Alexander Witting
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Carl Johann Adolf Alexander Witting (18 December 1861 – 29 November 1946) was a
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany, the country of the Germans and German things **Germania (Roman era) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizenship in Germany, see also Ge ...
mathematician A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems. Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, mathematical structure, structure, space, Mathematica ...
.


Family

Witting was born in
Dresden Dresden (; ; Upper Saxon German, Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; , ) is the capital city of the States of Germany, German state of Saxony and its second most populous city after Leipzig. It is the List of cities in Germany by population, 12th most p ...
as the first child of the musician Carl Witting (1823–1907) and the painter Minna Witting, née Japha (1828–1882). Alexander Witting married the pianist Sophie Sebass (1864–1924) in 1889. They had two daughters and a son: Tillyta (1890–1970), Lotte (1894–1971) and the physicist Rudolf Witting (1899–1963). In view of the artistically affected family environment – father musician, mother painter, aunt Louise Japha (1826–1910) pianist, sister Agnes Witting (1863–1937) singer, brother Walther Witting painter – it does not surprise that Alexander Witting also painted sometimes and regularly made music, even beyond the narrow circle of family or colleagues.


Education

He successfully completed his final grammar school examinations at the Städtische Gymnasium zum Heiligen Kreuz (
Kreuzschule The ''Kreuzschule'' (German for "School of the Cross") in Dresden (also known by its Latin name, ''schola crucis'') is the oldest surviving school in Dresden and one of the oldest in Germany. As early as 1300, a schoolmaster (''Cunradus puerorum re ...
) in Dresden at Easter 1880, served his military service for one year and commenced the study at the teachers department of the Polytechnikum Dresden at the summer term 1881. In spring 1885 he successfully completed the examinations for teachers at secondary schools, authorizing him for mathematics and physics in all classes of grammar schools and junior highs, as well as for geography excluding the preparations of the final secondary school examinations. A travel grant of the Polytechnikum allowed him to earn a doctorate, possible in those days at universities only. On 1 April 1885 Witting commenced his probationary year as teacher at the Thomasschule in Leipzig, and at the same time he attended courses and seminars at the
Leipzig University Leipzig University (), in Leipzig in Saxony, Germany, is one of the world's oldest universities and the second-oldest university (by consecutive years of existence) in Germany. The university was founded on 2 December 1409 by Frederick I, Electo ...
, especially under
Felix Klein Felix Christian Klein (; ; 25 April 1849 – 22 June 1925) was a German mathematician and Mathematics education, mathematics educator, known for his work in group theory, complex analysis, non-Euclidean geometry, and the associations betwe ...
, from whom he also received the topic for his dissertation. On 4 August 1886 he was accredited with a
PhD A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, DPhil; or ) is a terminal degree that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of graduate study and original research. The name of the deg ...
at the Georg-August-Universität in
Göttingen Göttingen (, ; ; ) is a college town, university city in Lower Saxony, central Germany, the Capital (political), capital of Göttingen (district), the eponymous district. The River Leine runs through it. According to the 2022 German census, t ...
, the new work-place of Felix Klein.


Career as a teacher

From 1 December 1886 he worked as permanent teacher at the Städtische Gymnasium zum Heiligen Kreuz (Kreuzschule) by the will of the council of city Dresden. There Witting taught until his retirement as schoolmaster, lecturer, senior teacher, and professor. Extra officially he assisted for a long time at the chair for
descriptive geometry Descriptive geometry is the branch of geometry which allows the representation of three-dimensional objects in two dimensions by using a specific set of procedures. The resulting techniques are important for engineering, architecture, design an ...
of the TH Dresden, and he designed advertising brochures for the renowned concern Koch & Stenzel at Dresden. Alexander Witting was one of those secondary-school teachers, who remained being associated with the development of their science, and who published frequently themselves. As teacher of a grammar school with close contacts to both, high schools and praxis, he was open-minded to the reforms movement for mathematics and natural science education, which to the end of the 1880s / beginnings of 1890s gained strength. Felix Klein, being elected as leader of the international mathematics education commission (IMUK), consulted Alexander Witting for the papers published by the IMUK. Der mathematische Unterricht an den Gymnasien und Realanstalten und die Ausbildung der Lehramtskandidaten im Königreich Sachsen, (The mathematics class at grammar schools and junior highs, and the education of teachers in the Saxon kingdom) written by Witting was published 1910. The Verein zur Förderung des mathematischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Unterrichts (development association for mathematics and natural science classes) played an essential role for the reforms movement, esp. because of its grass-roots workload. Alexander Witting was one of its board members for a long time, and too was among the founders of the Förderverein’s very busy local union in Dresden. As, in the run of these reforms, differential and integral calculus found entrance to the curriculum of secondary schools for the first time (since 1907 in Saxon), a representation of this subject area was needed which was fitting for these students. On this background Walther Lietzmann (1880–1956) and Alexander Witting together with Teubner Verlag established the Mathematisch-Physikalische Bibliothek in Leipzig. Witting not only was co-publisher, he also was author of several multiply reprinted booklets of that series. His booklets on differential and integral calculus were published since the middle of the 1930s in the Göschen compilation – in a highly extended form and supplemented by separate exercise books. For several years from 1911 on, Alexander Witting additionally published Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte (Proceedings of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors).


