Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae ''s.s.'', amaryllids) is a subfamily of
monocot
Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are flowering plants whose seeds contain only one Embryo#Plant embryos, embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. A monocot taxon has been in use for several decades, but ...
flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...
s in the
family
Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
Amaryllidaceae
The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus '' Amaryllis'' and is commonly known as the amaryl ...
,
order Asparagales
Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) are a diverse order of flowering plants in the monocots. Under the APG IV system of flowering plant classification, Asparagales are the largest order of monocots with 14 families, 1,122 genera, and about 36,00 ...
. The most recent
APG classification,
APG III, takes a broad view of the Amaryllidaceae, which then has three subfamilies, one of which is Amaryllidoideae (the old family Amaryllidaceae), and the others are
Allioideae
Allioideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. It was formerly treated as a separate family, Alliaceae. The subfamily name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, ''Allium''. ...
(the old family Alliaceae) and
Agapanthoideae (the old family Agapanthaceae). The subfamily consists of about seventy
genera
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial s ...
, with over eight hundred
species
A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...
, and a worldwide distribution.
Description
The Amaryllidoideae are
herbaceous
Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials.
Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous"
The fourth edition of ...
,
perennial
In horticulture, the term perennial ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the year") is used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. It has thus been defined as a plant that lives more than 2 years. The term is also ...
flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...
s, usually with
bulb
In botany, a bulb is a short underground stem with fleshy leaves or leaf basesBell, A.D. 1997. ''Plant form: an illustrated guide to flowering plant morphology''. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K. that function as food storage organs duri ...
s (some are
rhizomatous
In botany and dendrology, a rhizome ( ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow hori ...
). Their fleshy
leaves
A leaf (: leaves) is a principal appendage of the stem of a vascular plant, usually borne laterally above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, stem, ...
are arranged in two vertical columns, and their
flowers
Flowers, also known as blooms and blossoms, are the reproductive structures of flowering plants ( angiosperms). Typically, they are structured in four circular levels, called whorls, around the end of a stalk. These whorls include: calyx, m ...
are large. Most of them are
bulbous geophytes and many have a long history of
cultivation as
ornamental plants. They are distinguished from the other two Amaryllidaceae subfamilies (
Agapanthoideae and
Allioideae
Allioideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. It was formerly treated as a separate family, Alliaceae. The subfamily name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, ''Allium''. ...
) by their unique
alkaloid
Alkaloids are a broad class of natural product, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids.
Alkaloids are produced by a large varie ...
al chemistry,
inferior ovary, and hollow
style
Style, or styles may refer to:
Film and television
* ''Style'' (2001 film), a Hindi film starring Sharman Joshi, Riya Sen, Sahil Khan and Shilpi Mudgal
* ''Style'' (2002 film), a Tamil drama film
* ''Style'' (2004 film), a Burmese film
* '' ...
.
Taxonomy
History
Pre-Darwinian
The name ''Amaryllis'' had been applied to a number of plants over the course of history. When
Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...
formerly described the
type genus
In biological taxonomy, the type genus (''genus typica'') is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name.
Zoological nomenclature
According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearin ...
''Amaryllis'', from which the family derives its name, in his ''
Species Plantarum
' (Latin for "The Species of Plants") is a book by Carl Linnaeus, originally published in 1753, which lists every species of plant known at the time, classified into genus, genera. It is the first work to consistently apply binomial nomenclature ...
'' in 1753, there were nine species with this name. He placed ''Amaryllis'' in a grouping he referred to as ''Hexandria monogynia'' (i.e. six
stamens
The stamen (: stamina or stamens) is a part consisting of the male reproductive organs of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the androecium., p. 10
Morphology and terminology
A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filamen ...
and one
pistil
Gynoecium (; ; : gynoecia) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds. The gynoecium is the innermost whorl (botany), whorl of a flower; it consists ...
) containing 51 genera in all in his
sexual classification scheme.
These genera have been treated as either liliaceous or amaryllidaceaeous (see
Taxonomy of Liliaceae) over time. In 1763
Michel Adanson placed them in '
Liliaceae
The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fai ...
