanagan people, Okanagan), BC, WA :* St'at'imc, BC (Upper Lillooet) :* Wenatchi (Wenatchee), WA * Sahaptin people :* Cowlitz people, Cowlitz, (Upper Cowlitz, Taidnapam), Washington :* Klickitat people, Klickitat, Washington :* Nez Perce tribe, Nez Perce, Idaho :* Tenino people, Tenino (Tygh, Warm Springs), Oregon :* Umatilla people, Umatilla, Idaho, Oregon :* Walla Walla people, Walla Walla, WA :* Wanapum people, Wanapum, WA :* Wauyukma, WA :* Wyam (Lower Deschutes), OR :* Yakama, WA *Other or both :* Cayuse people, Cayuse, Oregon, Washington :* Celilo tribe, Celilo (Wayampam), Oregon :* Cowlitz people, Cowlitz, Washington :*

, northwest Oregon :**

( Tualatin), northwest Oregon :** Mohawk people (Oregon), Mohawk River, northwest Oregon :** Santiam, northwest Oregon :** Yaquina, northwest Oregon :* Klamath people, Klamath, Oregon :* Kutenai people, Kutenai (Kootenai, Ktunaxa), British Columbia, Idaho, and Montana :* Lower Snake people: Chamnapam, Wauyukma, Naxiyampam, Washington :* Modoc people, Modoc, formerly California, now Oklahoma and Oregon :* Molala people, Molala (Molale), Oregon :* Nicola Athapaskans (extinct), British Columbia :* Palouse people, Palus (Palouse), Idaho, Oregon, and Washington :* Upper Nisqually (Mishalpan), Washington

Great Plains

Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains are often separated into Northern and Southern Plains tribes. * Anishinaabeg (Anishinape, Anicinape, Neshnabé, Nishnaabe) (see also #Subarctic, Subarctic,

) ** Saulteaux (Nakawē), Manitoba, Minnesota and Ontario; later Alberta, British Columbia, Montana, Saskatchewan ** Odawa people (Ottawa), Ontario, Michigan, later Oklahoma ** Potawatomi, Michigan, Ontario, Indiana, Wisconsin, later Oklahoma * Apache (see also #Southwest, Southwest) ** Lipan Apache people, Lipan Apache, New Mexico, Texas ** Plains Apache (Kiowa Apache), Oklahoma ** Querechos, Querecho Apache, Texas * Arapaho (Arapahoe), formerly Colorado, currently Oklahoma and Wyoming ** Besawunena ** Nawathinehena * Arikara (Arikaree, Arikari, Ree), North Dakota * Gros Ventres, Atsina (Gros Ventre), Montana * Blackfoot Confederacy, Blackfoot ** Kainai Nation (Káínaa, Blood), Alberta ** Piikani Nation, Northern Peigan (Aapátohsipikáni), Alberta ** Blackfeet Nation, Southern Piegan (Aamsskáápipikani), Montana ** Siksika Nation, Siksika (Siksikáwa), Alberta * Cheyenne, Montana, Oklahoma ** Suhtai, Montana, Oklahoma * Comanche, Oklahoma, Texas * Plains Cree people, Plains Cree, Montana * Crow Nation, Crow (Absaroka, Apsáalooke), Montana * Escanjaque Indians, Escanjaques, Oklahoma * Hidatsa, North Dakota * Iowa people, Iowa (Ioway), Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma * Kaw people, Kaw (Kansa, Kanza), Oklahoma * Kiowa, Oklahoma * Mandan, North Dakota * Métis people (Canada), North Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta * Missouri tribe, Missouri (Missouria), Oklahoma * Omaha people, Omaha, Nebraska * Osage Nation, Osage, Oklahoma, formerly Arkansas, Missouri * Otoe tribe, Otoe (Oto), Oklahoma * Pawnee people, Pawnee, Oklahoma ** Chaui, Oklahoma"Preamble.
''Constitution of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma''
. Retrieved 5 Dec 2012. ** Kitkehakhi, Oklahoma ** Pitahawirata, Oklahoma ** Skidi, Oklahoma * Ponca, Nebraska, Oklahoma * Quapaw, formerly Arkansas, Oklahoma * Sioux ** Dakota people, Dakota, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan *** Santee Sioux Reservation, Santee, Nebraska *** Yankton Dakota, Yankton, South Dakota *** Yanktonai, formerly Minnesota, currently Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota ** Lakota people, Lakota (Teton), Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Saskatchewan *** Sicangu, Sičháŋǧu (Brulé, Burned Thighs) *** Oglala Lakota, Oglála (Scatters Their Own) *** Sans Arc, Itázipčho (Sans Arc, No Bows) *** Hunkpapa, Húŋkpapȟa (Hunkpapa) *** Miniconjou, Mnikȟówožu (Miniconjou) *** Sihasapa, Sihásapa (Blackfoot Sioux) *** Two Kettles, Oóhenuŋpa (Two Kettles) ** Nakoda (people), Nakoda (Stoney), Alberta ** Nakota, Assiniboine people, Assiniboine (Assiniboin), Montana, Saskatchewan * Teyas, Texas * Tonkawa, Oklahoma * Tsuu T'ina Nation, Tsuu T’ina, (Sarcee, Sarsi, Tsuut’ina), Alberta * Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Kitikiti'sh), Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas ** Kichai people, Kichai (also related to the Caddo), Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas ** Taovaya Indians, Taovayas (Tawehash), Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas ** Tawakoni, Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas ** Waco people, Waco (Iscani, Yscani), Oklahoma, formerly Texas ** Wichita proper, Guichita, Rayados, Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas

Eastern Woodlands

Northeastern Woodlands

* Annamessex, Annemessex, formerly Eastern Shore of Maryland * Anishinaabeg (Anishinape, Anicinape, Neshnabé, Nishnaabe) (see also Subarctic peoples, Subarctic, Plains Indians, Plains) ** Algonquin people, Algonquin,"Cultural Thesaurus"
. National Museum of the American Indian. Accessed 8 April 2014. Quebec, Ontario ** Nipissing First Nation, Nipissing, Ontario **

