Albert Roussel
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Albert Charles Paul Marie Roussel (; 5 April 1869 – 23 August 1937) was a French
composer A composer is a person who writes music. The term is especially used to indicate composers of Western classical music, or those who are composers by occupation. Many composers are, or were, also skilled performers of music. Etymology and def ...
. He spent seven years as a
midshipman A midshipman is an officer of the lowest Military rank#Subordinate/student officer, rank in the Royal Navy, United States Navy, and many Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth navies. Commonwealth countries which use the rank include Royal Cana ...
, turned to music as an adult, and became one of the most prominent French composers of the
interwar period In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period, also known as the interbellum (), lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939 (20 years, 9 months, 21 days) – from the end of World War I (WWI) to the beginning of World War II ( ...
. His early works were strongly influenced by the
Impressionism Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by visible brush strokes, open Composition (visual arts), composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage ...
of
Debussy Achille Claude Debussy (; 22 August 1862 – 25 March 1918) was a French composer. He is sometimes seen as the first Impressionism in music, Impressionist composer, although he vigorously rejected the term. He was among the most influe ...
and
Ravel Joseph Maurice Ravel (7 March 1875 – 28 December 1937) was a French composer, pianist and conductor. He is often associated with Impressionism in music, Impressionism along with his elder contemporary Claude Debussy, although both composer ...
, while he later turned toward
neoclassicism Neoclassicism, also spelled Neo-classicism, emerged as a Western cultural movement in the decorative arts, decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that drew inspiration from the art and culture of classical antiq ...
.


Biography

Born in
Tourcoing Tourcoing (; ; ; ) is a city in northern France on the Belgian border. It is designated municipally as a commune within the department of Nord. Located to the north-northeast of Lille, adjacent to Roubaix, Tourcoing is the chef-lieu of two ca ...
( Nord), Roussel's earliest interest was not in music but
mathematics Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes methods, Mathematical theory, theories and theorems that are developed and Mathematical proof, proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself. There are many ar ...
. He spent time in the French Navy, and in 1889 and 1890, he served on the crew of the
frigate A frigate () is a type of warship. In different eras, the roles and capabilities of ships classified as frigates have varied. The name frigate in the 17th to early 18th centuries was given to any full-rigged ship built for speed and maneuvera ...
''Iphigénie'' and spent several years in
southern Vietnam Southern Vietnam () is one of the three geographical regions of Vietnam, the other two being Northern and Central Vietnam. It includes 2 administrative subregions, which in turn are divided into 19 ''First Tier units'', of which 17 are provi ...
. These travels affected him artistically, as many of his musical works would reflect his interest in far-off, exotic places. After resigning from the Navy in 1894, he began to study harmony in
Roubaix Roubaix ( , ; ; ; ) is a city in northern France, located in the Lille metropolitan area on the Belgian border. It is a historically mono-industrial Communes of France, commune in the Nord (French department), Nord Departments of France, depar ...
, first with Julien Koszul (grandfather of composer
Henri Dutilleux Henri Paul Julien Dutilleux (; 22 January 1916 – 22 May 2013) was a French composer of late 20th-century classical music. Among the leading French composers of his time, his work was rooted in the Impressionistic style of Debussy and R ...
), who encouraged him to pursue his studies in Paris with Eugène Gigout; Roussel then continued his studies until 1908 at the Schola Cantorum de Paris, where one of his teachers was
Vincent d'Indy Paul Marie Théodore Vincent d'Indy (; 27 March 18512 December 1931) was a French composer and teacher. His influence as a teacher, in particular, was considerable. He was a co-founder of the Schola Cantorum de Paris and also taught at the Pa ...
. While studying, Roussel also taught. His students included
Erik Satie Eric Alfred Leslie Satie (born 17 May 18661 July 1925), better known as Erik Satie, was a French composer and pianist. The son of a French father and a British mother, he studied at the Conservatoire de Paris, Paris Conservatoire but was an undi ...
and
Edgard Varèse Edgard Victor Achille Charles Varèse (; also spelled Edgar; December 22, 1883 – November 6, 1965) was a French and American composer who spent the greater part of his career in the United States. Varèse's music emphasizes timbre and rhythm; h ...
. () During World War I, Roussel served as an ambulance driver on the Western Front. Following the war, he bought a summer house in
Normandy Normandy (; or ) is a geographical and cultural region in northwestern Europe, roughly coextensive with the historical Duchy of Normandy. Normandy comprises Normandy (administrative region), mainland Normandy (a part of France) and insular N ...
and devoted most of his time there to composition. Starting in 1923, another of Roussel's students was
Bohuslav Martinů Bohuslav Jan Martinů (; December 8, 1890 – August 28, 1959) was a Czech composer of modern classical music. He wrote 6 symphony, symphonies, 15 operas, 14 ballet scores and a large body of orchestral, chamber music, chamber, vocal and ins ...
, who dedicated his ''Serenade for Chamber Orchestra'' (1930) to Roussel. French composer and musicologist Yvonne Rokseth also studied with Roussel. His sixtieth birthday was marked by a series of three concerts of his works in Paris; the concerts also included the performance of a collection of piano pieces, ''Homage to Albert Roussel'', written by several composers, including Ibert, Poulenc, and Honegger. Roussel died in
Royan Royan (; in the Saintongeais dialect; ) is a commune and town in the south-west of France, in the Departments of France, department of Charente-Maritime in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Capital of the Côte de Beauté, Royan is one of the mai ...
, in 1937, and was buried in the
churchyard In Christian countries, a churchyard is a patch of land adjoining or surrounding a church (building), church, which is usually owned by the relevant church or local parish itself. In the Scots language and in both Scottish English and Ulster S ...
of Saint Valery in Varengeville-sur-Mer.