Politics

Beginning in 1891, Witting attended military practices nearly every year. Beside others in
World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
he was supervisor of a gas defence course for officers in Dessau and was deployed at a mortar school, reaching the rank of major. His military teachings led him to publish ''Soldaten-Mathematik'' (Soldiers' Mathematics) in 1916. From the end of 1886 Alexander Witting was a member of the Natural Scientific Society ISIS in Dresden and was active in the mathematical section of ISIS, founded in 1875. His ISIS lectures reflected the results of own researches, experiences from being a teacher, as well as from his works in specialist societies. When the
National Socialist Nazism (), formally named National Socialism (NS; , ), is the far-right totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. During Hitler's rise to power, it was frequen ...
s took over, Alexander Witting had already retired from teaching. He had been active in
World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
, and his achievements about secondary schools were generally honoured. All this taken together caused that (being a "
half-Jew The term half-Jew () is a derogatory term for people with a non-Jewish and a Jewish parent. The overwhelming majority of the so-called half-Jews were legally classified as " first-degree Jewish hybrids" during the era of Nazi Germany. Occasionally ...
" in the sense of the
Nuremberg Laws The Nuremberg Laws (, ) were antisemitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting of the Reichstag convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party. The two laws were the Law ...
of the National Socialists) he was not bothered too hard. He was not affiliated to the NS teachers alliance, but was at first allowed to join as a guest. He also remained an honorary member of the development association, which in that form only existed until 1936. On his 75th and 80th birthdays he received several official congratulation letters, for instance from the publishing companies Teubner and
de Gruyter Walter de Gruyter GmbH, known as De Gruyter (), is a German scholarly publishing house specializing in academic literature. History The roots of the company go back to 1749 when Frederick the Great granted the Königliche Realschule in Be ...
, but also from the Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung (DMV). Like any household with a half-Jew, Witting's was not free from certain limitations. The aged Alexander Witting in those days mostly worked at home. The secondary school remained close to his heart up to his end. After the Nazi regime had ended, consideration was to reclaim to positive things. In November 1945 Witting's ''Aufruf zur Rettung der höheren Schule'' (call for rescue of secondary school) was published posthumously in ''Physikalischen Blättern''.


Writings

* ''Der mathematische Unterricht an den Gymnasien und Realanstalten und die Ausbildung der Lehramtskandidaten im Königreich Sachsen.'' Leipzig und Berlin 1910 * ''Zur Rettung der höheren Schulen.'' In: ''Physikalische Blätter (Neue Physikalische Blätter).'' 2. Jahrgang 1946, Heft 9, pp. 237–238 * In der ''Mathematisch-Physikalische Bibliothek – Gemeinverständliche Darstellungen aus der Elementarmathematik und -physik für Schule und Leben'' herausgegeben von Dir. Dr. W. Lietzmann und
Studienrat Studienrat (abbreviated StR) is an official title/rank of higher teachers in the German and Austrian education system. Even though the German and Austrian education systems use the same term, there are differences in the level and usage of this rank ...
Dr. A. Witting, B. G. Teubner, Leipzig und Berlin: :– ''Einführung in die Infinitesimalrechnung'', Band 9. :– ''Beispiele z. Geschichte d. Mathematik'', Band 15 (mit M. Gebhardt). :– ''Soldaten-Mathematik'', Band 22.


References

* ''Jahresberichte der Kreuzschule.'' Dresden 1885–1899, p. 2 * ''Kleine Chronik der Kreuzschule.'' Dresden 1891; p. 48 * ''Poggendorff’s Handwörterbuch'' Leipzig 1904, 1926, 1939, 1953 (Eintrag Alexander Witting) * Wilhelm Lorey: ''Der deutsche Verein zur Förderung des mathematischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Unterrichts e. V. 1891–1938'' Frankfurt/Main 1938 * Stadtarchiv Dresden, Bestand Schulamt, Signatur 2.3.20 Dr. Witting * Waltraud Voss: ''... eine Hochschule (auch) für Mathematiker ...'' Augsburg 2005; p. 207 and p. 115, 126, 189, 192, 273, 274 * Waltraud Voss: ''Die Sektion für reine und angewandte Mathematik der Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Isis in Dresden.'' – In: ''Festschrift 175 Jahre Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft ISIS in Dresden. Sonderheft zur Festveranstaltung am 28. März 2009.'' Dresden-Bautzen 2009, p. 105–127 * Waltraud Voss: ''Prof. Dr. phil. Alexander Witting (1861–1946). Akteur in mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fachvereinigungen, Author und Herausgeber'' (Vortrag, gehalten auf der 11. Tagung der Fachsektion Geschichte der Mathematik der DMV vom 20.–24. Mai 2009 in Pfalzgrafenweiler; erscheint 2010 im Tagungsband) * Helga Witting (Privatarchiv): ''Mitteilungen zur Familie.''


External links

*
Sächsische Biographie
– Alexander Witting {{DEFAULTSORT:Witting, Alexander 1861 births 1946 deaths 19th-century German mathematicians People educated at the Kreuzschule 20th-century German mathematicians