Alexandre Herculano de Carvalho e Araújo (; 28 March 181013 September 1877) was a Portuguese novelist and historian.

Early life

Herculano's family had humble origins. One of his grandfathers was a foreman

stonemason Stonemasonry or stonecraft is the creation of buildings, structures, and sculpture using stone as the primary material. Stonemasonry is the craft of shaping and arranging stones, often together with mortar and even the ancient lime mortar ...

in the royal employ. Herculano received his early education, comprising

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

logic Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the study of deductively valid inferences or logical truths. It examines how conclusions follow from premises based on the structure o ...

and

rhetoric Rhetoric is the art of persuasion. It is one of the three ancient arts of discourse ( trivium) along with grammar and logic/ dialectic. As an academic discipline within the humanities, rhetoric aims to study the techniques that speakers or w ...

, at the Necessidades Monastery, and spent a year at the Royal Marine Academy studying mathematics with the intention of entering on a commercial career. In 1828 Portugal fell under the absolute rule of D. Miguel, and Herculano, becoming involved in the unsuccessful military ''pronunciamento'' of August 1831, had to leave Portugal clandestinely and take refuge in England and France. In 1832 he accompanied the Liberal expedition to

Terceira Island Terceira () is a volcanic island in the Azores archipelago, about a third of the way across the North Atlantic Ocean at a similar latitude to Portugal's capital Lisbon, with the island group forming an insular part of Portugal. It is one of the ...

as a volunteer, and was one of D. Pedro's famous army of 7,500 men who landed at Mindelo and occupied

Porto Porto (), also known in English language, English as Oporto, is the List of cities in Portugal, second largest city in Portugal, after Lisbon. It is the capital of the Porto District and one of the Iberian Peninsula's major urban areas. Porto c ...

. He took part in all the actions of the great siege, and at the same time served as a librarian in the city archives. He published his first volume of verses, ''A Voz de Propheta'', in 1832, and two years later another entitled ''A Harpa do Crente''. Privation had made a man of him, and in these little books he proves himself a poet of deep feeling and considerable power of expression. The stirring incidents in the political emancipation of Portugal inspired his muse, and he describes the bitterness of exile, the adventurous expedition to Terceira, the heroic defence of Porto, and the final combats of liberty. In 1837 he founded the ''Panorama'' in imitation of the English '' Penny Magazine'', and there and in ''Illustração'' he published the historical tales which were afterwards collected into ''Lendas e Narrativas''; in the same year he became royal librarian at the Ajuda Palace, which enabled him to continue his studies of the past. The Panorama had a large circulation and influence, and Herculano's biographical sketches of great men and his articles of literary and historical criticism did much to educate the middle class by acquainting them with the story of their nation, and with the progress of knowledge and the state of letters in foreign countries.

Writings

After spending his early years as a poet, Herculano introduced the historical novel into Portugal in 1844 by a book written in imitation of

Walter Scott Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 – 21 September 1832), was a Scottish novelist, poet and historian. Many of his works remain classics of European literature, European and Scottish literature, notably the novels ''Ivanhoe'' (18 ...

. ''Eurico'' treats of the fall of the

Visigoth The Visigoths (; ) were a Germanic people united under the rule of a king and living within the Roman Empire during late antiquity. The Visigoths first appeared in the Balkans, as a Roman-allied barbarian military group united under the comman ...

ic monarchy and the beginnings of resistance in the Asturias which gave birth to the Christian kingdoms of the

Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula ( ), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe. Mostly separated from the rest of the European landmass by the Pyrenees, it includes the territories of peninsular Spain and Continental Portugal, comprisin ...

. A second book, ''Monge de Cister'', published in 1848, describes the time of King João I, when the middle class and the municipalities first asserted their power and elected a king who stood in opposition to the nobility. From an artistic standpoint, these stories are rather laboured productions, besides being ultra-romantic in tone; but they were written mainly with an educational goal, and, moreover, they deserve high praise for their style. Herculano had greater book-learning than Scott, but lacked descriptive talent and skill in dialogue. His touch is heavy, and these novels show no dramatic power, which accounts for his failure as a playwright, but their influence was as great as their followers were many.