Compositions

By temperament Roussel was predominantly a
classicist Classics, also classical studies or Ancient Greek and Roman studies, is the study of classical antiquity. In the Western world, ''classics'' traditionally refers to the study of Ancient Greek literature, Ancient Greek and Roman literature and ...
. While his early work was strongly influenced by
Impressionism Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by visible brush strokes, open Composition (visual arts), composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage ...
, he eventually arrived at a personal style which was more formal in design, with a strong rhythmic drive, and with a more distinct affinity for functional tonality than is found in the work of his more famous contemporaries Debussy, Ravel, Satie, and
Stravinsky Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky ( – 6 April 1971) was a Russian composer and conductor with French citizenship (from 1934) and American citizenship (from 1945). He is widely considered one of the most important and influential composers of ...
. Roussel's training at the Schola Cantorum, with its emphasis on rigorous academic models such as
Palestrina Palestrina (ancient ''Praeneste''; , ''Prainestos'') is a modern Italian city and ''comune'' (municipality) with a population of about 22,000, in Lazio, about east of Rome. It is connected to the latter by the Via Prenestina. It is built upon ...
and
Bach Johann Sebastian Bach (German: joːhan zeˈbasti̯an baχ ( – 28 July 1750) was a German composer and musician of the late Baroque period. He is known for his prolific output across a variety of instruments and forms, including the or ...
, left its mark on his mature style, which is characterized by contrapuntal textures. On the whole Roussel's
orchestration Orchestration is the study or practice of writing music for an orchestra (or, more loosely, for any musical ensemble, such as a concert band) or of adapting music composed for another medium for an orchestra. Also called "instrumentation", orch ...
is rather heavy compared to the subtle and nuanced style of other French composers like Debussy or, indeed,
Gabriel Fauré Gabriel Urbain Fauré (12 May 1845 – 4 November 1924) was a French composer, organist, pianist and teacher. He was one of the foremost French composers of his generation, and his musical style influenced many 20th-century composers. ...
. He preserved something of the romantic aesthetic in his orchestral works, and this sets him apart from Stravinsky and
Les Six "Les Six" () is a name given to a group of six composers, five of them French and one Swiss, who lived and worked in Montparnasse. The name has its origins in two 1920 articles by critic Henri Collet in '' Comœdia'' (see Bibliography). Their mu ...
. He was also interested in
jazz Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Its roots are in blues, ragtime, European harmony, African rhythmic rituals, spirituals, h ...
. This interest led to his writing a piano-vocal composition entitled ''Jazz dans la nuit'', which was similar in its inspiration to other jazz-inspired works such as the second movement of Ravel's ''Violin Sonata'', or Milhaud's ''
La création du monde LA most frequently refers to Los Angeles, the second most populous city in the United States of America. La, LA, or L.A. may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Music * La (musical note), or A, the sixth note *"L.A.", a song by Elliott Smi ...
''. Roussel's most important works were the ballets '' Le festin de l'araignée'', '' Bacchus et Ariane'', and ''
Aeneas In Greco-Roman mythology, Aeneas ( , ; from ) was a Troy, Trojan hero, the son of the Trojan prince Anchises and the Greek goddess Aphrodite (equivalent to the Roman Venus (mythology), Venus). His father was a first cousin of King Priam of Troy ...
'' and the four symphonies, of which the ''Third'' in G minor, and the ''Fourth'' in A major, are highly regarded and epitomize his mature neoclassical style. His other works include numerous ballets, orchestral suites, a
piano concerto A piano concerto, a type of concerto, is a solo composition in the classical music genre which is composed for piano accompanied by an orchestra or other large ensemble. Piano concertos are typically virtuosic showpieces which require an advance ...
, a concertino for cello and orchestra, a psalm setting for chorus and orchestra,
incidental music Incidental music is music in a play, television program, radio program, video game, or some other presentation form that is not primarily musical. The term is less frequently applied to film music, with such music being referred to instead as th ...
for the theatre, and much
chamber music Chamber music is a form of classical music that is composed for a small group of Musical instrument, instruments—traditionally a group that could fit in a Great chamber, palace chamber or a large room. Most broadly, it includes any art music ...
, solo piano music, and songs.