(Chippewa, Ojibwa, Ojibway), Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and North Dakota *** Mississaugas, Ontario *** Saulteaux (Nakawē), Ontario ** Odawa people (Ottawa), Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Ontario; later Oklahoma ** Potawatomi, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ontario, Wisconsin; later Kansas and Oklahoma * Accomac people, formerly Eastern Shore of Virginia :* Accohannock, formerly Eastern Shore of Virginia :* Gingaskin, formerly Eastern Shore of Virginia * Adena culture (1000–200 BCE) formerly Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Kentucky, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland * Assateague people, Assateague, formerly MarylandSturtevant and Trigger 241 * Attawandaron (Neutral Confederacy), formerly Ontario * Beothuk, formerly Newfoundland * Chowanoc, Chowanoke, formerly North Carolina * Choptank people, formerly Maryland * Conoy tribe, Conoy, Virginia, Maryland * Fort Ancient culture (1000–1750 CE), formerly Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and West Virginia * Erie people, Erie, formerly Pennsylvania, New York * Etchemin language, Etchemin, formerly Maine * Ho-Chunk (Winnebago people, Winnebago), southern Wisconsin and Nebraska, formerly northern Illinois, Iowa, and Nebraska * Honniasont, formerly Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia * Hopewell tradition, formerly Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky, and Black River (Ohio), Black River region, 200 BCE–500 CE * Housatonic people, Housatonic, formerly Massachusetts and New YorkSturtevant and Trigger 198 * Illinois Confederacy (Illiniwek), formerly Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri ** Cahokia tribe, Cahokia, formerly Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, currently Oklahoma ** Kaskaskia, formerly Wisconsin, currently Oklahoma ** Mitchigamea, formerly Illinois, currently Oklahoma ** Peoria tribe, Peoria, Illinois, currently Oklahoma *** Moingona, formerly Illinois, currently Oklahoma ** Tamaroa tribe, Tamaroa, formerly Illinois, currently Oklahoma * Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee), currently Ontario, Quebec, and New York ** Cayuga tribe, Cayuga, currently New York, Ontario, and Oklahoma ** Mohawk people, Mohawk, New York, Ontario, and Quebec ** Oneida people, Oneida, New York, Ontario, and Wisconsin ** Onondaga people, Onondaga, New York, Ontario ** Seneca nation, Seneca, New York, Ontario, and Oklahoma *** Mingo, formerly Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia ** Tuscarora people, Tuscarora, formerly North Carolina, currently New York and Ontario * Kickapoo people, Kickapoo, formerly Michigan, Illinois, and Missouri; currently Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and Mexico * St. Lawrence Iroquoians, Laurentian (St. Lawrence Iroquoians), formerly New York, Ontario, and Quebec, ca. 1300–1580 CE * Lenni Lenape (Delaware people, Delaware), formerly Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey; currently Ontario, Wisconsin and Oklahoma ** Munsee language, Munsee-speaking subgroups, formerly Long Island and southeastern New York;Goddard 72 currently Wisconsin *** Canarsie people, Canarsie (Canarsee), formerly Long Island New YorkGoddard 72 and 237 *** Esopus people, Esopus, formerly New York, later Ontario and Wisconsin *** Hackensack people, Hackensack, formerly New York *** Haverstraw people, Haverstraw (Rumachenanck tribe, Rumachenanck), New York *** Kitchawank (Kichtawanks, Kichtawank), New YorkGoddard 237 *** Minisink people, Minisink, formerly New York *** Navasink, formerly north shore of New Jersey *** Sanhican (Raritan), formerly Monmouth County, New Jersey *** Sinsink people, Sinsink (Sintsink people, Sintsink), formerly Westchester County, New York *** Siwanoy, formerly New York and Connecticut *** Tappan people, Tappan, formerly New York *** WaoranecksGoddard 238 *** Wappinger (Wecquaesgeek, Nochpeem), formerly New York *** Warranawankongs *** Wiechquaeskeck, formerly New York *** Wisquaskeck (Raritan), formerly Westchester County, New York ** Delaware languages, Unami-speaking subgroups *** Acquackanonk tribe, Acquackanonk, formerly Passaic River in northern New Jersey *** Okehocking people, Okehocking, formerly southeast Pennsylvania *** Unalachtigo Lenape, Unalachtigo, formerly Delaware, New Jersey * Mahican (Stockbridge Mahican) formerly Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, and Vermont * Manahoac, VirginiaSturtevant and Fogelson, 290 * Mascouten, formerly Michigan * Massachusett, formerly MassachusettsSturtevant and Trigger 161 ** Ponkapoag, formerly Massachusetts * Meherrin, Virginia,Sturtevant and Fogelson, 293 North Carolina * Menominee, Wisconsin * Meskwaki (Fox people, Fox), formerly Michigan, currently Iowa * Miami tribe, Miami, formerly Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan, currently Oklahoma ** Piankeshaw, formerly Indiana, currently Oklahoma ** Wea, formerly Indiana, currently Oklahoma * Mohegan, Connecticut * Monacan people, Monacan, Virginia * Montaukett (Montauk people, Montauk), New York * Monyton (Monetons, Monekot, Moheton) (Siouan), West Virginia and Virginia * Nansemond, Virginia * Nanticoke people, Nanticoke, Delaware and Maryland * Narragansett people, Narragansett, Rhode Island * Niantic people, Niantic, coastal Connecticut * Nipmuc (Nipmuck), Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island * Nottaway, Virginia * Occaneechi (Occaneechee), Virginia,Sturtevant and Fogelson, 291 * Patuxent people, Patuxent, Maryland * Paugusett people, Paugussett, Connecticut ** Potatuck, New York * Pennacook tribe, formerly Massachusetts, New Hampshire * Pequot, Connecticut * Petun (Tionontate), Ontario * Piscataway tribe, Piscataway, Maryland * Pocumtuc, western Massachusetts * Podunk people, Podunk, formerly New York, eastern Hartford County, Connecticut * Powhatan Confederacy, Virginia :* Appomattoc, Virginia :* Arrohateck, Virginia :* Chesapeake people, Chesapeake, Virginia :* Chesepian, Virginia :* Chickahominy people, Chickahominy, Virginia :* Kiskiack, Virginia :* Mattaponi, Virginia :* Nansemond, Virginia :* Paspahegh, Virginia :* Potomac people, Potomac (Patawomeck), Virginia :* Powhatan, Virginia :* Pamunkey, Virginia * Quinnipiac, Connecticut, eastern New York, northern New Jersey * Rappahannock people, Rappahannock, Virginia * Saponi, North Carolina, Virginia, later Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario * Sauk people, Sauk (Sac people, Sac), formerly Michigan, currently Iowa, Oklahoma * Schaghticoke people, Schaghticoke, western Connecticut * Shawnee, formerly Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, currently Oklahoma * Shinnecock people, Shinnecock, Long Island, New York * Stegarake, formerly Virginia * Stuckanox (Stukanox), Virginia * Conestoga (Susquehannock), Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia * Tauxenent (Doeg tribe, Doeg), VirginiaSturtevant and Trigger 255 * Tunxis people, Tunxis (Massaco), Connecticut * Tuscarora people, Tuscarora, formerly North Carolina, Virginia, currently New York * Tutelo (Nahyssan), Virginia, later Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario * Unquachog (Poospatuck), Long Island, New York * Wabanaki Confederacy, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec ** Abenaki people, Abenaki (Tarrantine), Quebec, Maine, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, and Vermont *** Eastern Abenaki, Quebec, Maine, and New HampshireSturtevant and Trigger ix **** Kennebec people, Kennebec (Caniba), Maine *** Western Abenaki: Quebec, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont ** Mi'kmaq people, Mi'kmaq (Micmac), New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Maine ** Passamaquoddy people, Passamaquoddy, New Brunswick, and Maine ** Penobscot people, Penobscot, Maine ** Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet), Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec * Wampanoag people, Wampanoag, Massachusetts ** Nauset, Massachusetts ** Patuxet tribe, Patuxet, Massachusetts ** Pokanoket, formerly Massachusetts, Rhode Island * Wangunk (Mattabeset), formerly Connecticut * Wawyachtonoc, formerly Connecticut, New York * Weapemeoc, formerly northern North Carolina * Wenro, formerly New York * Wicocomico, formerly Maryland, Virginia * Wyandot people, Wyandot (Wyandot people, Huron), Ontario south of Georgian Bay, later Kansas and Michigan, and currently Oklahoma and Wendake, Quebec, Wendake, Quebec

Southeastern Woodlands

Most of these no longer exist as tribes. * Acolapissa (Colapissa), Louisiana and MississippiSturtevant and Fogelson, 69 * Ais people, Ais, eastern coastal FloridaSturtevant and Fogelson, 205 * Alafay (Alafia, Pojoy, Pohoy, Costas Alafeyes, Alafaya Costas), FloridaSturtevant and Fogelson, 214 * Amacano, Florida west coast * Apalachee, northwestern Florida * Atakapa (Attacapa), Louisiana west coast and Texas southwestern coast ** Akokisa, Texas southeast coast ** Bidai, Texas southeast coast ** Deadose, eastern Texas ** Eastern Atakapa, western coastal Louisiana ** Orcoquiza, southeast Texas ** Patiri, eastern Texas ** Tlacopsel, southeast Texas * Avoyel ("little Natchez"), LouisianaSturtevant and Fogelson, 81–82 * Bayogoula, southeastern Louisiana * Biloxi people, Biloxi, formerly Mississippi, currently Louisiana * Caddo, Caddo Confederacy, formerly Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas,Sturtevant, 617 currently Oklahoma ** Adai (Native American culture), Adai (Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos), Louisiana and Texas ** Cahinnio, southern Arkansas ** Doustioni, north central Louisiana ** Eyeish (Hais), eastern Texas ** Hainai, eastern Texas ** Hasinai, eastern Texas ** Kadohadacho, northeastern Texas, southwestern Arkansas, northwestern Louisiana ** Nabedache, eastern Texas ** Nabiti, eastern Texas ** Nacogdoche, eastern Texas ** Nacono, eastern Texas ** Nadaco, eastern Texas ** Nanatsoho, northeastern Texas ** Nasoni tribe, Nasoni, eastern Texas ** Natchitoches people, Natchitoches, Lower: central Louisiana, Upper: northeastern Texas ** Neche tribe, Neche, eastern Texas ** Nechaui, eastern Texas ** Ouachita tribe, Ouachita, northern Louisiana ** Tula tribe, Tula, western Arkansas ** Yatasi, northwestern Louisiana * Calusa, southwestern Florida * Cape Fear Indians, North Carolina southern coast * Capinan (Capina, Moctobi), Mississippi * Catawba people, Catawba (Esaw, Usheree, Ushery, Yssa),Folgelson, ed. (2004), p. 315 North Carolina, currently South Carolina * Chacato (Chatot, Chactoo), Florida panhandle, later southern Alabama and Mississippi, then Louisiana * Chakchiuma, Alabama and Mississippi, merged into Chickasaw, currently Oklahoma * Chawasha (Washa), Louisiana * Cheraw people, Cheraw (Chara, Charàh), North Carolina * Cherokee, western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, later Georgia, northwestern South Carolina, northern Alabama, Arkansas, Texas, Mexico, and currently North Carolina and Oklahoma * Chickanee (Chiquini), North Carolina * Chickasaw, Alabama and Mississippi, currently Oklahoma * Chicora tribe, Chicora, coastal South Carolina * Chine people, Chine, Florida * Chisca (Cisca), southwestern Virginia later in Florida * Chitimacha, currently Louisiana * Choctaw, formerly Alabama; currently Mississippi, Louisiana, and Oklahoma * Chowanoc (Chowanoke), North Carolina * Congaree people, Congaree (Canggaree), South CarolinaSturtevant and Fogelson, 188 * Coree, North Carolina * Croatan, North Carolina * Cusabo, coastal South Carolina * Eno people, Eno, North Carolina * Grigra (Gris), MississippiSturtevant and Fogelson, 598–99 * Guacata (Santalûces), eastern coastal Florida * Guacozo, Florida * Guale (Cusabo, Iguaja, Ybaja), coastal Georgia * Guazoco, southwestern Florida coast * Houma Tribe, Houma, Louisiana and Mississippi * Jaega (Jobe), eastern coastal Florida * Jaupin (Weapemoc), North Carolina * Jororo, Florida interior * Keyauwee, North Carolina * Koasati (Coushatta), formerly eastern Tennessee, currently Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas * Koroa, Mississippi * Luca people, Luca, southwestern Florida coast * Lumbee, currently North Carolina * Machapunga, North Carolina * Matecumbe (Matacumbêses, Matacumbe, Matacombe), Florida Keys * Mayaca people, Mayaca, Florida * Mayaimi (Mayami), interior Florida * Mayaca people#Others, Mayajuaca, Florida * Mikasuki (Miccosukee), currently Florida * Mobila (Mobile, Movila), northwestern Florida and southern Alabama * Mocoso, western Florida * Mougoulacha, Mississippi * Muscogee (Creek), Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida; currently Oklahoma and Alabama ** Abihka, Alabama,Sturtevant and Fogelson, 374 currently Oklahoma ** Alabama people, Alabama, formerly Alabama, southwestern Tennessee, and northwestern Mississippi,Sturtevant and Fogelson, ix currently Oklahoma and Texas *** Pakana (Pacâni, Pagna, Pasquenan, Pak-ká-na, Pacanas), central Alabama, later Texas ** Apalachicola Province, (Lower Towns of the Muscogee (Creek) Confederacy), Alabama and Georgia *** Apalachicola (tribal town), Apalachicola (town), Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina *** Hitchiti, Alabama and Georgia *** Oconee, Alabama and Georgia *** Sabacola (Sawakola, Sabacôla, Savacola, Sawokli), Alabama and Georgia ** Chiaha, Creek Confederacy, Alabama ** Eufaula tribe, Georgia, currently Oklahoma ** Kialegee Tribal Town, Alabama, currently Oklahoma ** Osochee (Osochi people, Osochi, Oswichee, Usachi, Oosécha), Creek Confederacy, Alabama ** Talapoosa, Creek Confederacy, Alabama ** Thlopthlocco Tribal Town, Alabama, Georgia, currently Oklahoma ** Tukabatchee, Muscogee Creek Confederacy, Alabama * Naniaba, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama * Natchez people, Natchez, Louisiana and Mississippi currently Oklahoma * Coree, Neusiok (Newasiwac, Neuse River Indians), North Carolina * Norwood culture, Apalachee region, Florida, c. 12,000–4500 BCE * Mosopelea (Ofo people, Ofo), Arkansas and Mississippi, eastern Tennessee, currently Louisiana * Okchai (Ogchay), central Alabama * Okelousa, Louisiana * Appalousa, Opelousas, Louisiana * Pacara, Florida * Pamlico, North Carolina * Pascagoula, Mississippi coast * Pee Dee people, Pee Dee (Pedee people, Pedee), South CarolinaSturtevant and Fogelson, 302 and North Carolina * Pensacola people, Pensacola, Florida panhandle and southern Alabama * Potoskeet, North Carolina * Quinipissa, southeastern Louisiana and Mississippi * Roanoke tribe, Roanoke, North Carolina * Saluda people, Saluda (Saludee, Saruti), South Carolina * Santee tribe, Santee (Seretee, Sarati, Sati, Sattees), South Carolina (no relation to Santee Sioux), South Carolina * Santa Luces, Florida * Saponi, North Carolina, Virginia, later Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario * Cheraw, Saura, North Carolina * Saxapahaw people, Saxapahaw (Sissipahaw, Sissipahua, Shacioes), North Carolina * Secotan, North Carolina * Seminole, currently Florida and Oklahoma * Sewee (Suye, Joye, Xoye, Soya), South Carolina coast * Shakori people, Shakori, North Carolina * Shoccoree (Haw), North Carolina, possibly Virginia * Sissipahaw, North Carolina * Sugeree (Sagarees, Sugaws, Sugar, Succa), North Carolina and South Carolina * Surruque, east-central Florida * Suteree (Sitteree, Sutarees, Sataree), North Carolina * Taensa, Mississippi * Taposa, Mississippi * Tawasa, Alabama * Tequesta, southeastern coastal Florida * Timucua, Florida and Georgia ** Acuera, central FloridaHann 1996, 5–13 ** Agua Dulce people, Agua Fresca (or Agua Dulce or Freshwater), interior northeast Florida ** Arapaha, north-central Florida and south-central Georgia? ** Cascangue, coastal southeast Georgia ** Icafui (Icafi), coastal southeast Georgia ** Mocama (Tacatacuru), coastal northeast Florida and coastal southeast Georgia ** Northern Utina north-central Florida ** Ocale, central Florida ** Oconi, interior southeast Georgia ** Potano, north-central Florida ** Saturiwa, northeast Florida ** Tacatacuru, coastal southeast Georgia ** Tucururu (or Tucuru), Florida ** Agua Dulce people, Utina (or Eastern Utina), northeast-central Florida ** Yufera, coastal southeast Georgia ** Yui people, Yui (Ibi), coastal southeast Georgia ** Yustaga people, Yustaga, north-central Florida * Taposa, Mississippi * Tiou (Tioux), Mississippi * Tocaste, Florida * Tocobaga, Florida * Tohomé, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama * Tomahitan, eastern Tennessee * Topachula, Florida * Tunica people, Tunica, Arkansas and Mississippi, currently Louisiana * Utiza, Florida * Uzita (Florida), Uzita, Tampa Bay, Florida * Vicela, Florida * Viscaynos, Florida * Waccamaw, North Carolina, South Carolina * Wateree people, Wateree (Guatari, Watterees), North Carolina * Waxhaw tribe, Waxhaw (Waxsaws, Wisack, Wisacky, Weesock, Flathead), North Carolina and South Carolina * Westo, Virginia and South Carolina, extinct * Winyah, South Carolina coast * Waccamaw Siouan, Woccon, North Carolina * Yamasee, Florida, Georgia * Yazoo tribe, Yazoo, southeastern tip of Arkansas, eastern Louisiana, Mississippi * Yuchi (Euchee), central Tennessee, later northwest Georgia, currently Oklahoma