' In 1789
Antoine Laurent de Jussieu
Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (; 12 April 1748 – 17 September 1836) was a French botanist, notable as the first to publish a natural classification of flowering plants; much of his system remains in use today. His classification was based on an e ...
placed ''Amaryllis'' and related genera within a
division of
Monocotyledons, using a modified form of Linnaeus' sexual classification but with the respective topography of stamens to carpels rather than just their numbers.
The family Amaryllidaceae was named in 1805, by
Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire. In 1810
Brown
Brown is a color. It can be considered a composite color, but it is mainly a darker shade of orange. In the CMYK color model used in printing and painting, brown is usually made by combining the colors Orange (colour), orange and black.
In the ...
proposed that a subgroup of Liliaceae be distinguished on the basis of the position of the
ovaries
The ovary () is a gonad in the female reproductive system that produces ova; when released, an ovum travels through the fallopian tube/oviduct into the uterus. There is an ovary on the left and the right side of the body. The ovaries are endocr ...
(inferior) and be referred to as Amaryllideae and in 1813
de Candolle described Liliacées
Juss. and Amaryllidées
Brown as two quite separate families.
Samuel Frederick Gray
Samuel Frederick Gray (10 December 1766 – 12 April 1828) was a British botanist, mycologist, and pharmacologist. He was the father of the zoologists John Edward Gray and George Robert Gray.
Background
He was the son of Samuel Gray, a London Se ...
's ''A natural arrangement of British plants'' (1821). grouped together a number of families having in common six equal stamens, a single style and a perianth that was simple and petaloid, within which he separated families by the characteristics of their fruit and seed, such as Amaryllideae, Liliaceae, Asphodeleae and Asparageae.
John Lindley
John Lindley Fellow of the Royal Society, FRS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865) was an English botanist, gardener and orchidology, orchidologist.
Early years
Born in Old Catton, Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four c ...
, in his ''An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany'' (1830) divided the "Monocotyledonous Plants" into two tribes. He then further divided the
Petaloidea (
petaloid monocots), into 32 orders, including the Amaryllideae. He defined the latter as "Hexapetaloideous bulbous hexandrous monocotyledons, with an inferior ovarium, a 6-parted perianthium with equitant sepals, and flat spongy seeds" and included ''
Amaryllis'', ''
Phycella'', ''
Nerine'', ''
Vallota'', and ''
Calostemma''.
By 1846 Lindley had greatly expanded and refined the treatment of the monocots. He placed the Liliaceae within the
Liliales
Liliales is an order (biology), order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web List of systems of plant classification, system, within the lilioid monocots. This order of necessity includ ...
, but saw it as a
paraphyletic
Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...
("catch-all") family, being all Liliales not included in the other orders, hoping that the future would reveal some characteristic that would group them better. This kept the Liliaceae. separate from the Amaryllidaceae, which was divided into four tribes (with 68 genera), yet both his Amaryllidaceae and Liliaceae contained many genera that would eventually segregate to each other's contemporary orders (Liliales and
Asparagales
Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) are a diverse order of flowering plants in the monocots. Under the APG IV system of flowering plant classification, Asparagales are the largest order of monocots with 14 families, 1,122 genera, and about 36,00 ...
respectively). The Liliaceae would be reduced to a small 'core' represented by the tribe
Tulipeae, while large groups such as
Scilleae and
Asparagae would become part of Asparagales either as part of the Amaryllidaceae or as separate families. Of the four tribes of the Amaryllidaceae, the Amaryllideae and Narcisseae would remain as core amaryllids while the
Agaveae would be part of Asparagaceae but the
Alstroemeriae would become a family within the
Liliales
Liliales is an order (biology), order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web List of systems of plant classification, system, within the lilioid monocots. This order of necessity includ ...
.
Since then seven of Linnaeus' genera have consistently been placed in a common taxonomic unit of amaryllids, based on the
inferior position of the ovaries (whether this be as an order, suborder, family, subfamily, tribe or section). Thus much of what we now consider Amaryllidoideae remained in Liliaceae because the ovary was superior, till 1926 when
John Hutchinson transferred them to Amaryllidaceae.
The number of known genera within these families continued to grow, and by the time of the
Bentham and Hooker classification (1883) the Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllideae) were divided into four tribes, of which only one (Amarylleae) still represents the grouping now reflected in Amarylloideae.
In the
post-Darwinian era the amaryllids were mainly treated as part of a very large family Liliaceae, although the early twentieth century saw increasing doubts about the inclusion of many of its components, particularly the
alliaceous (''i.e.''
