Almah or Almeh ( arz, عالمة ' , plural ' , from

Arabic Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walte ...

: ' "to know, be learned") was the name of a class of

courtesan Courtesan, in modern usage, is a euphemism for a "kept" mistress or prostitute, particularly one with wealthy, powerful, or influential clients. The term historically referred to a courtier, a person who attended the court of a monarch or other ...

s or female entertainers in

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Med ...

, women educated to sing and recite classical poetry and to discourse wittily, connected to the '' qayna'' slave singers. They were educated girls of good social standing, trained in dancing, singing and poetry, present at festivals and entertainments, and hired as mourners at funerals.
The Awalim were first introduced as singers, not dancers-cum-prostitutes, according to Edward William Lane's book, ''Manner and Costumes of modern Egyptians''. Lane additionally wrote that the Almah didn't display herself at all, but sang from behind a screen or from another room at weddings and other respectable festivities. Consequently, the Awalem were not subject to exile in

Upper Egypt Upper Egypt ( ar, صعيد مصر ', shortened to , , locally: ; ) is the southern portion of Egypt and is composed of the lands on both sides of the Nile that extend wikt:downriver, upriver from Lower Egypt in the north to Nubia in the south. ...

. In the 19th century, ''almeh'' came to be used as a synonym to all the erotic local dancers who usually came from very poor backgrounds and sometimes contributed in sexual acts in return of money, hence why the traditional erotic dancers of Egypt got all their performances banned in 1834, because they were considered "unclassy". As a result of the ban, all the dancers in modern Egypt became ''Awalim'', which was officially classified as a legal occupation in Egypt. Transliterated into French as ''almée'', the term came to be synonymous with " belly dancer" in European Orientalism of the 19th Century.

Awalim

From the last decades of the 19th century until the 1920s, there were some of the most notable and last "awalim" of Egypt: * Shooq * Bamba Kashar * Chafika Al Qebtiya * Mounira Al Mahdiya * Badia Masabni * Beba Ibrahim * Nabawiya Al Masryia

References

{{reflist Egyptian culture Egyptian dances Egyptian female dancers North African culture Belly dance