Great Basin

* Ahwahnechee, Yosemite Valley, California * Bannock people, Bannock, IdahoD'Azevedo, ix * Coso People, of Coso Rock Art District in the Coso Range, Mojave Desert California * Fremont culture (400 CE–1300 CE), formerly Utah * Kawaiisu, southern inland California * Mono people, Mono, southeastern California ** Eastern Mono, southeastern California ** Western Mono or Owens Valley Paiute, eastern California and Nevada * Northern Paiute, eastern California, Nevada, Oregon, southwestern Idaho :*Kucadikadi, Mono Lake Paiute, Mono Lake, California * Shoshone (Shoshoni), California, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming ** Eastern Shoshone people: ::* Guchundeka', Kuccuntikka, Buffalo EatersLoether, Christopher
"Shoshones"
. ''Encyclopedia of the Great Plains''. Retrieved 20 Oct 2013.Shimkin 335 ::* Tukkutikka, Tukudeka, Mountain Sheep Eaters, joined the Northern Shoshone ::* Boho'inee', Pohoini, Pohogwe, Sage Grass people, Sagebrush Butte People :*Northern Shoshone, Idaho ::* Agaideka, Salmon Eaters, Lemhi Shoshone, Lemhi, Snake River and Lemhi River ValleyMurphy and Murphy 306 ::* Doyahinee', Mountain people ::* Kammedeka, Kammitikka, Jack Rabbit Eaters, Snake River, Great Salt Lake ::* Hukundüka, Porcupine Grass Seed Eaters, Wild Wheat Eaters, possibly synonymous with Kammitikka ::* Tukudeka, Dukundeka', Sheep Eaters (Mountain Sheep Eaters), Sawtooth Range, Idaho ::* Yahandeka, Yakandika, Groundhog Eaters, lower Boise, Payette, and Wiser RiversMurphy and Murphy 287 :* Western Shoshone people: ::*Kusiutta, Goshute (Gosiute), Great Salt Desert and Great Salt Lake, Utah :::*Cedar Valley Goshute :::*Deep Creek Goshute :::*Rush Valley Goshute :::*Skull Valley Goshute, Wipayutta, Weber Ute :::*Tooele Valley Goshute :::*Trout Creek Goshute ::*Kuyatikka, Kuyudikka, Bitterroot Eaters, Halleck, Mary's River, Clover Valley, Smith Creek Valley, Nevada ::*Mahaguadüka, Mentzelia Seed Eaters, Ruby Valley, Nevada ::*Painkwitikka, Penkwitikka, Fish Eaters, Cache Valley, Idaho and Utah ::*Pasiatikka, Redtop Grass Eaters, Deep Creek Gosiute, Deep Creek Valley, Antelope Valley ::*Tipatikka, Pinenut Eaters, northernmost band ::*Tsaiduka, Tule Eaters, Railroad Valley, Nevada ::*Tsogwiyuyugi, Elko, Nevada ::*Waitikka, Ricegrass Eaters, Ione Valley, Nevada ::*Watatikka, Ryegrass Seed Eaters, Ruby Valley, Nevada ::*Wiyimpihtikka, Buffalo Berry EatersThomas, Pendleton, and Cappannari 280–83 * Southern Paiute, Arizona, Nevada, Utah ** Chemehuevi, southeastern California ** Kaibab Indian Reservation, Kaibab, northwestern ArizonaPritzker, 230 ** Kaiparowtis, southwestern Utah ** Moapa Band of Paiute Indians, Moapa, southern Nevada ** Panaca people, Panaca ** Panguitch Utes, Panguitch, Utah ** Paranigets, southern Nevada ** Shivwits, southwestern Utah * Timbisha, aka Panamint or Koso, southeastern California * Ute Tribe, Ute, Colorado, Utah, northern New Mexico ** Capote Ute, Capote, southeastern Colorado and New MexicoD'Azevedo, 339 ** Moanunts, Salina, Utah ** Muache, south and central Colorado ** Pahvant, western UtahD'Azevedo, 340 ** Ute people, Sanpits, central Utah ** Timpanogots, north central Utah ** Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation, Uintah, Utah ** Uncompahgre Ute, Uncompahgre or Taviwach, central and northern Colorado ** Weeminuche, western Colorado, eastern Utah, northwestern New Mexico ** White River Utes (Parusanuch and Yampa Utes, Yampa), Colorado and eastern Utah * Washoe people, Washo, Nevada and California ** Palagewan ** Pahkanapil

California

''Nota bene: The California cultural area does not exactly conform to the state of California's boundaries, and many tribes on the eastern border with Nevada are classified as Great Basin tribes and some tribes on the Oregon border are classified as Plateau tribes.'' * Achomawi, Achumawi, Pit River tribe, northeastern CaliforniaHeizer ix * Atsugewi, northeastern California * Cahuilla people, Cahuilla, southern California * Chumash people, Chumash, coastal southern California ** Barbareño language, Barbareño ** Cruzeño, Island Chumash ** Inezeño, Ineseño ** Obispeño, Northern Chumash ** Purisimeño ** Ventureño language, Ventureño * Chilula, northwestern California * Chimariko people, Chimariko, extinct, northwestern California * Cupeño people, Cupeño, southern California * Eel River Athapaskan peoples ** Lassik people, Lassik, northwestern California ** Mattole (Bear River people, Bear River), northwestern California ** Nongatl, northwestern California ** Sinkyone, northwestern California ** Eel River Athapaskans, Wailaki, Wai-lakki, northwestern California * Esselen, west-central California * Hupa, northwestern California ** Tsnungwe * Juaneño, Acjachemem, southwestern California * Karok, northwestern California * Kato (tribe), Kato, Cahto, northwestern California * Kitanemuk, south-central California * Konkow, northern-central California * Kumeyaay, Diegueño, Kumiai ** Ipai, southwestern California *** Jamul tribe, Jamul, southwestern California ** Tipai, southwestern California and northwestern Mexico * La Jolla complex, southern California, c. 6050–1000 BCE * Luiseño people, Luiseño, southwestern California * Maidu, northeastern California ** Konkow people, Konkow, northern California ** Mechoopda, northern California ** Nisenan, Southern Maidu, northern California * Miwok, Me-wuk, central California ** Coast Miwok, west-central California ** Lake Miwok, west-central California ** Valley and Sierra Miwok * Monache, Western Mono, central California * Nisenan, eastern-central California * Nomlaki, northwestern California * Ohlone people, Ohlone, Costanoan, west-central California ** Awaswas ** Chalon people, Chalon ** Chochenyo people, Chochenyo ** Karkin language, Karkin ** Mutsun language, Mutsun ** Ramaytush ** Rumsen people, Rumsen ** Tamyen ** Yelamu * Patwin, central California ** Suisun people, Suisun, Southern Patwin, central California * Pauma Complex, southern California, c. 6050–1000 BCE * Pomo people, Pomo, northwestern and central-western California * Salinan, coastal central California ** Antoniaño ** Migueleño * Serrano (people), Serrano, southern California * Shasta (tribe), Shasta northwestern California ** Konomihu, northwestern California ** Okwanuchu people, Okwanuchu, northwestern California * Tataviam people, Tataviam, Tataviam people, Allilik (Fernandeño), southern California * Tolowa, northwestern California * Tongva people, Tongva, Gabrieleño, Fernandeño, San Clemente tribe, coastal southern California * Tübatulabal people, Tubatulabal, south-central California * Wappo, north-central California * Whilkut, northwestern California * Wintu, northwestern California * Wiyot people, Wiyot, northwestern California * Yana people, Yana, northern-central California ** Yahi * Yokuts, central and southern California ** Chukchansi, Foothill Yokuts, central California ** Northern Valley Yokuts, central California ** Tachi tribe, Southern Valley Yokuts, south-central California * Yuki tribe, Yuki, Ukomno'm, northwestern California ** Huchnom, northwestern California * Yurok tribe, Yurok, northwestern California

