Alexandre-Félix-Joseph Ribot (; 7 February 184213 January 1923) was a French politician, four times

Prime Minister A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. A prime minister is not the head of state, but r ...

Early life and early career

Ribot was born on 7 February 1842, in

Saint-Omer Saint-Omer (; ; Picard: ''Saint-Onmé'') is a commune and sub-prefecture of the Pas-de-Calais department in France. It is west-northwest of Lille on the railway to Calais, and is located in the Artois province. The town is named after Sa ...

. After graduating from the

University of Paris The University of Paris (), known Metonymy, metonymically as the Sorbonne (), was the leading university in Paris, France, from 1150 to 1970, except for 1793–1806 during the French Revolution. Emerging around 1150 as a corporation associated wit ...

, where he was ''lauréat'' of the faculty of law, he was admitted to the bar. He was secretary of the conference of advocates and one of the founders of the ''Sociéte de legislation comparée''. In 1875 and 1876, he was director of criminal affairs and secretary-general at the ministry of justice.

Representative

In 1877, he entered politics, becoming a member of the committee of legal resistance during the Broglie ministry; in 1878, he returned to the chamber as a moderate republican member for

Boulogne Boulogne-sur-Mer (; ; ; or ''Bononia''), often called just Boulogne (, ), is a coastal city in Hauts-de-France, Northern France. It is a Subprefectures in France, sub-prefecture of the Departments of France, department of Pas-de-Calais. Boul ...

, in his native ''département'' of

Pas-de-Calais The Pas-de-Calais (, ' strait of Calais'; ; ) is a department in northern France named after the French designation of the Strait of Dover, which it borders. It has the most communes of all the departments of France, with 890, and is the ...

. His impassioned yet reasoned eloquence gave him an influence which was increased by his articles in the ''Parlement'' in which he opposed violent measures against the unauthorized congregations. He devoted himself especially to financial questions, and in 1882 was reporter of the budget. He became one of the most prominent republican opponents of the Radical party, distinguishing himself by his attacks on the short-lived Gambetta ministry. He refused to vote the credits demanded by the

Ferry A ferry is a boat or ship that transports passengers, and occasionally vehicles and cargo, across a body of water. A small passenger ferry with multiple stops, like those in Venice, Italy, is sometimes referred to as a water taxi or water bus ...

cabinet for the

Tonkin Tonkin, also spelled Tongkin, Tonquin or Tongking, is an exonym referring to the northern region of Vietnam. During the 17th and 18th centuries, this term referred to the domain '' Đàng Ngoài'' under Trịnh lords' control, including both the ...

expedition, and helped

Georges Clemenceau Georges Benjamin Clemenceau (28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929) was a French statesman who was Prime Minister of France from 1906 to 1909 and again from 1917 until 1920. A physician turned journalist, he played a central role in the poli ...

overthrow the ministry in 1885. At the general election of that year he was a victim of the Republican rout in the Pas-de-Calais, and did not re-enter the chamber until 1887.

Cabinet member

After 1889, he sat for Saint-Omer. His fear of the Boulangist movement converted him to the policy of "Republican Concentration," and he entered office in 1890 as

foreign minister In many countries, the ministry of foreign affairs (abbreviated as MFA or MOFA) is the highest government department exclusively or primarily responsible for the state's foreign policy and relations, diplomacy, bilateral, and multilateral r ...

in the Freycinet cabinet. He was named for his speeches and negotiation skills, such as in 1891, where his diplomacy led to the Franco-Russian Alliance. He retained his post in

Émile Loubet Émile François Loubet (; 30 December 183820 December 1929) was the 45th Prime Minister of France from February to December 1892 and later President of France from 1899 to 1906. Trained in law, he became Mayor (France), mayor of Montélimar, w ...