Allioideae
Allioideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. It was formerly treated as a separate family, Alliaceae. The subfamily name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, ''Allium''. ...
) elements. Hutchinson also suggested that the elements now included in Amaryllidoideae's parent family (Amaryllidaceae) could all be placed in one family, although only
Cronquist placed all the elements into a very large Liliaceae.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
The introduction of molecular methods in the 1990s confirmed the affinity of three major taxa corresponding to
Alliaceae,
Agapanthaceae and Amaryllidaceae. In 2009 the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) decided to amalgamate the three families, which together form a
monophyletic
In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria:
# the grouping contains its own most recent co ...
group, into a single family, at first called Alliaceae and then Amaryllidaceae. The three families then became reduced to subfamilies, so that the historical Amaryllidaceae became subfamily Amaryllidoideae. To distinguish this new broader family from the older narrower family it has become customary to refer to Amaryllidaceae ''sensu'' APG, or as used by APG, Amaryllidaceae ''s.l.''. as opposed to Amaryllidaceae ''s.s.''.
The relationships between the subfamilies within the Amaryllidaceae and the place of Amaryllidoideae is shown in the
Cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not s ...
.
Subdivision
Complete resolution of infrafamilial (suprageneric) relationships within subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae ''s.s.'') has proven difficult. Early studies lacked sufficient resolution for further elucidation of this group. Historically a wide variety of infrafamilial classification systems have been proposed for the Amaryllidaceae ''s.s.''. In the latter twentieth century there were at least six schemes, including
Hutchinson (1926),
Traub (1963),
Dahlgren (1985),
Müller-Doblies and
Müller-Doblies (1996), Hickey and King (1997) and Meerow and Snijman (1998).
Hutchinson was an early proponent of the larger Amaryllidaceae, transferring taxa from
Liliaceae
The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fai ...
and had three tribes,
Agapantheae,
Allieae and
Gilliesieae. Traub (who provides a brief history of the family) largely followed Hutchinson, but with four subfamilies (
Allioideae
Allioideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. It was formerly treated as a separate family, Alliaceae. The subfamily name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, ''Allium''. ...
,
Hemerocalloideae,
Ixiolirioideae and Amaryllidoideae), the Amaryllidoideae he then divided further into two "infrafamilies",
Amarylloidinae and
Pancratioidinae, an arrangement with 23 tribes in total. In
Dahlgren's system, a "
splitter" who favoured larger numbers of smaller families, he adopted a narrower
circumscription than Traub, using only the latter's Amaryllidoideae which he treated as nine tribes. Müller-Doblies described ten tribes (and 19 subtribes). Hickey and King described ten
tribes
The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide use of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. The definition is contested, in part due to conflict ...
by which the family were divided, such as the
Zephyrantheae. Meerow and Snijder considered thirteen tribes, one (
Amaryllideae) with two subtribes (For a comparison of these schemes see Meerow et al. 1999, Table I).
Thus Traub's Amaryllidoideae, which most later authors treated as Amaryllidaceae ''s.s.'', became the basis for Amaryllidoideae ''sensu''
APGIII. Of the other three subfamilies in Traub's system, Allioideae represents Amaryllidaceae subfamily Allioideae ''sensu'' APGIII. Hemerocalloideae was a small subfamily with a single tribe, Hemerocalleae consisting of two genera, ''
Hemerocallis'' and ''
Leucocrinum''. Subsequent research has shown these to be very different taxa, ''Hemerocallis'' being placed in the family
Xanthorrhoeaceae, while Leucocrinum belongs in Asparagaceae, both part of
Asparagales
Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) are a diverse order of flowering plants in the monocots. Under the APG IV system of flowering plant classification, Asparagales are the largest order of monocots with 14 families, 1,122 genera, and about 36,00 ...
. Finally Ixiolirioideae was another very small subfamily, with two tribes, Gageeae and Ixiolirieae. Gageeae consisted of two genera, ''
Gagea'' and ''Giraldiella'', which was subsequently merged with Gagea (
Liliaceae
The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fai ...
, Liliales), while Ixiolirieae similarly contained only ''
Ixiolirion'' and ''Kolpakowskia'' (merged with ''Ixiolirion'') belongs in Ixioliriaceae (Asparagales). so only two of his subfamilies now belong in Amaryllidaceae ''s.l.''.