Southwest

This region is also called "Oasisamerica" and includes parts of what is now Arizona, Southern Colorado, New Mexico, Western Texas, Southern Utah, Chihuahua (state), Chihuahua, and Sonora * Southern Athabaskan ** Chiricahua Apache, New Mexico and Oklahoma ** Jicarilla Apache, New Mexico ** Lipan Apache people, Lipan Apache, New Mexico, formerly Texas ** Mescalero Apache, New Mexico ** Navajo Nation, Navajo (Diné), Arizona and New Mexico ** San Carlos Apache, Arizona ** Tonto Apache, Arizona ** Western Apache (Coyotero Apache), Arizona ** White Mountain Apache, Arizona * Comecrudo, Tamaulipas * Cotoname (Carrizo de Camargo) * Genízaro (detribalized Apache, Navajo, and Ute descendants), Arizona, New Mexico * Halchidhoma, Arizona and California * Hualapai, Arizona * Havasupai, Arizona * Hohokam, formerly Arizona * Karankawa, formerly Texas ** Copano people, Copano, formerly Texas * La Junta Indians, La Junta, Texas, Chihuahua * Mamulique language, Mamulique, Texas, Nuevo León * Manso Indians, Manso, Texas, Chihuahua * Mohave people, Mojave, Arizona, California, and Nevada * O'odham, Arizona, Sonora ** Ak-Chin Indian Community, Ak Chin, Arizona ** Akimel O'odham (formerly Pima people, Pima), Arizona ** Tohono O'odham, Arizona and Mexico *** Qahatika, Arizona ** Hia C-eḍ Oʼodham, Arizona and Mexico * Piipaash (Maricopa people, Maricopa), Arizona * Pima Bajo people, Pima Bajo * Pueblo peoples, Arizona, New Mexico, Western Texas ** Ancestral Puebloans, Ancestral Pueblo, formerly Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah ** Hopi-Tewa (Arizona Tewa, Hopi-Tewa, Hano), Arizona, joined the Hopi during the Pueblo Revolt ** Hopi, Arizona ** Keresan languages, Keres people, New Mexico *** Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico *** Cochiti Pueblo, New Mexico *** Kewa Pueblo (formerly Santo Domingo Pueblo), New Mexico *** Laguna Pueblo, New Mexico *** San Felipe Pueblo, New Mexico *** Santa Ana Pueblo, New Mexico *** Zia Pueblo, New Mexico ** Tewa people, New Mexico *** Nambé Pueblo, New Mexico *** Ohkay Owingeh (formerly San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico, San Juan Pueblo), New Mexico *** Pojoaque Pueblo, New Mexico *** San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico *** Tesuque Pueblo, New Mexico *** Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico ** Tiwa Puebloans, Tiwa people, New Mexico *** Isleta Pueblo, New Mexico *** Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico *** Sandia Pueblo, New Mexico *** Taos Pueblo, New Mexico *** Ysleta del Sur Pueblo (Tigua Pueblo), Texas *** Piro Pueblo, New Mexico *** Tompiro Indians, Tompiro, formerly New Mexico ** Towa language, Towa people *** Jemez Pueblo (Walatowa), New Mexico *** Pecos Pueblo, Pecos (Ciquique) Pueblo, New Mexico ** Zuni people (Ashiwi), New Mexico * Quechan (Quechan, Yuma), Arizona and California * Quems people, Quems, formerly Coahuila and Texas * Solano people, Solano, Coahuila, Texas * Tamique (Aranama people, Aranama), formerly Texas * Toboso people, Toboso, Chihuahua and Coahuila * Walapai, Arizona * Yaqui people, Yaqui (Yoreme), Arizona, Sonora * Yavapai people, Yavapai, Arizona ** Tolkapaya (Western Yavapai), Arizona ** Yavapé (Northwestern Yavapai), Arizona ** Kwevkapaya (Southeastern Yavapai), Arizona ** Wipukpa (Northeastern Yavapai), Arizona

Mexico and Mesoamerica

The regions of Oasisamerica, Aridoamerica, and Mesoamerica span multiple countries and overlap.

Aridoamerica

* Acaxee people, Acaxee * Aranama people, Aranama (Hanáma, Hanáme, Chaimamé, Chariname, Xaraname, Taraname), southeast Texas * Coahuiltecan, Texas, northern Mexico * Chichimeca ** Caxcan (Caxcane people, Caxcane) ** Guachichil ** Guamare ** Pame people, Pame ** Tecuexe ** Zacatec * Cochimí people, Cochimí, Baja California * Cocopa, Arizona, northern Mexico * Garza people, Garza, Texas, northern Mexico * Guachimontone people, Guachimontone * Guamare people, Guamare * Guaycura people, Guaycura, Baja California * Guarijio people, Guarijío, Guarijio people, Huarijío, Chihuahua, Sonora * Huichol people, Huichol (Wixáritari), Nayarit, Jalisco, Zacatecas, and Durango * Kiliwa people, Kiliwa, Baja California * Mayo people, Mayo, Sonora and Sinaloa * Monqui people, Monqui, Baja California * Paipai people, Paipai, Akwa'ala, Kw'al, Baja California * Opata people, Opata * Otomi people, Otomi, central Mexico * Patiri, southeastern Texas * Pericúe people, Pericúe, Baja California * Pima Bajo people, Pima Bajo * Seri people, Seri * Tarahumara people, Tarahumara * Tepecano people, Tepecano * Tepehuán people, Tepehuán * Terocodame, Texas and Mexico ** Codam ** Hieroquodame ** Oodame ** Perocodame ** Teroodame * Teuchitlan tradition * Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition * Yaqui, Sonora and now southern Arizona * Zacateco people, Zacateco

Mesoamerica

*Amuzgos * Nahua peoples, Nahua, Guatemala and Mexico ** Alaguilac people, Alaguilac, Guatemala * Chatinos * Cora people *Cuicatecs * Huastec people, Huastec * Huave people, Huave (Wabi people, Wabi), Juchitán District, Oaxaca * Ixcatecos * Lenca people, Lenca * Maya peoples, Maya, Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico ** Itza people, Itzá, Petén Department, Guatemala ** Lacandon people, Lacandon ** Mopan people, Mopan, Belize, Guatemala ** Yucatec (Maya proper) *** Achi people, Achi, Guatemala *** Akatek people, Akatek, Guatemala *** Chʼol people, Ch'ol *** Ch'orti' people, Ch'orti', southeastern Guatemala, northwestern Honduras, and northern El Salvador *** Ixil people, Ixil, Quiché Department, El Quiché, Guatemala *** Jakaltek people, Jacaltec (Jakaltek people, Jakaltek), northwestern Guatemala *** K'iche' people, K'iche' (Quiché), El Salvador and Guatemala *** Kaqchikel people, Kaqchikel *** Q'eqchi' people, Kekchi *** Mam people, Mam *** Poqomam people, Poqomam *** Tojolabal people, Tojolabales *** Tzotzil people, Tzotzil *** Tzeltal people, Tzeltal *** Tz'utujil people, Tz'utujil * Mazatec people, Mazatec * Mixe people, Mixe * Mixtec * Olmec * Otomi people, Otomi * Pipil people, Pipil * Purépecha people, Purépecha, also known as Tarascan * Tacuate * Tlapanec people, Tlapanec *Trique people, Trique * Xinca people, Xinca * Zapotec peoples, Zapotec * Zoque people, Zoque * Toltec (900–1168 CE), Tula (Mesoamerican site), Tula, Hildago

Circum-Caribbean

Partially organized per ''Handbook of South American Indians''.Steward, Julian H. (1948) Editor. ''Handbook of South American Indians. Volume 4 The Circum-Caribbean Tribes''. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143.