Critical reception

In 1929, one French critic, Henry Prunières, described Roussel's search for his own voice:
Arturo Toscanini Arturo Toscanini (; ; March 25, 1867January 16, 1957) was an Italian conductor. He was one of the most acclaimed and influential musicians of the late 19th and early 20th century, renowned for his intensity, his perfectionism, his ear for orche ...
included the suite from the ballet ''Le festin de l'araignée'' in one of his broadcast concerts with the
NBC Symphony Orchestra The NBC Symphony Orchestra was a radio orchestra conceived by David Sarnoff, the president of the Radio Corporation of America, the parent corporation of the National Broadcasting Company especially for the conductor Arturo Toscanini. The NBC ...
. Rene Leibowitz recorded that suite in 1952 with the Paris Philharmonic, and
Georges Prêtre Georges Prêtre (; 14 August 1924 – 4 January 2017) was a French orchestral and opera conductor. Biography Prêtre was born in Waziers ( Nord), and attended the Douai Conservatory and then studied harmony under Maurice Duruflé and conduct ...
recorded it with the ''Orchestre National de France'' for EMI in 1984. One brief assessment of his career says: One 21st-century critic, in the course of discussing the Third Symphony, wrote:''New York Times''
Bernard Holland, "The Boston Symphony Reunites With Friends at Tanglewood ," 11 July 2006
accessed 23 March 2011


The Albert Roussel Collection

The association ''Les Amis belges d'Albert Roussel'' (The Belgian Friends of Albert Roussel) was founded in 1979 by André Peeters. In 1986 the association donated a collection of Roussel-linked documents to the Music Division of the Royal Library of Belgium, thus creating the most important collection of archival sources on the composer outside of France. The collection contains many unique documents including a dozen musical manuscripts, autographs, around 250 letters (100 of them unpublished), a travel diary, recordings (including most of the early recordings of his compositions), iconography, a large collection of press clippings, programs and other documents linked to Roussel's works and life.