Chronicles and Histories

These and editions of two old chronicles, the "Chronicle of Dom Sebastião" (1839) and the "Annals of king João III" (1844), prepared Herculano for his life's work, and the year 1846 saw the first volume of his "History of Portugal from the Beginning of the Monarchy to the end of the Reign of Afonso III", a book written on critical lines and based on documents. The difficulties he encountered in producing it were very great, for the foundations had been ill-prepared by his predecessors, and he was obliged to be artisan and architect at the same time. He had to collect manuscripts from all parts of Portugal, decipher, classify and weigh them before he could begin work, and then he found it necessary to break with precedents and destroy traditions. Serious students in Portugal and abroad welcomed the book as an historical work of the first rank, for its evidence of careful research, its able marshalling of facts, its scholarship and its painful accuracy, while the sculptural simplicity of the style and the correctness of the diction made it a Portuguese classic. The second volume of his history appeared in 1847, the third in 1849, and the fourth in 1853.

Historiographic controversy

The first volume, however, gave rise to a celebrated controversy, because Herculano had reduced the famous battle of Ourique, which was supposed to have seen the birth of the Portuguese monarchy, to the dimensions of a mere skirmish, and denied the apparition of Christ to King Afonso, a fable first circulated in the 15th century. Herculano was denounced from the pulpit and by the press for his lack of ''

patriotism Patriotism is the feeling of love, devotion, and a sense of attachment to one's country or state. This attachment can be a combination of different feelings for things such as the language of one's homeland, and its ethnic, cultural, politic ...

'' and piety, and after bearing the attack for some time his pride drove him to reply. In a letter to the cardinal patriarch of Lisbon entitled ''Eu e o Clero'' (1850), he denounced the fanaticism and ignorance of the clergy in plain terms, and this provoked a fierce pamphlet war marked by much personal abuse. A professor of

Arabic Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns lang ...

in Lisbon intervened to sustain the accepted view of the battle, and charged Herculano and his supporter, Pascual de Gayangos with ignorance of the Arab historians and of their language. The conduct of the controversy, which lasted some years, did credit to none of the contending parties, but Herculano's statement of the facts was eventually universally accepted as correct.

History of the Inquisition

In his youth, the excesses of absolutism had made Herculano a Liberal, and the attacks on his history turned this man, full of sentiment and deep religious conviction, into an anti-clerical who began to distinguish between political

Catholicism The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...

and Christianity. His "History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal" (1854–1855), relating the thirty years' struggle between King John III and the

Jew Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly inte ...

s—he to establish the tribunal and they to prevent him—was compiled, as the preface showed, to stem the ultramontane reaction, but nonetheless carried weight because it was a recital of events with little or no comment or evidence of passion in its author. Next to these two books ("History of Portugal from the beginning of the monarchy to the end of the reign of Afonso III" and "History of the origin and establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal"), his study, "Condition of the working classes on the peninsula from the seventh to the twelfth century" (''"Do Estado das classes servas na Peninsula desde o VII. até o XII. seculo"''), was Herculano's most valuable contribution to history.

Retirement

In 1856 Herculano began editing a series of ''Portugalliae monumenta historica'', but personal differences between him and the keeper of the Archives, which he necessarily frequented, interrupted his historical studies. On the death of his friend King Pedro V, Herculano left the Ajuda and retired to a country house near Santarém. The alliance of

Liberalism Liberalism is a Political philosophy, political and moral philosophy based on the Individual rights, rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, the right to private property, and equality before the law. ...

and Catholicism, represented by Herculano and his fellow poetic historians Chateaubriand and

Lamartine Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine (; 21 October 179028 February 1869) was a French author, poet, and statesman. Initially a moderate royalist, he became one of the leading critics of the July Monarchy of Louis-Philippe, aligning more w ...

had ended as the movement known as

Ultramontanism Ultramontanism is a clerical political conception within the Catholic Church that places strong emphasis on the prerogatives and powers of the Pope. It contrasts with Gallicanism, the belief that popular civil authority—often represented b ...

grew within the Catholic hierarchy after the

Revolutions of 1848 The revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the springtime of the peoples or the springtime of nations, were a series of revolutions throughout Europe over the course of more than one year, from 1848 to 1849. It remains the most widespre ...

. Disillusioned with mankind and despairing of the future of his country, Herculano rarely emerged from his retirement; when he did so, it was to fight political and religious reactionaries. Herculano defended Portugal's monastic orders (advocating their reform rather than suppression) and successfully opposed the entry of foreign religious orders. He supported the rural clergy and idealized the village priest in his ''Pároco da Aldeia'', an imitation, unconscious or otherwise, of

Oliver Goldsmith Oliver Goldsmith (10 November 1728 – 4 April 1774) was an Anglo-Irish people, Anglo-Irish poet, novelist, playwright, and hack writer. A prolific author of various literature, he is regarded among the most versatile writers of the Georgian e ...