Caribbean

Anthropologist Julian Steward defined the Antilles cultural area, which includes all of the Antilles and Bahamas, except for Trinidad and Tobago. * Arawak peoples, Arawak ** Taíno people, Taíno, Greater Antilles, northern Lesser Antilles *** Lucayan people, Lucayan, Bahamas ** Igneri, Lesser Antilles, 400–1000 CE ** Nepoya, Trinidad ** Suppoya, Trinidad * Caquetio people, Caquetio, Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, and Venezuela * Island Caribs, Carib, Lesser Antilles ** Kalinago, Dominica ** Garifuna people, Garifuna ("Black Carib"), Originally Dominica and Saint Vincent (island), Saint Vincent, currently Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua * Ciboney people, Ciboney, Greater Antilles, c. 1000–300 BCE ** Guanahatabey (Guanajatabey), Cuba, 1000 BCE * Ciguayo, Hispaniola * Ortoiroid people, Ortoiroid, c. 5500–200 BCE"Prehistory of the Caribbean Culture Area"
. ''Southeast Archaeological Center''. (retrieved 9 July 2011) ** Coroso culture, Puerto Rico, 1000 BCE–200 CE ** Krum Bay culture, Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, 1500–200 BCE * Saladoid culture, 500 BCE–545 CE

Central America

The Central American culture area includes part of El Salvador, most of Honduras, all of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, and some peoples on or near the Pacific coasts of Colombia and Ecuador. * Bagaces people, Bagaces, Costa Rica * Bokota people, Bokota, Panama * Boruca people, Boruca, Costa Rica * Bribri people, Bribri, Costa Rica * Cabécar people, Cabécar, Costa Rica * Cacaopera people, Cacaopera (Matagalpa people, Matagalpa, Ulua people, Ulua), formerly El Salvador * Cayada, Ecuador * Changuena, Panama * Embera-Wounaan (Chocó people, Chocó, Wounaan), Colombia, Panama * Choluteca people, Choluteca, Honduras * Coiba people, Coiba, Costa Rica * Coito, Costa Rica * Corobici, Costa Rica * Desaguadero people, Desaguadero, Costa Rica * Dorasque people, Dorasque, Panama * Guatuso people, Guatuso, Costa Rica * Guaymí, Panama ** Movere, Panama ** Murire, Panama * Guetar people, Guetar, Costa Rica * Guna people, Guna, Panama and Colombia * Lenca people, Lenca, Honduras and El Salvador * Mangue people, Mangue, Nicaragua * Maribichocoa, Honduras and Nicaragua * Miskito people, Miskito, Hondrus, Nicaragua ** Miskito Sambu ** Tawira Miskito * Nagrandah, Nicaragua * Ngöbe Buglé people, Ngöbe Buglé, Bocas del Toro, Panama * Nicarao people, Nicarao, Nicaragua * Nicoya people, Nicoya, Costa Rica * Orotiña people, Orotiña, Costa Rica * Paparo people, Paparo, Panama * Paya people, Paya, Honduras * Pech people, Pech, northeastern Honduras * Piria, Nicaragua * Poton, Honduras and El Salvador * Quepo people, Quepo, Costa Rica * Rama people, Rama, Nicaragua * Sigua people, Sigua, Panama * Subtiaba people, Subtiaba, Nicaragua * Suerre, Costa Rica * Sumo people, Sumo (Mayagna), Honduras and Nicaragua * Terraba (Naso people, Naso, Teribe, Tjër Di), Panama * Tojar, Panama * Tolupan people, Tolupan (Jicaque), Honduras * Ulva people, Ulva, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua * Voto people, Voto, Costa Rica * Yasika, Nicaragua

Colombia and Venezuela

The Colombia and Venezuela culture area includes most of Colombia and Venezuela. Southern Colombia is in the Andean culture area, as are some peoples of central and northeastern Colombia, who are surrounded by peoples of the Colombia and Venezuela culture. Eastern Venezuela is in the Guianas culture area, and southeastern Colombia and southwestern Venezuela are in the Amazonia culture area. * Abibe, northwestern Colombia * Aburrá people, Aburrá, central Colombia * Achagua people, Achagua (Achagua people, Axagua), eastern Colombia, western Venezuela * Agual, western Colombia * Amaní people, Amaní, central Colombia * Ancerma, western Colombia * Andaqui people, Andaqui (Andaki people, Andaki), Huila Department, Colombia * Andoque people, Andoque, Andoke people, Andoke, southeastern Colombia * Antiochia people, Antiochia, Colombia * Arbi people, Arbi, western Colombia * Arma people (Colombia), Arma, western Colombia * Atunceta, western Colombia * Auracana, northeastern Colombia * Buriticá people, Buriticá, western Colombia * Caquetio people, Caquetio, western Venezuela * Calamari people, Calamari, northwestern Colombia * Calima culture, western Colombia, 200 BCE–400 CE * Caramanta people, Caramanta, western Columbia * Carate people, Carate, northeastern Colombia * Carare, northeastern Colombia * Carex people, Carex, northwestern Colombia * Cari people, Cari, western Colombia * Carrapa, western Colombia * Cartama people, Cartama, western Colombia * Cauca culture, Cauca, western Colombia * Corbago, northeastern Colombia * Cosina people, Cosina, northeastern Colombia * Catio people, Catio, northwestern Colombia * Cenú, northwestern Colombia * Cenufaná, northwestern Colombia * Chanco people, Chanco, western Colombia * Coanoa, northeastern Colombia * :es: Cuiba, Cuiba, east Colombia west Venezuela * Timoto–Cuica people, Cuica, western Venezuela * Cumanagoto people, Cumanagoto, eastern Venezuela * Evéjito, western Colombia * Fincenú, northwestern Colombia * Gorrón, western Colombia * Guahibo people, Guahibo (Guahibo people, Guajibo), eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela * Guambía, western Colombia * Guane people, Guanes, Colombia, pre-Columbian culture * Guanebucan, northeastern Colombia * Guazuzú, northwestern Colombia * Hiwi people, Hiwi, western Colombia, eastern Venezuela * Jamundí people, Jamundí, western Colombia * Kalina people, Kari'ña, eastern Venezuela * Kogi people, Kogi, northern Colombia * Lile people, Lile, western Colombia * Lache people, Lache, central Colombia * Mariche people, Mariche, central Venezuela * Marueta people, Maco (Mako, Itoto, Wotuja, or Jojod), northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela * Mompox people, Mompox, northwestern Colombia * Motilon people, Motilone, northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela * Naura people, Naura, central Colombia * Nauracota, central Colombia * Noanamá (Waunana, Huaunana, Woun Meu), northwestern Colombia and Panama * Nutabé, northwestern Colombia * Opón people, Opón, northeastern Colombia * Pacabueye, northwestern Colombia * Pancenú, northwestern Colombia * Patángoro, central Colombia * Paucura, western Colombia * Pemed, northwestern Colombia * Pequi people, western Colombia * Picara people, western Colombia * Pozo people, Pozo, western Colombia * Pumé (Yaruro), Venezuela * Quimbaya civilization, Quimbaya, central Colombia, 4th–7th centuries CE * Quinchia people, Quinchia, western Colombia * Sutagao people, Sutagao, central Colombian * Tahamí people, Tahamí, northwestern Colombia * Tairona, northern Colombia, pre-Columbian culture, 1st–11th centuries CE * Tamalameque people, Tamalameque, northwestern Colombia * Teques people, Mariche, central Venezuela * Timba people, Timba, western Colombia * Timoto–Cuica people, Timote, western Venezuela * Tinigua, Caquetá Department, Colombia * Tolú people, Tolú, northwestern Colombia * Toro people (Colombia), Toro, western Colombia * Tupe people, Tupe, northeastern Colombia * Turbaco people, northwestern Colombia * Urabá people, Urabá, northwestern Colombia * Urezo, northwestern Colombia * U'wa people, U'wa, eastern Colombia, western Venezuela * Waikerí, eastern Venezuela * Wayuu people, Wayuu (Wayu, Wayúu, Guajiro, Wahiro), northeastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela * Xiriguana, northeastern Colombia * Yamicí, northwestern Colombia * Yapel, northwestern Colombia * Yarigui people, Yarigui, northeastern Colombia * Yukpa people, Yukpa, Yukpa people, Yuko, northeastern Colombia * Zamyrua, northeastern Colombia * Zendagua, northwestern Colombia * Zenú, northwestern Colombia, pre-Columbian culture, 200 BCE–1600 CE * Zopia, western Colombia

Guianas

This region includes northern parts Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, and parts of the Amazonas (Brazilian state), Amazonas, Amapá, Pará, and Roraima States in Brazil. * Acawai (6N 60W) * Acokwa (3N 53W) * Acuria (Akurio people, Akurio, Akurio people, Akuriyo), 5N 55W, Suriname * Akawaio people, Akawaio, Roraima, Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela * Amariba (2N 60W) * Amicuana (2N 53W) * Aparai people, Apalaí (Aparai people, Apalai), Amapá, Brazil * Apirua (3N 53W) * Apurui (3N 53W) * Aracaret (4N 53W) * Aramagoto (2N 54W) * Aramisho (2N 54W) * Arebato (7N 65W) * Arekena (2N 67W) * Arhuaco people, Arhuaco, northeastern Colombia * Arigua * Arinagoto (4N 63W) * Aruã people, Aruã (1N 50W) * Aruacay, Venezuela * Atorai (2N 59W) * Atroahy (1S 62W) * Auaké people, Auaké, Brazil and Guyana * Baniwa people, Baniwa (Baniva) (3N 68W), Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela * Baraüana (1N 65W) * Bonari (3S 58W) * Baré people, Baré (3N 67W) * Caberre (4N 71 W) * Cadupinago * Cariaya (1S 63 W) * Kalina people, Carib (Kalinago), Venezuela * Carinepagoto, Trinidad * Chaguan people, Chaguan, Venezuela * Chaima, Venezuela * Cuaga, Venezuela * Cuacua, Venezuela * Cumanagoto, Venezuela * Guayano, Venezuela * Guinau (4N 65W) * Hixkaryána, Amazonas, Brazil * Hodï, Venezuela * Inao people, Inao (4N 65W) * Patamona people, Ingarikó, Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela * Jaoi (Yao), Guyana, Trinidad and Venezuela * Kali'na people, Kali'na, Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, Venezuela * Lokono (Arawak, Locono), Guyana, Trinidad, Venezuela * Macapa people, Macapa (2N 59W) * Macushi people, Macushi, Brazil and Guyana * Maipurean languages, Maipure (4N 67W) * Maopityan (2N 59W) * Mapoyo language, Mapoyo (Mapoye), Venezuela * Marawan (3N 52W) * Mariusa, Venezuela * Marourioux (3N 53W) * Nepuyo (Nepoye), Guyana, Trinidad and Venezuela * Orealla, Guyana * Palenque people, Palengue, Venezuela * Palikur people, Palikur, Brazil, French Guiana * Parauana (2N 63W) * Parauien (3S 60W) * Pareco, Venezuela * Paria people, Paria, Venezuela * Patamona, Roraima, Brazil * Pauishana (2N 62W) * Pemon people, Pemon (Arecuna), Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela * Piapoco (3N 70W) * Piaroa people, Piaroa, Venezuela * Pino people, Pino (3N 54W) * Piritú, Venezuela * Purui (2N 52W) * Saliba people, Saliba (Sáliva), Venezuela * Sanumá people, Sanumá, Venezuela, Brazil * Shebayo, Trinidad * Sikiana people, Sikiana (Chikena, Xikiyana), Brazil, Suriname * Tagare, Venezuela * Tamanaco people, Tamanaco, Venezuela * Tarumá people, Tarumá (3S 60W) * Tibitibi, Venezuela * Tiriyó people, Tiriyó (Tarëno), Brazil, Suriname * Tocoyen (3N 53W) * Tumuza, Venezuela * Wai-Wai people, Wai-Wai, Amazonas, Brazil and Guyana * Wapishana people, Wapishana, Brazil and Guyana * Warao people, Warao (Warrau), Guyana and Venezuela * Wayana (Oyana), Pará, Brazil * Ya̧nomamö (Yanomami), Venezuela and Amazonas, Brazil * Ye'kuana people, Ye'kuana, Venezuela, Brazil