The further application of molecular phylogenetics produced a complex picture that only partially related to the tribal structure considered up to that date, which had been based on
morphology
Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to:
Disciplines
*Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts
*Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies, ...
alone. Rather Amaryllidaceae resolved along
biogeographical lines. A predominantly South African clade identified as
Amaryllideae was a sister group to the rest of the family. The two other African tribes were
Haemantheae and
Cyrtantheae, and an Australasian tribe
Calostemmateae
Calostemmateae are a very small tribe (biology), tribe of subfamily Amaryllidoideae (family (biology), family Amaryllidaceae). They are herbaceous monocot perennial flowering plants endemic to Australasia. The tribe consists of two genera, ''Proi ...
was also identified, but a large clade could only be described as Eurasian and American, each of which were monophyletic sister clades to each other. The Eurasian clade was poorly resolved with the exception of
Lycorideae (Central and East Asian). The American clade was better resolved identifying both
Hippeastreae as a tribe (and
Zephyranthinae as a subtribe within it). The American clade also included an Andean clade
Further investigation of the American clade suggested the presence of two groups, the Andean clade and a further "Hippeastroid" clade, in which
Griffineae was sister to the rest of the clade (Hippeastreae). Similarly within the Andean clade four subclades were identified, including
Eustephieae which appeared as sister to the remaining clade, including
Hymenocallideae. Of the remaining taxa, two subclades emerged that did not correspond to existing tribal structure, namely Eucharideae (3 genera) and Stenomesseae (6 genera). Rather the taxa
segregated on a morphological criterion, namely leaf shape. Stenomesseae was recognised as
polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies ...
with two distinct types based on leaf shape (
lorate-leafed and
petiolate-leafed), while Eucharideae was petiolate, together with three Stenomesseae genera and a number of species of the
type genus
In biological taxonomy, the type genus (''genus typica'') is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name.
Zoological nomenclature
According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearin ...
''
Stenomesson''. Furthermore, the
type species
In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...
of ''Stenomesson'', ''
Stenomesson flavum'' is petiolate. The consequent petiolate Eucharideae/Stenomesseae subclade could not be further resolved into distinct monophyletic tribes. Subsequent treatment has been variable. Meerow ''et al.'' state here that this subclade should be called Stenomesseae because the type species of Stenomesson was petiolate and thus transferred from the former Stenomesseae into the new petiolate clade. Subsequently, Meerow (2004) treated the Andean clade as having four tribes with ''Eucharis'' in Stenomesseae.
However, since then the term Eucharideae has been used instead. For example, in a paper presented at Monocot IV (2008), a cladogram published in 2013, and in 2014 only Eucharideae is mentioned while in 2015 Meerow described new species of ''Stenomesson'' and ''Eucharis'' as being in Eucharideae. The combined clade would include Stenomessaea as the reduced ''Stenomesson'' (
sensu stricto
''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...
), ''
Rauhia'', ''
Phaedranassa'', and ''
Eucrosia'', together with Eucharideae as ''
Eucharis'', ''
Caliphruria'', and ''
Urceolina''.
Based on the oldest published name for the remaining lorate ''Stenomesson'' species, which is ''
Clinanthus'', the lorate subclade was designated tribe
Clinantheae, and the remaining species transferred. In this redescription, ''
Clinanthus luteus'' becomes the type species for tribe Clinantheae which includes ''
Pamianthe'', ''
Paramongaia'' and ''
Pucara''. Although subsequent analysis resulted in submerging ''Pucara'' into ''Stenomesson'' (and hence Stenomesseae), rather than treating it as a separate genus.
The Eurasian clade was also further resolved (for historical treatment, see Table I Meerow ''et al.'' 2006) into four tribes,
Pancratieae,
Narcisseae,
Galantheae and
Lycorideae. This positioned Lycorideae as sister to the remaining Mediterranean tribes.
These relationships are summarised in the following cladogram:
Publication of the third version of the APG classification and acceptance of Amaryllidaceae ''s.l.'' was accompanied by a listing of accepted subfamily and tribal names, since the change in
rank from family to subfamily necessitated a revision of other lower ranks, as follows:
Family:
Amaryllidaceae
The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus '' Amaryllis'' and is commonly known as the amaryl ...