's "The Vicar of Wakefield". Herculano also opposed the Concordat of February 21, 1857, between Portugal and the

Holy See The Holy See (, ; ), also called the See of Rome, the Petrine See or the Apostolic See, is the central governing body of the Catholic Church and Vatican City. It encompasses the office of the pope as the Bishops in the Catholic Church, bishop ...

, regulating the Portuguese Padroado in the East. Herculano supported

civil marriage A civil marriage is a marriage performed, recorded, and recognized by a government official. Such a marriage may be performed by a religious body and recognized by the state, or it may be entirely secular. History Countries maintaining a popul ...

, although his "Studies on Civil Marriage" (''"Estudos sobre o Casamento Civil"'') was banned (put on the

Index Librorum Prohibitorum The (English: ''Index of Forbidden Books'') was a changing list of publications deemed heretical or contrary to morality by the Sacred Congregation of the Index (a former dicastery of the Roman Curia); Catholics were forbidden to print or re ...

). English historian Lord Acton and German historian

Ignaz von Döllinger Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger (; 28 February 179914 January 1890), also Doellinger in English, was a German theologian, Catholic priest and church historian who rejected the dogma of papal infallibility. Among his writings which proved c ...

experienced similar problems, especially as they all fought the new

dogma Dogma, in its broadest sense, is any belief held definitively and without the possibility of reform. It may be in the form of an official system of principles or doctrines of a religion, such as Judaism, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, or Islam ...

s of the

Immaculate Conception The Immaculate Conception is the doctrine that the Virgin Mary was free of original sin from the moment of her conception. It is one of the four Mariology, Marian dogmas of the Catholic Church. Debated by medieval theologians, it was not def ...

(1854) and

papal infallibility Papal infallibility is a Dogma in the Catholic Church, dogma of the Catholic Church which states that, in virtue of the promise of Jesus to Saint Peter, Peter, the Pope when he speaks is preserved from the possibility of error on doctrine "in ...

(1871). Other key documents issued by

Pius IX Pope Pius IX (; born Giovanni Maria Battista Pietro Pellegrino Isidoro Mastai-Ferretti; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878) was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878. His reign of nearly 32 years is the longest verified of any pope in hist ...

during the ecclesiastical retrenchment include the Syllabus of Errors (1864) and Etsi multa (1873).

Political legacy

In the domain of letters he remained until his death a veritable pontiff, and an article or book of his was an event celebrated from one end of Portugal to the other. The nation continued to look up to him for intellectual leadership, but, in his later years, lacking hope himself, he could not stimulate others or use to advantage the powers conferred upon him. In politics he remained a constitutional Liberal of the old type, and, for him, the people were the middle classes in opposition to the lower, which he saw to have been the supporters of tyranny in all ages, while he considered radicalism to mean a return via

anarchy Anarchy is a form of society without rulers. As a type of stateless society, it is commonly contrasted with states, which are centralized polities that claim a monopoly on violence over a permanent territory. Beyond a lack of government, it can ...

to absolutism. However, though he conducted political propaganda campaigns in the press in his early days, Herculano never exercised much influence in politics.

Character

Grave as most of his writings are, they include a short description of a crossing from

Jersey Jersey ( ; ), officially the Bailiwick of Jersey, is an autonomous and self-governing island territory of the British Islands. Although as a British Crown Dependency it is not a sovereign state, it has its own distinguishing civil and gov ...

to Granville, in which he satirizes English character and customs, and he reveals an unexpected sense of humour. A rare capacity for tedious work, a dour rectitude, a passion for truth, pride, irritation when criticized, and independence of character are the marks of Herculano as a man. He could be broken but never bent, and his rude frankness accorded with his hard, sombre face, and he often alienated men's sympathies though he seldom lost their respect. His lyricism is vigorous, feeling but austere, and almost entirely subjective and personal, while his pamphlets are distinguished by energy of conviction, strength of affirmation, and contempt for weaker and more ignorant opponents. His ''History of Portugal'' is a great but incomplete monument. A lack of imagination and a deficit of the philosophic spirit prevented him from penetrating or drawing characters, but his analytical gift, joined to persevering toil and honesty of purpose, enabled him to present a faithful account of ascertained facts and a satisfactorily lucid explanation of political and economic events. His remains lie in a majestic tomb in the

Jerónimos Monastery The Jerónimos Monastery or Hieronymites Monastery (, ) is a former monastery of the Hieronymites, Order of Saint Jerome near the Tagus river in the parish of Santa Maria de Belém, Belém, in the Lisbon Municipality, Portugal. It became the nec ...