Eastern Brazil

This region includes parts of the Ceará, Goiás, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, and Santa Catarina (state), Santa Catarina states of Brazil * Apinayé people, Apinajé (Apinayé people, Apinaye Caroyo), Rio Araguiaia * Arara (Pará), Arara, Pará * Atikum people, Atikum, Bahia and Pernambuco * Bororo, Mato Grosso * Botocudo people, Botocudo (Lakiãnõ) * Carijo Guaraní * East Brazilian tradition, Precolumbian culture * Guató people, Guató (Guato people, Guato), Mato Grosso * Kadiwéu (Guaicuru), Mato Grosso do Sul * Kaingang * Karajá people, Karajá (Iny people, Iny, Javaé), Goiás, Mato Grosso, Pará, and Tocantins * Kaxixó, Minas Gerais * Kayapo people, Kayapo (Cayapo, Mebêngôkre), Mato Grosso and Pará * Laklãnõ, Santa Catarina * Mehim (Krahô, Crahao), Rio Tocantins * Ofayé people, Ofayé, Mato Grosso do Sul * Parakatêjê (Gavião (Gê), Gavião), Pará * Pataxó people, Pataxó, Bahia * Potiguara (Pitigoares), Ceará * Tabajara, Ceará * Tapirapé people, Tapirapé (Tapirape) * Terena people, Terena, Mato Gross and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil * Tupiniquim, Espírito Santo * Umutina (Umutina people, Barbados) * Xakriabá people, Xakriabá (Chakriaba, Chikriaba, or Shacriaba), Minas Gerais * Xavánte people, Xavánte (Shavante), Mato Grosso * Xerénte people, Xerénte (Sherente), Goiás * Xukuru people, Xucuru, Pernambuco

Andes

* Andean Hunting-Collecting tradition, Argentina, 11,000–4,000 CE * Awa-Kwaiker people, Awa-Kwaiker, northern Ecuador, southern Colombia * Aymara people, Aymara, Bolivia, Chile, Peru * Callawalla people, Callawalla (Callahuaya), Bolivia * Cañari, Ecuador * Capulí culture, Ecuador, 800–1500 CE * Cerro Narrio (Chaullabamba) (Precolumbian culture) * Chachapoyas culture, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru * Chachilla (Cayapas) * Chanka people, Chanka (Chanca people, Chanca), Peru * Chavín culture, Chavín, northern Peru, 900–200 BCE * Chincha people, Peru (Precolumbian culture) * Chipaya language, Chipaya, Oruro Department, Bolivia * Chuquibamba culture (Precolumbian culture) * Conchucos * Diaguita ** Amaicha, Argentina ** Calchaquí, Argentina ** Chicoana, Salta, Argentina ** Quilmes people, Quilmes (Precolumbian culture), Argentina * Guangaia (Precolumbian culture) * Ichuña microlithic tradition (Precolumbian culture) * Inca Empire (Inka), based in Peru * Jama-Coaque (Precolumbian culture) * Killke culture, Peru, 900–1200 CE * Kogi tribe, Kogi * Kolla people, Kolla (Colla people, Colla), Argentina, Bolivia, Chile * La Tolita (Precolumbian culture) * Las Vegas culture (archaeology), Las Vegas culture, coastal Ecuador, 8000 BCE–4600 BCE * Lauricocha culture, Peru, 8000–2500 BCE * Lima culture, Peru, 100–650 CE * Maina Indians, Maina, Ecuador, Peru * Manteño-Huancavilca (Precolumbian culture) * Milagro culture, Milagro (Precolumbian culture) * Mollo culture, Bolivia, 1000–1500 CE * Muisca people, Muisca, Colombian highlands (Precolumbian culture) * Pachacama (Precolumbian culture) * Paez people, Paez (Paez people, Nasa culture), Colombian highlands (Precolumbian culture) * Panzaleo (Precolumbian culture) * Pasto people, Pasto * Pijao people, Pijao, Colombia * Quechua people, Quechua (Kichua, Kichwa), Bolivia ** Chankas ** Huanca people, Huancas * Quitu culture, 2000 BCE–1550 CE * Salinar (Precolumbian culture) * Saraguro * Tiwanaku culture (Tiahuanaco), 400–1000 CE, Bolivia * Tsáchila (Colorado people, Colorado), Ecuador * Tuza-Piartal (Precolumbian culture) * Uru people, Uru, Bolivia, Peru ** Uru-Murato, Bolivia * Wari culture, central coast and highlands of Peru, 500–1000 CE ** Pocra culture, Ayacucho Province, Peru, 500–1000 CE

Pacific lowlands

* Amotape complex, northern coastal Peru, 9,000–7,100 BCE * Atacameño (Atacama people, Atacama, Likan Antaí), Chile * Awa-Kwaiker, Awá, Colombia and Ecuador * Bara people (Colombia), Bara, Colombia * Cara culture, coastal Ecuador, 500 BCE–1550 CE * Bahía culture, Bahía, Ecuador, 500 BCE–500 CE * Casma culture, coastal Peru, 1000–1400 CE * Chancay, central coastal Peru, 1000–1450 CE * Chango people, Chango, coastal Peru, northern Chile * Chimú culture, Chimú, north coastal Peru, 1000–1450 CE * Cupisnique (Precolumbian culture), 1000–200 BCE, coastal Peru * Sican culture, Lambayeque (Sican culture), north coastal Peru, 750–1375 CE * Machalilla culture, coastal Ecuador, 1500–1100 BCE * Manteño civilization, western Ecuador, 850–1600 CE * Moche (culture), Moche (Mochica), north coastal Peru, 1–750 CE * Nazca culture (Nazca culture, Nasca), south coastal Peru, 1–700 CE * Norte Chico civilization (Precolumbian culture), coastal Peru * Paiján culture, northern coastal Peru, 8,700–5,900 BCE * Paracas culture, Paracas, south coastal Peru, 600–175 BCE * Recuay culture, Peru (Precolumbian culture) * Tallán (Precolumbian culture), north coastal Peru * Valdivia culture, Ecuador, 3500–1800 BCE * Virú culture, Piura Region, Peru, 200 BCE–300 CE * Wari culture (Huari culture), Peru, 500–1000 CE * Yukpa (Yuko people, Yuko), Colombia * Yurutí, Colombia

Amazon

Northwestern Amazon

This region includes Amazonas (Brazilian state), Amazonas in Brazil; the Amazonas (Colombian department), Amazonas and Putumayo Departments in Colombia; Cotopaxi Province, Cotopaxi, Los Ríos Province, Los Rios, Morona-Santiago Province, Morona-Santiago, Napo Province, Napo, and Pastaza Provinces and the Oriente Region in Ecuador; and the Loreto Region in Peru. * Arabela people, Arabela, Loreto Region, Peru * Arapaso (Arapaco), Amazonas, Brazil * Baniwa people, Baniwa * Barbudo, Loreto Region, Peru * Bora people, Bora, Loreto Region, Peru * Candoshi-Shapra people, Candoshi-Shapra (Chapras), Loreto Region, Peru * Arara (Amazonas), Carútana (Arara (Amazonas), Arara), Amazonas, Brazil * Chayahuita people, Chayahuita (Chaywita) Loreto Region, Peru * Kokama people, Cocama, Loreto Region, Peru * Cofán people, Cofán (Cofán people, Cofan), Putumayo Department, Colombia and Ecuador * Cubeo people, Cubeo (Cubeo people, Kobeua), Amazonas, Brazil and Colombia * Dâw people, Dâw, Rio Negro, Brazil * Flecheiro * Huaorani (Waorani, Waodani, Waos), Ecuador * Hupda people, Hupda (Hup people, Hup), Brazil, Colombia * Jibito people, Jibito, Loreto Region, Peru * Jivaroan peoples, Ecuador and Peru ** Achuar people, Achuar, Morona-Santiago Province and Oriente Region, Ecuador and Loreto Region, Peru ** Aguaruna people, Aguaruna (Aguaruna people, Aguarana), Ecuador, Peru ** Huambisa people, Huambisa, Peru ** Shuar people, Shuar, Morona-Santiago Province and Oriente Region, Ecuador and Loreto Region, Peru * Kachá (Shimaco, Urarina people, Urarina), Loreto Region, Peru * Kamsá people, Kamsá (Sebondoy), Putumayo Department, Colombia * Kanamarí, Amazonas, Brazil * Kichua (Quichua) ** Cañari Kichua (Cañari, Canari) ** Canelo Kichua (Canelos-Quichua), Pataza Province, Ecuador ** Chimborazo Kichua ** Cholos cuencanos ** Napo Runa (Napo Kichua, Quijos-Quichua, Napo-Quichua), Ecuador and Peru ** Saraguro ** Sarayacu Kichua, Pastaza Province, Ecuador * Korubu, Amazonas, Brazil * Kugapakori-Nahua * Macaguaje people, Macaguaje (Majaguaje), Río Caquetá, Colombia * Machiguenga, Peru * Marubo * Matsés people, Matsés (Mayoruna, Maxuruna), Brazil and Peru * Mayoruna (Maxuruna) * Miriti language, Miriti, Amazonas Department, Colombia * Murato people, Murato, Loreto Region, Peru * Mura people, Mura, Amazonas, Brazil ** Pirahã people, Pirahã (Mura-pirarrã), Amazonas, Brazil * Nukak people, Nukak (Nukak-Makú), eastern Colombia * Ocaina, Loreto Region, Peru * Omagua people, Omagua (Cambeba, Kambeba, Umana (Brazil), Umana), Amazonas, Brazil * Orejón (Orejon), Napo Province, Ecuador * Panoan, western Brazil, Bolivia, Peru * Sharpas * Siona people, Siona (Sioni people, Sioni), Amazonas Department, Colombia * Siriano, Brazil, Colombia * Siusi people, Siusi, Amazonas, Brazil * Tariano people, Tariano (Tariana people, Tariana), Amazonas, Brazil * Tsohom Djapá * Tukano (Tucano people, Tucano), Brazil, Colombia ** Barasana (Pareroa, Taiwano), Amazonas, Brazil and Vaupés, Colombia ** Eastern Tukanoan (Tucanoan) ** Makuna (Buhagana, Macuna), Amazonas, Brazil and Vaupés, Colombia * Waikino people, Waikino (Vaikino), Amazonas, Brazil * Waimiri-Atroari (Kinja people, Kinja, Uaimiri-Atroari), Amazonas and Roraima, Brazil * Wanano (Unana, Vanana), Amazonas, Brazil * Witoto people, Witoto ** Murui Witoto, Loreto Region, Peru * Yagua people, Yagua (Yahua), Loreta Region, Peru * Yaminahua people, Yaminahua (Jaminawa, Yamanawa, Yaminawá people, Yaminawá), Pando Department, Bolivia * Yora people, Yora * Záparo people, Záparo (Záparo people, Zaparo), Pastaza Province, Ecuador * Zuruahã people, Zuruahã (Suruahá, Suruwaha), Amazonas, Brazil