Works


Stage

* ' (''The Sandman''), incidental music for a verse play by Jean-Aubry,
Le Havre Le Havre is a major port city in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy (administrative region), Normandy region of northern France. It is situated on the right bank of the estuary of the Seine, river Seine on the English Channel, Channe ...
, 16 December 1908, Op. 13 * '' Le festin de l'araignée'', ballet in one act. f.p. 3 April 1913, Op. 17 * '' Padmâvatî'', opera in 2 acts (1913–18, Louis Laloy, after T.-M. Pavie). f.p.
Paris Opéra The Paris Opera ( ) is the primary opera and ballet company of France. It was founded in 1669 by Louis XIV as the , and shortly thereafter was placed under the leadership of Jean-Baptiste Lully and officially renamed the , but continued to be kn ...
, 1 June 1923, Op. 18 * '' La naissance de la lyre'', opera in 1 act,
Paris Opéra The Paris Opera ( ) is the primary opera and ballet company of France. It was founded in 1669 by Louis XIV as the , and shortly thereafter was placed under the leadership of Jean-Baptiste Lully and officially renamed the , but continued to be kn ...
, 1 July 1925, Op. 24 * ''Sarabande'' (1927; for the children's ballet ''
L'éventail de Jeanne ''Naughty Martine'' or ''The Fan'' (French: ''L'éventail'') is a 1947 French comedy film directed by Emil-Edwin Reinert and starring Dany Robin, Claude Dauphin (actor), Claude Dauphin and Lucien Baroux. The film's sets were designed by the art d ...
'', to which ten French composers each contributed a dance) * '' Bacchus and Ariadne (ballet)'', ballet in two acts. f.p.
Paris Opéra The Paris Opera ( ) is the primary opera and ballet company of France. It was founded in 1669 by Louis XIV as the , and shortly thereafter was placed under the leadership of Jean-Baptiste Lully and officially renamed the , but continued to be kn ...
, 22 May 1931, Op. 43 * ''
Aeneas In Greco-Roman mythology, Aeneas ( , ; from ) was a Troy, Trojan hero, the son of the Trojan prince Anchises and the Greek goddess Aphrodite (equivalent to the Roman Venus (mythology), Venus). His father was a first cousin of King Priam of Troy ...
'', ballet for chorus and orchestra, Op. 54, 1935 * '' Le testament de la tante Caroline'', opera in 3 acts, 14 November 1936 * Prelude to Act 2 of ''Le Quatorze juillet'' by
Romain Rolland Romain Rolland (; 29 January 1866 – 30 December 1944) was a French dramatist, novelist, essayist, art historian and Mysticism, mystic who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1915 "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary pro ...
, Paris, 14 July 1936 * ''Elpénor'', for chamber ensemble, radio score, 1947, Op. 59 (LAST FINISHED OPUS – 1937)


Orchestral

* ''Résurrection'', Prelude for orchestra Op. 4 (1903) * Symphony No. 1 in D minor ''The Poem of the Forest'', Op. 7 (1904–1906) * ''Evocations'', for orchestra, mezzo-soprano, tenor, baritone and chorus, Op. 15 (1910–11) * ''Padmâvatî Suites'' (Nº 1 & 2), Op. 18 (1918) * ''Pour une fête de printemps'', Op. 22, symphonic poem (1920) * Symphony No. 2 in B-flat major, Op. 23 (1919–1921) * Suite for Orchestra in F major, Op. 33 (1926) * Concert for small orchestra, Op. 34 (1926–1927) * ''Petite Suite'', Op. 39 (1929) * Symphony No. 3 in G minor, Op. 42 (1929–30), commissioned by the Boston Symphony for its 50th anniversary * Sinfonietta for String Orchestra, Op. 52 (1934) * Symphony No. 4 in A major, Op. 53 (1934) * ''Rapsodie flamande'', Op. 56 (1936)


Concertante

* Piano Concerto in G major, Op. 36 (1927) * Cello Concertino, Op. 57 (1936)


Band

* ''A Glorious Day'' (1933), commissioned by the
American Bandmasters Association The American Bandmasters Association (ABA) was formed in 1929 by Edwin Franko Goldman to promote concert band music.Raoul F. Camus. "American Bandmasters Association." In Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/sub ...


Choral

* ''Psalm 80'' for tenor, choir, and orchestra, Op. 37 (1928)


Solo vocal works

* ''Quatre poèmes'', Op. 3 (1903) * ''Quatre poèmes'', Op. 8 (1907) * ''La Menace'', Op. 9 (1907–1908) * ''Flammes'', Op. 10 (1908) * ''Deux Poèmes chinois'', Op. 12 (1908) * ''Deux Mélodies'', Op. 19 (1918) * ''Deux Mélodies'', Op. 20 (1919) * ''Deux Poèmes de Ronsard'', Op. 26 (1924) * ''Odes anacréontiques'', Op. 31 (1926) * ''Odes anacréontiques'', Op. 32 (1926) * ''Deux poèmes chinois'', Op. 35 (1927) * ''Vocalise'' (1927) * ''Jazz dans la nuit'', Op. 38 (1928) * ''Vocalise-étude'' (1928) * ''A Flower Given to My Daughter'' (1931) * ''Deux Idylles'', Op. 44 (1932) * ''Deux Poèmes chinois'', Op. 47 (1932) * ''Deux Mélodies'', Op. 50 (1934) * ''Deux Mélodies'', Op. 55 (1935)