's ministry (February–November 1892), and on its defeat he became president of the council (prime minister), retaining the direction of foreign affairs. The government resigned in March 1893 over the refusal of the chamber to accept the Senate's amendments to the budget. On the election of Félix Faure as president of the Republic in January 1895, Ribot was reappointed premier and minister of finance. On 10 June, he made the first official announcement of a definite alliance with Russia. On 30 October, due to mismanagement of the Second Madagascar expedition, the government was defeated, and he, along with all other government officials, resigned. After the fall of Jules Méline's ministry in 1898, Ribot tried in vain to form a cabinet of "conciliation." Ar the end of 1898, he was elected president of the commission of education, where he advocated for secular education; religious teaching policies from

Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau Pierre Marie René Ernest Waldeck-Rousseau (; 2 December 184610 August 1904) was a French Republicanism, Republican politician who served for three years as the Prime Minister of France. Early life Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau was born in Nantes, ...

on the religious teaching congregations split the Republican party, and Ribot was among the seceders. In 1902, Ribot was elected the minister of Foreign Affairs. While in tenue, he canceled the Egypt's debt to France, at the cost of accessing its natural resources. It was likely backed by his personal motivations. An adversary to the anti-clerical Combes, he helped bring about the fall of his cabinet, on 13 January 1905. Though, he recognized its improvements from the

Concordat of 1801 The Concordat of 1801 was an agreement between the First French Republic and the Holy See, signed by First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII on 15 July 1801 in Paris. It remained in effect until 1905, except in Alsace–Lorraine, ...

, and supported its ''Associations culturelles''. He was re-elected deputy for Saint-Omer in 1906, and the same year, he became a member of the

Académie Française An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of tertiary education. The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, founded approximately 386 BC at Akademia, a sanctuary of Athena, the go ...

in succession to the duc d'Audiffret-Pasquier. He was already a member of the Academy of Moral and Political Science. In justification of his policy in opposition, he published in 1905 two volumes of his ''Discours politiques''. On 3 January 1909, Ribot was elected a member of the

French Senate The Senate (, ) is the upper house of the French Parliament, with the lower house being the National Assembly (France), National Assembly, the two houses constituting the legislature of France. It is made up of 348 senators (''sénateurs'' and ...

, and in February 1910, he was offered the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in the Monis cabinet, which he refused. After the formation of the

Poincaré Poincaré is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Henri Poincaré Jules Henri Poincaré (, ; ; 29 April 185417 July 1912) was a French mathematician, Theoretical physics, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philos ...

Government on 14 January 1912, Ribot took the place of Léon Bourgeois as president of the committee appointed to deal with the Franco-German treaty, which he went on to help negotiate. In 1913, he was an unsuccessful candidate for the presidency of the Republic, and on the fall of

Louis Barthou Jean Louis Barthou (; 25 August 1862 – 9 October 1934) was a French politician of the French Third Republic, Third Republic who served as Prime Minister of France for eight months in 1913. In social policy, his time as prime minister saw the ...

's Government was invited by Poincaré, who was now President, to form a Cabinet, which he refused. In 1914, he became, with Jean Dupuy, leader of the Left Republican group which refused to accept the decisions of the Radical Socialist congress at Pau in October 1913.

First Premiership

On 9 June 1914, Ribot became Prime Minister and Minister of Justice, but ended on 10 June.

World War I

On 27 August 1914, during

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

, Ribot became Minister of Finance in Viviani's Ministry of National Defence, an office which he retained when, on 28 October 1915,

Aristide Briand Aristide Pierre Henri Briand (; 28 March 18627 March 1932) was a French statesman who served eleven terms as Prime Minister of France during the French Third Republic. He is mainly remembered for his focus on international issues and reconciliat ...

succeeded Viviani as Prime Minister. On 7 February 1916, Ribot visited London and held a conference with the Chancellor of the Exchequer at the Treasury. When Briand reconstituted his Cabinet in December 1916, Ribot retained his position. On the fall of the Briand Ministry, President Poincaré appointed him as Prime Minister. On 21 March, he declared his goals to be "to recover the provinces torn from us in the past, to obtain the reparations and guarantees due to France, and to prepare a durable peace based on respect for the rights and liberty of peoples". On 31 July, in a reply to the German Chancellor

Georg Michaelis Georg Michaelis (pronunciation, gee-ORG MEH-kay-liss; 8 September 1857 – 24 July 1936) was the imperial chancellor of the German Empire for a few months in 1917. He was the first (and, in the German Empire, the only) commoner to hold the pos ...

, he admitted that in 1917 an agreement had been made with Tsar Nicholas to erect the German territories on the left bank of the

Rhine The Rhine ( ) is one of the List of rivers of Europe, major rivers in Europe. The river begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps. It forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein border, then part of the Austria–Swit ...

into an autonomous state, but denied that there had been any question of their annexation to France. Following the decision to dismiss Interior Minister Louis Malvy, his government resigned office on 2 September, but he accepted the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the Painlevé cabinet constituted six days later. He resigned office finally on 16 October, owing to the violent criticism of his refusal to fall into the "trap" of German peace offers.