Eastern Amazon

This region includes Amazonas (Brazilian state), Amazonas, Maranhão, and parts of Pará States in Brazil. * Amanayé (Ararandeura), Brazil * Araweté people, Araweté (Araueté, Bïde), Pará, Brazil * Awá (Guajá), Brazil * Ch'unchu people, Ch'unchu, Peru * Ge (people), Ge * Guajajára (Guajajara), Maranhão, Brazil * Guaraní people, Guaraní, Paraguay * Ka'apor, Maranhão, Brazil * Kuruaya, Pará, Brazil * Marajoara, Precolumbian culture, Pará, Brazil * Panará people, Panará, Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil * Parakanã (Paracana) * Suruí do Pará people, Suruí do Pará, Pará, Brazil * Tembé * Turiwára * Wayampi * Zo'é people, Pará, Brazil

Southern Amazon

This region includes southern Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, parts of Pará, and Rondônia) and Eastern Bolivia (Beni Department). * Aikanã people, Aikanã, Rondônia, Brazil * Akuntsu, Rondônia, Brazil * Apiacá people, Apiacá (Apiaká), Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil * Assuriní do Toncantins (Tocantins) * Aweti (Aueto), Mato Grosso, Brazil * Bakairi people, Bakairí (Bakairi people, Bakairi) * Chácobo people, Chácobo (Chácobo people, Chacobo), northwest Beni Department, Bolivia * Chiquitano people, Chiquitano (Chiquitos, Chiquito, Tarapecosi), Brazil and Santa Cruz, Bolivia * Cinta Larga, Mato Grosso, Brazil * Enawene Nawe people, Enawene Nawe, Mato Grosso, Brazil * Gavião of Rondônia * Guarayu (Guarayo people, Guarayo), Bolivia * Ikpeng (Xicao), Mato Grosso, Brazil * Itene people, Itene, Beni Department, Bolivia * Irántxe (Iranche) * Juma people, Juma (Kagwahiva), Rondônia, Brazil * Jurúna (Yaruna, Juruna, Yudjá), Mato Grosso, Brazil * Kaiabi (Caiabi, Cajabi, Kajabi, Kayabi), Mato Grosso, Brazil * Kalapálo (Kalapalo), Mato Grosso, Brazil * Kamayurá people, Kamayurá (Camayura), Mato Grosso, Brazil * Kanoê (Kapixaná), Rondônia, Brazil * Karipuná people, Karipuná (Caripuna) * Karitiâna (Caritiana), Brazil * Kayapo people, Kayapo, Mato Grosso, Brazil * Kuikuro, Mato Grosso, Brazil * Matipu, Mato Grosso, Brazil * Mehináku (Mehinacu, Mehinako), Mato Grosso, Brazil * Moxo people, Moxo (Mojo people, Mojo), Bolivia * Nahukuá (Nahuqua), Mato Grosso, Brazil * Nambikuára (Nambicuara, Nambikwara people, Nambikwara), Mato Grosso, Brazil * Pacahuara (Pacaguara, Pacawara), northwest Beni Department, Bolivia * Pacajá people, Pacajá (Pacaja people, Pacaja) * Panará people, Panará, Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil * Parecis people, Parecís (Paresi language, Paressi) * Rikbaktsa (Erikbaksa), Mato Grosso, Brazil * Rio Pardo people, Mato Grosso, Brazil * Sateré-Mawé (Maue), Brazil * Suyá people, Suyá (Kisedje), Mato Grosso, Brazil * Tacana people, Tacana (Takana people, Takana), Beni and Madre de Dios Rivers, Bolivia * Tapajós people, Tapajó (Tapajó people, Tapajo) * Tenharim * Trumai people, Trumai, Mato Grosso, Brazil * Tsimané (Chimané, Mosetén, Pano people, Pano), Beni Department, Bolivia * Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau, Rondônia, Brazil * Wari' (Pacanawa, Waricaca'), Rondônia, Brazil * Wauja (Waurá, Waura), Mato Grosso, Brazil * Wuy jugu (Mundurucu, Munduruku people, Munduruku) * Yawalapiti (Iaualapiti), Mato Grosso, Brazil

Southwestern Amazon

This region includes the Cuzco Region, Cuzco, Huánuco Region, Huánuco Junín Region, Junín, Loreto Region, Loreto, Madre de Dios Region, Madre de Dios, and Ucayali Regions of eastern Peru, parts of Acre State, Acre, Amazonas (Brazilian state), Amazonas, and Rondônia, Brazil, and parts of the La Paz Department, Bolivia, La Paz and Beni Departments of Bolivia. * Aguano people, Aguano (Santacrucino, Uguano), Peru * Amahuaca people, Amahuaca, Brazil, Peru * Apurinã people, Apurinã (Popũkare), Amazonas and Acre * Asháninka people, Asháninka (Asháninka people, Campa, Chuncha), Acre, Brazil and Junín, Pasco, Huánuco, and Ucayali, Peru * Banawá people, Banawá (Jafí, Kitiya), Amazonas, Brazil * Cashibo people, Cashibo (Carapache), Huánuco Region, Peru * Conibo (Shipibo-Conibo people, Shipibo-Conibo), Peru and Amazonas, Brazil * Ese Ejja people, Ese Ejja (Chama people, Chama), Beni Department, Bolivia * Harakmbut people, Harakmbut, Madre de Dios, Peru ** Amarakaeri people, Amarakaeri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru *** Kareneri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru ** Huachipaeri people, Huachipaeri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru *** Arasairi people, Arasairi, Madre de Dios Region, Peru *** Manuquiari, Madre de Dios Region, Peru *** Puncuri people, Puikiri (Puncuri people, Puncuri), Madre de Dios Region, Peru *** Sapiteri people, Sapiteri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru *** Toyeri people, Toyeri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru * Hi-Merimã people, Hi-Merimã, Himarimã, Amazonas, Brazil * Jamamadi, Acre and Amazonas, Brazil * Kaxinawá people, Kaxinawá (Cashinahua people, Cashinahua, Huni Kuin), Peru and Acre, Brazil * Kulina people, Kulina (Culina people, Culina), Peru * Kwaza people, Kwaza (Kwaza people, Coaiá, Kwaza people, Koaiá), Rondônia, Brazil * Latundê, Rondônia, Brazil * Machinere people, Machinere, Bolivia and Peru * Mashco-Piro, Peru * Matís (Matis), Brazil * Matsés people, Matsés (Mayoruna, Maxuruna), Brazil, Peru * Parintintin (Kagwahiva’nga), Brazil * Shipibo, Loreto Region, Peru * Sirionó people, Sirionó (Chori people, Chori, Miá people, Miá), Beni and Santa Cruz Departments, Bolivia * Ticuna people, Ticuna (Tucuna people, Tucuna), Brazil, Colombia, Peru * Toromono people, Toromono (Toromona people, Toromona), La Paz Department, Bolivia * Yanesha' people, Yanesha' (Yanesha' people, Amuesha), Cusco Region, Peru * Yawanawa (Jaminawá, Marinawá, Xixinawá), Acre, Brazil; Madre de Dios, Peru; and Bolivia * Yine people, Yine (Contaquiro, Simiranch, Simirinche), Cuzco Region, Peru * Yuqui people, Yuqui (Bia people, Bia, Yuki Guarani, Yuki), Cochabamba Department, Bolivia * Yuracaré people, Yuracaré (Yura), Beni and Cochabamba Departments, Bolivia"Languages of Bolivia"
. ''Ethnologue''. Retrieved 23 Oct 2012.