Chamber/instrumental

* Piano Trio in E-flat, Op. 2 (1902, rev. 1927) * Divertissement for piano and wind quintet, Op. 6 (1906) * Violin Sonata No. 1 in D minor, Op. 11 (1907–1908) * Impromptu, for harp, Op. 21 (1919) * '' Joueurs de flûte'', for flute and piano, Op. 27 (1924) * Violin Sonata No. 2 in A major, Op. 28 (1924) * ''Segovia'', for guitar, Op. 29 (1925) * Duo for bassoon and contrabass, without opus (1925) * Serenade for flute, string trio, and harp, Op. 30 (1925) * Trio for flute, viola, and cello, Op. 40 (1929) * String Quartet, Op. 45 (1931–1932) * Andante and Scherzo, for flute and piano, Op. 51 (1934) * ''Pipe'' for piccolo & piano, without opus (1934) * String Trio, Op. 58 (1937) * Andante from an unfinished wind trio, for oboe, clarinet, and bassoon (1937)


Piano solo

* ''Des heures passent'', Op. 1 (1898) * ''Conte à la poupée'' (1904) * ''Rustiques'', Op. 5 (1906) * Suite in F-sharp minor, Op. 14 (1910) * ''Petite canon perpetuel'' (1913) * Sonatine, Op. 16 (1914) * ''Doute'' (1919) * ''L'Accueil des Muses'' n memoriam Debussy(1920) * Prelude and Fugue, Op. 46 (1932) * Three Pieces, Op. 49 (1933)


Recordings

* Symphonies 1–4 – Orchestre National de France/
Charles Dutoit Charles Édouard Dutoit is a Swiss conductor. He is the principal guest conductor for the Saint Petersburg Philharmonia. In 2017, he became the 103rd recipient of the Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medal Award. Dutoit held previous positions ...
(Apex –
Erato Records Erato Records is a record label founded in 1953 as Erato Disques S.A. by Philippe Loury to promote French classical music. Loury was head of éditions musicales Costallat. His first releases in France were licensed from the Haydn Society of Bo ...
) * Symphonies 1–4 – Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France/
Marek Janowski Marek Janowski (born 18 February 1939 in Warsaw) is a Polish-born German conductor. Biography Janowski grew up in Wuppertal, near Cologne, after his mother traveled there at the start of World War II to be with her parents. His father disappear ...
(
RCA Victor Red Seal RCA Red Seal is a classical music label whose origin dates to 1902 and is currently owned by Sony Music Entertainment. History The first "Gramophone Record Red Seal" discs were issued in 1901.Royal Scottish National Orchestra The Royal Scottish National Orchestra (RSNO) () is a Scottish orchestra, based in Glasgow. It is one of the five national performing arts companies of Scotland. Throughout its history, the Orchestra has played an important part in Scotland’s ...
/ Stéphane Denève (
Naxos Records Naxos comprises numerous companies, divisions, imprints, and labels specializing in classical music but also audiobooks and other genres. The premier label is Naxos Records, which focuses on classical music. Naxos Musical Group encompasses about ...
) * Symphony No. 3 –
New York Philharmonic The New York Philharmonic is an American symphony orchestra based in New York City. Known officially as the ''Philharmonic-Symphony Society of New York, Inc.'', and globally known as the ''New York Philharmonic Orchestra'' (NYPO) or the ''New Yo ...
/
Leonard Bernstein Leonard Bernstein ( ; born Louis Bernstein; August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an American conductor, composer, pianist, music educator, author, and humanitarian. Considered to be one of the most important conductors of his time, he was th ...
(
Sony Classical Sony Classical is an American record label founded in 1924 as Columbia Masterworks Records, a subsidiary of Columbia Records. In 1980, the Columbia Masterworks label was renamed as CBS Masterworks Records. The CBS Records Group was acquired ...
) * Symphony No. 4 –
Philharmonia Orchestra The Philharmonia Orchestra is a British orchestra based in London. It was founded in 1945 by Walter Legge, a classical music record producer for EMI Classics, EMI. Among the conductors who worked with the orchestra in its early years were Rich ...
/
Herbert von Karajan Herbert von Karajan (; born ''Heribert Adolf Ernst Karajan''; 5 April 1908 – 16 July 1989) was an Austrian conductor. He was principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic for 34 years. During the Nazi era, he debuted at the Salzburg Festival, ...
(
EMI EMI Group Limited (formerly EMI Group plc until 2007; originally an initialism for Electric and Musical Industries, also referred to as EMI Records or simply EMI) was a British transnational conglomerate founded in March 1931 in London. At t ...
) * Symphony No. 2, ''Aeneas'', ''Bacchus'', ''Spider's Feast'' – ORTF/
Jean Martinon Jean Francisque-Étienne Martinon (also known as Jean Martinon (); 10 January 19101 March 1976) was a French conductor and composer. Biography Martinon was born in Lyon, where he began his education, going on to the Conservatoire de Paris to ...
(Erato) * Symphonies Nos. 3 & 4 – Paris Conservatoire Orchestra/
André Cluytens Augustin Zulma Alphonse "André" Cluytens (, ; 26 March 19053 June 1967)Baeck E. ''André Cluytens: Itinéraire d’un chef d’orchestre.'' Editions Mardaga, Wavre, 2009. was a Belgian-born French conducting, conductor who was active in the conce ...
(
Angel Records Angel Records was a record label founded by EMI in 1953. It specialised in European classical music, classical music, but included an occasional operetta or Broadway score. and one Peter Sellers comedy disc. The famous Recording Angel trademark ...
) * ''Padmavati'' (opera) – London Symphony Orchestra/Jean Martinon (BBC) * ''Padmavati'' –
Marilyn Horne Marilyn Berneice Horne (born January 16, 1934) is an American mezzo-soprano opera singer. She specialized in roles requiring beauty of tone, excellent breath support, and the ability to execute difficult coloratura passages. She is a recipient ...
,
Nicolai Gedda Harry Gustaf Nikolai Gädda, better known as Nicolai Gedda (11 July 1925 – 8 January 2017), was a Swedish operatic tenor. Debuting in 1951, Gedda had a long and successful career in opera until the age of 77 in June 2003, when he made his final ...
,
Michel Plasson Michel Plasson (born 2 October 1933, Paris, France) is a French conductor. Plasson was a student of Lazare Lévy at the Conservatoire de Paris. In 1962, he was a prize-winner at the International Besançon Competition for Young Conductors. ...
conducting (EMI) * ''Complete Chamber Music'' – Members of the Schönberg Quartet, 3 CDs (Brilliant Classics) * ''Intégrale de l'œuvre pour piano'' – Alain Raës * ''Les Mélodies'' – ''Complete Solo Vocal Works'' ( Marie Devellereau, soprano/ Yann Beuron, tenor/Laurent Naouri, piano/ Billy Eidi, piano/Luxembourg Philharmonic Orchestra/cond. Jean-Yves Ossonce) * Trio for Flute, Viola and Cello, Op 40 (Boston Records B-208) Doriot Anthony Dwyer, Flute, Joseph de Pasquale, Viola, Samuel Mayes, Cello