Belém Belém (; Portuguese for Bethlehem; initially called Nossa Senhora de Belém do Grão-Pará, in English Our Lady of Bethlehem of Great Pará), often called Belém of Pará, is the capital and largest city of the state of Pará in the north of B ...

, near Lisbon, which was raised by public subscription. His more important works have gone through many editions, and his name is still one to reckon with when considering modern historians of Portugal and of the Iberian peninsula.

Family life

In 1866, Herculano married Mariana Hermínia de Meira, born around 1830, whom he had first fallen in love with at the age of 26. At the time, he decided to prioritize his literary ambitions over this relationship, a choice he later described as a sacrifice. He explained in a letter to his friend Joaquim Filipe de Soure that he wanted someone to care for him in his old age and that he never wished to have children, believing it incompatible with his work. In his correspondence, Herculano often mentioned Mariana, including updates about her health, which reflected his ongoing concern for her well-being. These references contrasted with his otherwise formal tone and demonstrated a degree of tenderness in their relationship.

Principal works

Poetry

* The Voice of the Prophet (''A Voz do Profeta'') 1836 * The Believer's Harp (''A Harpa do Crente'') 1838 * Poems (''Poesias'') 1850

Theatre

* The Frontier of Africa, or Three Nights of Heartburn (''O Fronteiro de África ou três noites aziagas'') A drama based on Portuguese history, in three acts, staged in Lisbon, in 1838, at the Salitre Theatre, revived in Rio de Janeiro in 1862 * The Princes in Ceuta (''Os Infantes em Ceuta'') 1842

Novels

* The Village Parson (''O Pároco de Aldeia'') 1851 * The Galician: Life, Sayings, and Deeds of Lázaro Tomé (''O Galego: Vida, ditos e feitos de Lázaro Tomé'')

Historical novels, novellas and short stories

* ''The Jester'' (''O Bobo'') 1828–1843 * ''The Monasticon'' (‘’O Monasticon’’) duology: ** '' Eurico, the Presbyter: Visigoth Era'' (''Eurico, o Presbítero: Época Visigótica'') 1844 ** ''The Monk of Cister''; in the time of João I (''O Monge de Cister; Época de D. João I'') 1848, 2 volumes * ''Legends and Narratives'' (''Lendas e narrativas'') 1851, collection of novellas and short stories ** ''Legends and Narratives'', Volume 1 (''Lendas e narrativas, 1.^o tomo'') 1851 *** ''The

Qaid Qaid ( ', "commander"; pl. ', or '), also spelled kaid or caïd, is a word meaning "commander" or "leader." It was a title in the Normans, Norman kingdom of Sicily, applied to palatine officials and members of the ''curia'', usually to thos ...

of Santarém'' (''O Alcaide de Santarém'' 950–961) *** ''Médsceatt by Charter of Spain'' (''Arras por Foro de Espanha'', archaic Portuguese for "Fee by Charter of Spain", 1371–2) *** ''The Castle of Faria'' (''O Castelo de Faria'' 1373) *** '' The Vaulted Ceiling'' (''A Abóbada'' 1401) ** ''Legends and Narratives'', Volume 2 (''Lendas e narrativas, 2.^o tomo'') 1851 *** ''Destruction of Auria: Spanish Legends (8th century)'' (''Destruição de Áuria: Lendas Espanholas (século VIII)'') *** ''The Black Bishop'' (''O Bispo Negro'' 1130) *** ''The Death of the Toiler'' (''A Morte do Lidador'' 1170) *** ''The Emprazado: Chronicle of Spain'' (''O Emprazado: Crónica de Espanha'' 1312) *** ''The Assassinated Master: Chronicle of the Templars'' (''O Mestre Assassinado: Crónica dos Templários'' 1320) *** ''Master Gil: A Chronicle of the Fifteenth Century'' (''Mestre Gil: Crónica (Século XV)'') *** ''Three Months in Calcutta: First Account of the Indian States, 1498'' (''Três Meses em Calecut: Primeira Crónica dos Estados da Índia, 1498'') *** ''The Chronicler: To live and believe in another time'' (''O Cronista: Viver e Crer de Outro Tempo'')