Gran Chaco

* Abipón people, Abipón, Argentina, historic group * Angaite (Angate), northwestern Paraguay * Ayoreo people, Ayoreo"Cultural Thesaurus"
. National Museum of the American Indian. (retrieved 18 Feb 2011) (Ayoré, Moro (Peru), Moro, Morotoco, Pyeta, Yovia, Zamuco), Bolivia and Paraguay * Chamacoco (Zamuko), Paraguay * Chané people, Chané, Argentina and Bolivia * Chiquitano people, Chiquitano (Chiquito, Tarapecosi), eastern Bolivia * Chorote people, Chorote (Choroti, Iyo'wujwa, Iyojwa'ja Chorote, Manjuy), Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay * Guana people, Guana (Kaskihá), Paraguay * Guaraní people, Guaraní, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay ** Bolivian Guaraní *** Chiriguano people, Chiriguano, Bolivia *** Guarayo people, Guarayo (East Bolivian Guaraní) ** Chiripá people, Chiripá (Tsiripá, Ava), Bolivia ** Pai Tavytera people, Pai Tavytera (Pai, Montese, Ava), Bolivia ** Tapieté people, Tapieté (Guaraní Ñandéva, Yanaigua), eastern Bolivia ** Yuqui (Bia), Bolivia * Guaycuru peoples, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay ** Mbayá people, Mbayá (Caduveo), historic *** Kadiweu people, Kadiweu, Brazil ** Mocoví people, Mocoví (Mocobí), Argentina ** Pilagá people, Pilagá (Pilage Toba) ** Toba people, Toba (Qom, Frentones), Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay * Kaiwá, Argentina and Brazil * Lengua people (Enxet), Paraguay ** North Lengua (Eenthlit, Enlhet, Maskoy), Paraguay ** South Lengua, Paraguay * Lulé people, Lulé (Pelé, Tonocoté), Argentina * Towolhi, Maká (Towolhi), Paraguay * Nivaclé (Ashlushlay, Chulupí, Chulupe, Guentusé), Argentina and Paraguay * Sanapaná (Quiativis), Paraguay * Vilela people, Vilela, Argentina * Wichí people, Wichí (Mataco people, Mataco), Argentina and Tarija Department, Bolivia

Southern Cone

* Aché, southeastern Paraguay * Chaná people, Chaná (''extinct''), formerly Uruguay * Chandule (Chandri people, Chandri) * Charrúa, southern Brazil and Uruguay * Comechingon (Henia-Camiare), Argentina * Haush people, Haush (Manekʼenk, Mánekenk, Aush), Tierra del Fuego * Het people, Het (Querandí) (''extinct''), formerly Argentinian Pampas ** Chechehet ** Didiuhet ** Taluhet * Huarpe (Warpes), Argentina, Chile ** Allentiac (Alyentiyak) ** Millcayac (Milykayak) ** Oico ** Chiquillanes ** Pehuenche (later Araucanization, Araucanized) * Mapuche (Araucanian), southwestern Argentina and Chile ** Huilliche people, Huilliche (Huillice, Hulliche, Güilliche), Chile *** Cunco people, Cunco *** Veliche ** Lafquenche ** Mapuche, southwestern Argentina and Chile ** Pehuenche, south central Chile and Argentina ** Picunche, formerly Chile ** Promaucae, formerly Chile * Mbeguá (''extinct''), formerly Paraná River, Argentina * Minuane (''extinct''), formerly Uruguay * Puelche people, Puelche (Guennaken, Pamba) (extinct), Argentinian and Chilean Andes * Tehuelche people, Tehuelche, Patagonia ** Künün-a-Güna (Gennakenk, Gennaken) ** Küwach-a-Güna ** Mecharnúekenk ** Aónikenk (Zuidelijke Tehuelche) * Teushen people, Teushen (Tehues), ''extinct'', formerly Tierra del Fuego * Selkʼnam people, Selkʼnam (Ona), Tierra del Fuego * Yaro people, Yaro (Jaro people, Jaro)

Fjords and channels of Patagonia

* Alacaluf people, Alacaluf (Kaweshkar, Halakwulup), Chile * Chono people, Chono (Guaiteco), formerly Chiloé Archipelago, Chile * Yaghan people, Yaghan (Yaghan people, Yamana), Tierra del Fuego * Caucahue (poorly known, possibly a partiality of Kaweshkar or Chono)

Languages

Indigenous languages of the Americas (or Amerindian languages) are spoken by Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and

, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas. These Indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language family, language families as well as many language isolates and unclassified languages. Many proposals to group these into higher-level families have been made. According to UNESCO, most of the Indigenous American languages in North America are critically endangered and many of them are already extinct.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. . (Online version

Writing

Before European contact: * North America ** Anishinaabewibii'iganan (Ojibwe) ** Massachusett writing systems, Massachusett arborglyphs and petroglyphs (not a full language) ** Mi'kmaw hieroglyphs * Mesoamerican writing systems ** Aztec script ** Isthmian script ** Maya script ** Mixtec writing ** Olmec hieroglyphs ** Zapotec script * South America ** Quipu (Inca, possibly only numeric) After European contact, some distinct writing systems have been used for Indigenous languages: * Canadian syllabics ** Cree syllabics ** Ojibwe writing systems * Cherokee syllabary * Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics * Massachusett writing systems * Osage script * Yugtun (Yup'ik)

Genetic classification

The haplogroup most commonly associated with Indigenous Americans is Haplogroup Q1a3a (Y-DNA). Y-DNA, like (mtDNA), differs from other nuclear chromosomes in that the majority of the Y chromosome is unique and does not recombine during meiosis. This has the effect that the historical pattern of mutations can more easily be studied. The pattern indicates

experienced two very distinctive genetic episodes; first with the initial peopling of the Americas, and secondly with European colonization of the Americas. The former is the determinant factor for the number of gene lineages and founding haplotypes present in today's Indigenous American Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas, populations. Peopling of the Americas, Human settlement of the Americas occurred in stages from the Bering Sea, Bering sea coast line, with an initial 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the Founder effect, founding population.page 2
The Microsatellite (genetics), micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain Amerindian populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region. The Na-Dené,

and Alaska Native populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other Indigenous Americans with various mtDNA mutations. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and

derived from later populations.

Empires

Arising before European contact: * Aztec Empire (1428-1521) * Chalco (altépetl) (c. 1200-1465) * Inca Empire (1438–1533) * Purépecha Empire (c.1300-1530) * Toltec Empire (674?-1122?) * Tiwanaku Empire (c. 600-1000) * Wari Empire (c. 600-1100) Comancheria (1770-1850) has also been described by some scholars as a Native American empire which arose after European contact.

Civilizations

These complex societies developed cities before European contact. * Aztec Empire (1428-1521) * Andean civilizations ** Caral–Supe civilization (c. 3,500 BCE – c. 1,800 BCE) ** Chimor (c. 900-1470) ** Inca Empire (1438–1533) *** Neo-Inca State (1537-1572) ** Muisca Confederation (c. 800-1540) ** Tiwanaku Empire (c. 600-1000) ** Wari Empire (c. 600-1100) * Chalco (altépetl) (c. 1200-1465) * Maya civilization (c. 2000 BCE - 1697 CE) * Mississippian culture (c. 1000-1540) * Olmecs (c. 1200-400 BCE) * Kingdom of Parita (c. 500-1522) * Purépecha Empire (c.1300-1530) * Teotihuacan (c. 600 BCE - 750 CE) * Toltec Empire (674?-1122?) * Zapotec civilization (c. 700 BCE - 1521 CE)

Technological and social periods

The Andes, Mesoamerica, and eastern North America are considered centers that independently developed agriculture, a process known globally as the Neolithic Revolution. The technological and social development of pre-Columbian cultures are conventionally classified into Archaeology of the Americas, five archaeological stages: * Lithic stage or Paleo-Indian - hunter-gatherers using stone tools and weapons * Archaic stage - first settlements, first crops, subsistence * Formative stage - pottery, weaving, sedentary agriculture, ceremonial centers * Classic stage - metallurgy, craft specialization, urbanism, theocracy * Post-Classic stage - advanced metallurgy, complex urbanism, militarism, secularization In North America, the later stages are grouped instead into the Woodland period and Mississippian culture. Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America included for some cultures equivalents to Eurasian Copper Age and Bronze Age technology: * In North America, cold copper working is found in the Old Copper complex, Hopewellian exchange, and Mississippian culture. Evidence for copper smelting in North America is disputed. * Andean civilizations had bronze smelting, discovered by the Moche culture and used by the Calchaquí and Inca * Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica appeared after 600 CE, including alloys of copper; later, bronze techniques were probably imported from South America The Iron Age in Eurasia is defined by the production of iron tools via smelting; iron smelting was never developed natively in the Americas. Unsmelted iron was used Andeana and Mesoamerican cultures for mirrors, decorative and ceremonial items, starting fires, and small hammers. Iron magnets were apparently used by the Olmec and Chavin to align monuments. Smelted iron from shipwrecked East Asian vessels was used in the Pacific Northwest before European contact.

Notes

References

* D'Azevedo, Warren L., volume editor. ''Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 11: Great Basin''. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986. . * Hann, John H. "The Mayaca and Jororo and Missions to Them", in McEwan, Bonnie G. ed. ''The Spanish Missions of "La Florida"''. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. 1993. . * Hann, John H. ''A History of the Timucua Indians and Missions''. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 1996. . * Hann, John H. (2003). ''Indians of Central and South Florida: 1513–1763''. University Press of Florida. . * Heizer, Robert F., volume editor. ''Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California''. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. . * * Pritzker, Barry M. ''A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. . * Steward, Julian H., editor. ''Handbook of South American Indians, Volume 4: The Circum-Caribbean Tribes''. Smithsonian Institution, 1948. * Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Bruce G. Trigger, volume editor. ''Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast''. Volume 15. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. . * Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. ''Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast''. Volume 14. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004. . {{DEFAULTSORT:Classification Of Indigenous Peoples Of The Americas Classification of people History of Indigenous peoples of the Americas Indigenous peoples of the Americas Indigenous languages of the Americas Lists of Indigenous peoples of the Americas Former countries in North America, * Former countries in South America, *

Canada, Greenland, United States, and northern Mexico

Arctic

Subarctic

Pacific Northwest coast

Northwest Plateau

Great Plains

Eastern Woodlands

Northeastern Woodlands

Southeastern Woodlands

Great Basin

California

Southwest

Mexico and Mesoamerica

Aridoamerica

Mesoamerica

Circum-Caribbean

Caribbean

Central America

Colombia and Venezuela

Guianas

Eastern Brazil

Andes

Pacific lowlands

Amazon

Northwestern Amazon

Eastern Amazon

Southern Amazon

Southwestern Amazon

Gran Chaco

Southern Cone

Fjords and channels of Patagonia

Languages

Writing

Genetic classification

Empires

Civilizations

Technological and social periods

See also

Notes

References