J.St.-Hil., Expos. Fam. Nat. 1: 134. Feb–Apr 1805, ''nom. cons.''
* Subfamily: Amaryllidoideae
Burnett, Outl. Bot.: 446. Feb 1835 (15 tribes)
** Tribe
Amaryllideae Dumort., Anal. Fam. Pl.: 58. 1829.
** Tribe
Calostemmateae
Calostemmateae are a very small tribe (biology), tribe of subfamily Amaryllidoideae (family (biology), family Amaryllidaceae). They are herbaceous monocot perennial flowering plants endemic to Australasia. The tribe consists of two genera, ''Proi ...
D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.Doblies, Feddes Repert. 107 (Short commun.): 7 December 1996.
** Tribe
Cyrtantheae Traub, Herbertia 5: 111. Nov 1938.
** Tribe
Eucharideae Hutch., Fam.Fl.Pl.2:130.20 Jul 1934.
** Tribe
Eustephieae Hutch., Fam.Fl.Pl.2:130.20 Jul 1934.
** Tribe
Galantheae Parl., Fl. Ital. 3: 75. 1858.
** Tribe
Gethyllideae Dumort., Anal. Fam. Pl.: 58. 1829.
** Tribe
Haemantheae Hutch., Fam. Fl. Pl. 2: 130. 20 July 1934.
** Tribe
Hippeastreae Herb. ex Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard., ser. 2, 1: ad t. 14. 1 September 1829.
** Tribe
Hymenocallideae Small
Small means of insignificant size
Size in general is the Magnitude (mathematics), magnitude or dimensions of a thing. More specifically, ''geometrical size'' (or ''spatial size'') can refer to three geometrical measures: length, area, or ...
, Man. S.E. Fl.: 315. 30 November 1933.
** Tribe
Lycorideae Traub ex D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.Doblies, Feddes Repert. 107 (Short commun.): 6. Dec. 1996.
** Tribe
Narcisseae Lam. & DC., Syn. Pl. Fl. Gall.: 165. 30 June 1806.
** Tribe
Pancratieae Dumort., Anal. Fam. Pl.: 58. 1829.
** Tribe
Stenomesseae Traub, Pl. Life 19: 60. Jan 1963.
This circumscription differs from the phylogenetic descriptions of Meerow and colleagues in several respects, as described above. Griffineae is recognised as a distinct tribe within the Hippeastroid clade, and Stenomesseae is recognised as
polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies ...
with two distinct types based on leaf shape and subsequent creation of Clinanthieae as a separate grouping (see
Cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not s ...
), the remainder being submerged into Eucharideae.
Additional tribes:
** Tribe
Griffineae Ravenna
Ravenna ( ; , also ; ) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy. It was the capital city of the Western Roman Empire during the 5th century until its Fall of Rome, collapse in 476, after which ...
, Pl. Life (Stanford) 30: 65 (1974).
** Tribe
Clinantheae Meerow
Genera
The subfamily includes about 70
genera
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial s ...
arranged in
tribes
The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide use of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. The definition is contested, in part due to conflict ...
and subtribes.
References
Bibliography
Books
*
*
*
*
At
* Volume 1: Monocotyledon">C.U.P.">At C.U.P.
* Volume 1:
ae 1926, Volume 2:Dicotyledon">C.U.P.
* Volume 1: Monocotyledon">C.U.P.">At C.U.P.
* Volume 1: Monocotyledonae 1926, Volume 2:Dicotyledonae 1934.
*
*
*
Symposia
*
*
Excerpts*
Chapters
* , in .
(additional excerpts)* , in
* , in
* , in
* , in
* , in
Articles and theses
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Full text *
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
History
* see also
Species Plantarum
' (Latin for "The Species of Plants") is a book by Carl Linnaeus, originally published in 1753, which lists every species of plant known at the time, classified into genus, genera. It is the first work to consistently apply binomial nomenclature ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Websites
*
*
*
*
External links
Images of Amaryllidaceae species in Topwalkslinks at CSDL, Texas
International Bulb Society Flowers in Israel
Images of Amarilids from Chile
{{Authority control
Asparagales subfamilies">Amaryllidoideae">
Asparagales subfamilies