See also

* Festival international Albert-Roussel *
List of ambulance drivers during World War I This is a list of notable people who served as ambulance drivers during the World War I, First World War. A remarkable number—writers especially—volunteered as ambulance drivers for the Allies of World War I, Allied Powers. In many cases, they ...
*
Marcel Gaumont Marcel Gaumont was a French sculptor born on 27 January 1880 in Tours.  He died in Paris on 20 November 1962. Biography Gaumont was a pupil at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris and studied under Louis-Ernest Barrias ...
Sculptor on composer's tomb


Notes


References and further reading

* Nicolas Slonimsky, ed., ''The Concise Edition of Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians'', 8th ed. (NY: Schirmer Books, 19930, * Damien Top, ''Albert Roussel 1869–1937, un marin musicien'' (Paris: Séguier, 2000) * Damien Top, "Albert Roussel", collection Horizons, (Paris: Bleu Nuit, 2016) * Henry Doskey, ''The Piano Music of Albert Roussel'' (Indiana University, 1981) * Basil Deane, ''Albert Roussel'' (London: Barrie & Rockliff, 1962; Greenwood Press Reprint, 1980) * Norman Demuth, ''Albert Roussel: A Study'' (United Music Publishers, 1946. Westport, CT: Hyperion Press, 1979)


External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Roussel, Albert 1869 births 1937 deaths 19th-century French classical composers 19th-century French male musicians 20th-century French classical composers 20th-century French male musicians Concert band composers French ballet composers French opera composers Impressionist composers Neoclassical composers French male opera composers People from Tourcoing Pupils of Eugène Gigout Pupils of Vincent d'Indy Schola Cantorum de Paris alumni Composers for harp