Histories

* "History of Portugal from the beginning of the monarchy to the end of the reign of Afonso III" (''História de Portugal: 1.^a época, desde an origem da monarquia até D. Afonso III'') 1846–1853 * "History of the origin and establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal" (''História da Origem e Estabelecimento da Inquisição em Portugal'') 1854–1859 * '' Historical Monuments of Portugal'' (''Portugaliae Monumenta Historica'') 1856–1873

Pamphlets

* Pamphlets: Public Questions, Volume 1 (Opúsculos: Questões Públicas, Tomo I) ** The Voice of the Prophet (''A Voz do Profeta'') 1837 ** Theatre, Ethics, Censorship (''Teatro, Moral, Censura'') 1841 ** The Exits (''Os Egressos'') 1842 ** On the Economic System (''Da Instituição das Caixas Económicas'') 1844 ** The Nuns of Lorvão (''As Freiras de Lorvão'') 1853 ** The Condition of the Church's Records of the Kingdom (''Do Estado dos Arquivos Eclesiásticos do Reino'') 1857 ** The Suppression of Lectures in the Barracks (''A Supressão das Conferências do Casino'') 1871 * Pamphlets: Public Questions, Volume 2 (''Opúsculos: Questões Públicas, Tomo II'') ** Patriotic Monuments (''Monumentos Pátrios'') 1838 ** On Intellectual Property (''Da Propriedade Literária'') 1851–1852 ** Letter to the Academy of Sciences (''Carta à Academia das Ciências'') 1856 ** Mousinho da Silveira 1856 ** Letter to the Members of the Cintra Club (''Carta aos Eleitores do Círculo de Cintra'') 1858 ** Manifest of the Popular Association for the Advancement of Education of Women (''Manifesto da Associação Popular Promotora da Educação do Sexo Feminino'') 1858 * Pamphlets: Controversies and Historical Studies, Volume 1 (''Opúsculos: Controvérsias e Estudos Históricos, Tomo I'') ** The Battle of Ourique (''A Batalha de Ourique''): *** I. Me and the Clergy (''Eu e o Clero'') 1850 *** II. Peaceful Considerations (''Considerações Pacificas'') 1850 *** III. Solemn Words (''Solemnia Verba'') 1850 *** IV. Solemn Words (''Solemnia Verba'') 1850 *** V. The Science of an Arab Academic (''A Ciência Arábico-Académica'') 1851 ** "Condition of the working classes on the peninsula from the seventh to the twelfth century" (''Do estado das classes servas na Península, desde o VIII até o XII Século'') 1858 * Pamphlets: Public Questions, Volume 3 (''Opúsculos: Questões Públicas, Tomo III'') ** The Ties that Bind (''Os Vínculos'') 1856 ** Immigration (''A Emigração'') 1870–1875 * Pamphlets: Controversies and Historical Studies, Volume 2 (''Opúsculos: Controvérsias e Estudos Históricos, Tomo II'') ** Portuguese historians (''Historiadores portugueses'') 1839–1840: *** Fernão Lopes *** Gomes Eanes de Azurara *** Vasco Fernandes de Lucena and Rui de Pina *** Garcia de Resende ** Letters about the History of Portugal (''Cartas Sobre a História de Portugal'') 1842 ** Answer to the Criticisms of Vilhena Saldanha (''Resposta às Censuras de Vilhena Saldanha'') 1846 ** Letter to the Editor of the Universal Review (''Carta ao Redactor da Revista Universal'') ** On the Existence and non-Existence of Feudalism in Portugal (''Da Existência e não Existência do Feudalismo em Portugal'') 1875–1877 ** Explanations (''Esclarecimentos''): *** A. Gothic Destinies (''Sortes Góticas'') *** B. Feudalism (''Feudo'') * Pamphlets: Controversies and Historical Studies, Volume 4 (''Opúsculos: Controvérsias e Estudos Históricos, Tomo IV'') ** An Old Newtown (''Uma Vila-Nova Antiga'') ** Random Thoughts about an Obscure Man (''Cogitações Soltas de um Homem Obscuro'') ** Portuguese Archeology (''Arqueologia Portuguesa''): *** The Adventure of Cardinal Alexandrino (''Viagem de Cardeal Alexandrino''); *** Characteristic of Lisbon (''Aspecto de Lisboa''); *** The Adventure of Two Knights (''Viagem dos Cavaleiros Tron e Lippomani'') ** A Little Light in the Thick Darkness (''Pouca luz em muitas trevas'') ** Notes on the History of Royal Virtue (''Apontamentos para a historia dos bens da coroa'') * Pamphlets: Public Questions, Volume 4 (''Opúsculos: Questões Públicas, Tomo IV'') ** Two Eras and Two Monuments, or the Royal Farm at Mafra (''Duas Épocas e Dois Monumentos ou a Granja Real de Mafra'') ** Brief Thoughts on Some Aspects of the Farm Economy (''Breves Reflexões Sobre Alguns Pontos de Economia Agrícola'') ** The Farm of Calhariz (''A Granja do Calhariz'') ** A Legal Project (''Projecto de Decreto'') ** Peace and the National Interest (''O País e a Nação'') ** Representation of Belém City Hall to the National Government (''Representação da Câmara Municipal de Belém ao Governo'') ** Representation of Belém City Hall to Parliament (''Representação da Câmara Municipal de Belém ao Parlamento'') ** Agricultural Subsidy Project (''Projecto de Caixa de Socorros Agrícolas'') ** On the Question of Forais (''Sobre a Questão dos Forais'') * Pamphlets on Literature: ** What is the condition of our literature? What path will it take? (''Qual é o Estado da Nossa Literatura? Qual é o Trilho que Ela Hoje Tem a Seguir?'') ** Poetry: Imitation, Beauty, Unity (''Poesia: Imitação—Belo—Unidade'') ** Origins of Modern Theatre: Portuguese Theatre up to the End of the Sixteenth Century (''Origens do Teatro Moderno: Teatro Português até aos Fins do Século XVI'') ** Accounts of Portuguese Chivalry (''Novelas de Cavalaria Portuguesas'') ** History of Modern Theatre: Spanish Theatre (''Historia do Teatro Moderno: Teatro Espanhol'') ** Popular Portuguese Beliefs or Popular Superstitions (''Crenças Populares Portuguesas ou Superstições Populares'') ** The House of Gonzalo, a Comedy in Five Acts: An Opinion (''A Casa de Gonçalo, Comédia em Cinco Actos: Parecer'') ** Historic Praise for Sebastian Xavier Botelho (''Elogio Histórico de Sebastião Xavier Botelho'') ** Lady Maria Teles, a Drama in Five Acts: An Opinion (''D. Maria Teles, Drama em Cinco Actos: Parecer'') ** Lady Leonor de Almeida, Marquess of Alorna (''D. Leonor de Almeida, Marquesa de Alorna'')