Death and legacy

Ribot left politics, and died in Paris on 13 January 1923, aged 80. The Lycée Alexandre Ribot grammar school is named for him.

Cabinets

Ribot's 1st Ministry, 6 December 189211 January 1893 *Alexandre Ribot – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs * Charles de Freycinet – Minister of War *

– Minister of the Interior * Maurice Rouvier – Minister of Finance * Léon Bourgeois – Minister of Justice * Auguste Burdeau – Minister of Marine and Colonies * Charles Dupuy – Minister of Public Instruction, Fine Arts, and Worship * Jules Develle – Minister of Agriculture * Jules Viette – Minister of Public Works * Jules Siegfried – Minister of Commerce and Industry Changes *13 December 1892 – Pierre Tirard succeeds Rouvier as Minister of Finance. Ribot's 2nd Ministry, 11 January 18934 April 1893 *Alexandre Ribot – President of the Council and Minister of the Interior * Jules Develle – Minister of Foreign Affairs * Julien Léon Loizillon – Minister of War * Pierre Tirard – Minister of Finance * Léon Bourgeois – Minister of Justice * Adrien Barthélemy Louis Henri Rieunier – Minister of Marine * Charles Dupuy – Minister of Public Instruction, Fine Arts, and Worship * Albert Viger – Minister of Agriculture * Jules Siegfried – Minister of Commerce, Industry, and the Colonies Ribot's 3rd Ministry, 26 January 18951 November 1895 *Alexandre Ribot – President of the Council and Minister of Finance * Gabriel Hanotaux – Minister of Foreign Affairs * Émile Zurlinden – Minister of War * Georges Leygues – Minister of the Interior * Ludovic Trarieux – Minister of Justice * Armand Louis Charles Gustave Besnard – Minister of Marine *

Raymond Poincaré Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré (; 20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1913 to 1920, and three times as Prime Minister of France. He was a conservative leader, primarily committed to ...

– Minister of Public Instruction, Fine Arts, and Worship * Antoine Gadaud – Minister of Agriculture * Émile Chautemps – Minister of Colonies * Ludovic Dupuy-Dutemps – Minister of Public Works * André Lebon – Minister of Posts and Telegraphs and Minister of Commerce and Industry Ribot's 4th Ministry, 9 June 191413 June 1914 *Alexandre Ribot – President of the Council and Minister of Justice * Léon Bourgeois – Minister of Foreign Affairs * Théophile Delcassé – Minister of War * Paul Peytral – Minister of the Interior *

Étienne Clémentel Étienne Clémentel (; 11 January 1864 – 25 December 1936) was a French politician. He served as a member of the National Assembly of France from 1900 to 1919 and as French Senator from 1920 to 1936. He also served as Minister of Colonies fro ...

– Minister of Finance * Jean-Baptiste Abel – Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions * Émile Chautemps – Minister of Marine * Arthur Dessoye – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts * Adrien Dariac – Minister of Agriculture * Maurice Maunoury – Minister of Colonies * Jean Dupuy – Minister of Public Works * Marc Réville – Minister of Posts and Telegraphs and Minister of Commerce and Industry Ribot's 5th Ministry, 20 March 191712 September 1917 *Alexandre Ribot – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs * Paul Painlevé – Minister of War * Louis Malvy – Minister of the Interior * Joseph Thierry – Minister of Finance * Albert Thomas – Minister of Armaments and War Manufacturing * Léon Bourgeois – Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions * René Viviani – Minister of Justice * Lucien Lacaze – Minister of Marine * Théodore Steeg – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts * Fernand David – Minister of Agriculture * Maurice Viollette – Minister of General Supply and Maritime Transports * André Maginot – Minister of Colonies * Georges Desplas – Minister of Public Works and Transport *

– Minister of Posts and Telegraphs and Minister of Commerce and Industry Changes *4 July 1917 – The office of Minister of Maritime Transports is abolished. Maurice Viollette remains Minister of General Supply. *10 August 1917 – Charles Chaumet succeeds Lacaze as Minister of Marine. *1 September 1917 – Théodore Steeg succeeds Malvy as Minister of the Interior

References

External links