Alberto Caeiro

Alberto José Caeiro () is a heteronym of the Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa, first used in 1914 and introduced in print in 1925. In his fictional biography, Caeiro was born in Lisbon on 16 April 1889, lived most his life in a village in Ribatejo and died in 1915. He was the leader and teacher of a group of neopagan poets and intellectuals that included Pessoa's other heteronyms António Mora, Ricardo Reis and Álvaro de Campos.

Caeiro was the first of Pessoa's major heteronyms. The first and most famous work Pessoa composed under this name was ', a series of 49 poems he began in 1914 and continued to edit until his death in 1935. The rest of Caeiro's poems are grouped under the headings ''The Shepherd in Love'' and ''Uncollected Poems''. Like Pessoa's works in general, the Caeiro poems began to receive high critical acclaim decades after the writer's death. The first collection of them was published in Portugal in 1946.

Development

Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935) was a Portuguese poet who posthumously became highly regarded in European literature. Alberto Caeiro was the first of his major heteronyms, a term he used for what was a mixture of pen names, author personas and fictional characters. According to a letter Pessoa wrote to the literary critic Adolfo Casais Monteiro, he created Caeiro on 8 March 1914, when he wrote a first series of poems for what would become '.

The first time any material was published under Caeiro's name was in January 1925, when 23 poems from ''The Keeper of Sheep'' appeared in issue 4 of ', a literary journal edited by Pessoa together with . Some of the ''Uncollected Poems'' were published in ''Athena'' no. 5. Further material appeared in ''Presença'' in 1931. Pessoa continued to revise the poems throughout his life and some of them exist in many variants.

Eduardo Lourenço stressed the influence from Walt Whitman, notably in the 1977 essay, "Walt Whitman e Pessoa" ("). According to Lourenço, the heteronyms Caeiro and Álvaro de Campos emerged through an "explosion of Pessoa's universe when confronted with Whitman's universe". Lourenço distinguished Campos, where the influence from Whitman is more direct, from Caeiro, where it is suppressed. In a text uncovered after Lourenço wrote his essay, Pessoa commented, under his English-language heteronym Thomas Crosse, on perceived similarities between Caeiro and Whitman, arguing that Caeiro was a superior poet and there was no influence from Whitman. Based partially on Pessoa's assertive denial, the scholar Richard Zenith argues that the influence from Whitman was considerable.

Life and views

In the fictional biography Pessoa created for Caeiro, the poet was born in Lisbon, Portugal, on 16 April 1889. In one annotation, his year of birth is instead given as 1887 and he is said to have two suppressed middle names. He lived his first two years in Lisbon, but lived most of his life in a village in the Ribatejo Province, where he wrote the majority of his poems. After staying a few months in Lisbon in 1915, Caeiro died from tuberculosis.

In his poems, Caeiro boasts about being ignorant about literature and having little education. He describes his early poems collected in ''The Keeper of Sheep'' as a child's work. He developed his own poetics based on free verse and a worldview that premiered the immediate experience and rejected attempts to find an underlying truth or meaning in things.

Caeiro was a major character in Pessoa's fictional universe, something Pessoa referred to as "interluding fictions" (). He functioned as someone who Pessoa's other heteronyms looked up to, and even under his real name, Pessoa described Caeiro as his master. Caeiro was the central figure of the (), through which Pessoa's heteronyms sought to explore neopaganism with Caeiro as their starting point. Under the heteronym of António Mora, Pessoa wrote about Caeiro and paganism:

Works

Pessoa wrote 104 poems under the Caeiro heteronym.

' () is a collection of 49 poems and the most famous of Caeiro's works. The title is attributed to Caeiro, but some of the poems were first included in the collection by the literary critic Maria Aliete Galhoz.

''The Shepherd in Love'' () is a shorter sequence of poems. Under the Campos heteronym, Pessoa described it as "a futile interlude, but the few poems it contains are among the world's great love poems".

The ''Uncollected Poems'' () is a collective name for Caeiro's other poems. According to Pessoa's in-universe writings, the title was created by Ricardo Reis.

Pessoa wrote introductions and critical commentaries to Caeiro's poems under other heteronyms. The first of these was by Mora, a heteronym Pessoa used for theoretical texts about paganism. There are more than 40 texts about Caeiro attributed to Reis, many of them fragmentary and likely intended as parts of prefaces. Campos' "Notes in Remembrance of My Master Caeiro" was published in ''Presença'' in 1931. Pessoa prepared material for promoting Caeiro's works in Europe, writing his own reviews and an English-language introduction under the name I. I. Crosse.

Reception

Like with Pessoa's literary output in general, only a small portion of Caeiro's poetry was published in Pessoa's lifetime, and it took decades before it received significant recognition. Luís de Montalvor and published the first collection of his poetry, ''Poemas de Alberto Caeiro'', in Portugal in 1946. Several works with a focus on Caeiro have been published since then. In Brazil, edited an ''Obra poetica'' in 1960. wrote a work on Caeiro in 1986 and published the first critical edition of his poems in 2015. Shearsman Books published Caeiro's poems in full in English interpretations by Chris Daniels in 2007 as ''The Collected Poems of Alberto Caeiro''. Patricio Ferrari and Jerónimo Pizarro edited a Portuguese critical edition of Caeiro's collected poems and selected texts about Caeiro from Pessoa's other heteronyms that was published in 2016. A bilingual English-Portuguese version of this book was published by New Directions in 2020 as ''The Complete Works of Alberto Caeiro'', with English interpretations by Margaret Jull Costa and Ferrari.

Selected bibliography

*
*

References

Citations

Sources

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Further reading

*
*
*
*

External links

*

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caeiro, Alberto
1920s in modern paganism
20th-century pseudonymous writers
Fernando Pessoa
Literary characters introduced in 1925
Fictional characters from the 20th century
Fictional poets
Fictional Portuguese people
Male characters in literature
Modern pagan poetry
Modern paganism in Portugal