Alysiinae
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The Alysiinae are a subfamily of braconid
parasitoid wasp Parasitoid wasps are a large group of hymenopteran Superfamily (zoology), superfamilies, with all but the wood wasps (Orussoidea) being in the wasp-waisted Apocrita. As parasitoids, they lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other arthropods, ...
s with over 1000 described species. Several species have been used in
biocontrol Biological control or biocontrol is a method of pest control, controlling pests, whether pest animals such as insects and mites, weeds, or pathogens affecting animals or phytopathology, plants by bioeffector, using other organisms. It relies o ...
programs. They are closely related to the
Opiinae The Opiinae are a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps with over 1300 described species. Several species have been used in biocontrol programs against fruit flies and Agromyzidae flies. They are closely related to the Alysiinae. Description ...
.


Description and distribution

Alysiinae are small wasps, usually under 5 mm long and black or brown in color. Their mandibles are exodont, opening outwards and not overlapping. This characteristic is essentially unique among braconids, with only a few rare exceptions (e.g., the genus '' Exodontiella'' in the subfamily Gnamptodontinae). Alysiinae are found worldwide. They are "frequently seen whereever decaying organic matter occurs."


Biology

Alysiinae are koinobiont endoparasitoids of
Cyclorrhapha Cyclorrhapha is an Taxon#Ranks, unranked taxon within the infraorder (biology), infraorder Muscomorpha. They are called "Cyclorrhapha" ('circular-seamed flies') with reference to the circular aperture through which the adult escapes the puparium. ...
Diptera Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advance ...
. Females
oviposit The ovipositor is a tube-like organ used by some animals, especially insects, for the laying of eggs. In insects, an ovipositor consists of a maximum of three pairs of appendages. The details and morphology of the ovipositor vary, but typical ...
into host eggs or larvae. The host is allowed to develop until it forms a
puparium A pupa (; : pupae) is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in their life cycle, the stages the ...
, at which point it is killed by the wasp larva. The Alysiinae larva then pupates within the host puparium. Adults use their exodont mandibles to break free of the tough host puparium. Most species of Alysiinae are solitary, but a few are gregarious and lay multiple eggs within one host.


Genera

These genera belong to the subfamily Alysiinae: * '' Adelurola'' Strand, 1928 * '' Alloea'' Haliday, 1833 c g * ''
Alysia ''Alysia'' is a luxury charter Motor yacht owned by Greek businessman Andreas Liveras. She was constructed in steel during 2006 by the Neorion ship-yard for a cost of about 116 million EUR. This made her ''Forbes'' magazine's most expensive yach ...
'' Latreille, 1804 i c g b * '' Alysiasta'' Wharton, 1980 c g b * '' Angelovia'' Zaykov, 1980 c g * '' Aphaereta'' Förster, 1862 c g b * '' Apronopa'' van Achterberg, 1980 c g * '' Aristelix'' Nixon, 1943 c g * ''
Asobara ''Asobara'' is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae. It contains around forty species. The genus is best known for the ''Drosophila'' parasitoid ''Asobara tabida'', which is notable as both a model for parasitoid wasp infection i ...
'' Förster, 1862 i c g b * '' Aspilota'' Foerster, 1863 * '' Asyntactus'' Marshall, 1896 c g * '' Carinthilota'' Fischer, 1975 c g * '' Chasmodon'' Haliday, 1838 c g b * '' Chorebus'' Haliday, 1833 i c g b * '' Coelinidea'' Viereck, 1913 c g * '' Coelinius'' Nees von Esenbeck, 1818 c g b (coelinius nees) * '' Coloneura' Foerster, 1863 * '' Cratospila'' Förster, 1862 c g * '' Dacnusa'' Haliday, 1833 * '' Dapsilarthra'' Förster, 1862 c g b * '' Dinotrema'' Förster, 1862 c g b * '' Epimicta'' Foerster, 1863 * '' Eucoelinidea'' Tobias, 1971 c g * '' Eudinostigma'' Tobias, 1986 c g * '' Exotela'' Foerster, 1863 * '' Grammospila'' Foerster, 1863 * ''
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'' Goidanich, 1936 c g * '' Heterolexis'' Thomson, 1895 * '' Idiasta'' Foerster, 1863 c g * '' Lodbrokia'' Hedqvist, 1962 c g * '' Mesocrina'' Förster, 1862 c g b * '' Oenonogastra'' Ashmead, 1900 c g b * '' Orthostigma'' Ratzeburg, 1844 c g b * '' Panerema'' Förster, 1862 c g * '' Pentapleura'' Förster, 1862 c g b * '' Phaenocarpa'' Förster, 1862 i c g b * '' Phasmalysia'' Tobias, 1971 c g * '' Polemochartus'' Shulz, 1911 * '' Protochorebus'' Perepetchayenko, 1997 c g * '' Protodacnusa'' Griffiths, 1964 c g * '' Pseudopezomachus'' Mantero, 1905 c g * '' Pterusa'' Fischer, 1958 c g * '' Regetus'' Papp, 1999 c g * '' Sarops'' Nixon, 1942 c g * '' Symphanes'' Förster, 1862 c g * '' Synaldis'' Förster, 1862 c g * '' Syncrasis'' Förster, 1862 c g * '' Tanycarpa'' Förster, 1862 c g * '' Tates'' Nixon, 1943 c g * '' Terebrebus'' Tobias, 1999 c g * '' Trachionus'' Haliday, 1833 c g b * '' Trachyusa'' Ruthe, 1854 c g Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net


References


External links


Photographs at BugGuide.net

DNA barcodes at BOLD systems
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1949305 Braconidae Hymenoptera subfamilies