Other works

* From the Isle of Jersey to Granville (''De Jersey a Granville'') 1831 * ''Estudos sobre o casamento civil: por occasião do opusculo do sr. Visconde de Seabra sobre este assumpto'' 186
(Digitalized at Google)

Notes

References

* Endnotes: ** DE SERPA PIMENTEL, ''Herculano e o seu tempo'' (Lisbon, 1881) ** VON DÖLLINGER, ''Gedächtnisrede auf A. Herculano'' in his ''Akademische Vorträge'' **ROMERO ORTIZ, ''La literatura portuguesa en el siglo XIX'' (Madrid, 1870) **DE VASCONCELLOS, ''Portugiesische Litteratur'' in GROEBER, ''Grundriss der romanischen Philologie'', vol. II, pt. II, pp. 372 sqq. Attribution: * Authorities cited: ** António de Serpa Pimentel, ''Alexandre Herculano e o seu tempo'' (Lisbon, 1881) **A. Romero Ortiz, ''La Litteratura Portuguesa en el siglo XIX.'' (Madrid, 1869) **Moniz Barreto, ''Revista de Portugal'' (July 1889)

External links

Digitized works of Herculano, Alexandre, - PURL.PT - Biblioteca Nacional Digital
* *
GeneAll.net - Alexandre Herculano de Carvalho e Araújo
{{DEFAULTSORT:Herculano, Alexandre 1810 births 1877 deaths Writers from Lisbon 19th-century Portuguese poets Portuguese male poets Portuguese Roman Catholics Romantic poets Roman Catholic writers Historians of Europe Military personnel of the Liberal Wars Portuguese male novelists 19th-century Portuguese novelists 19th-century Portuguese historians 19th-century Portuguese male writers Liberal Catholicism Writers of Gothic fiction